Earticle

We present a secure and robust image watermarking scheme that uses combined reversible DWT-DCT-SVD transformations to increase integrity, authentication, and confidentiality. The proposed scheme uses two different kinds of watermarking images: a reversible watermark, $W_1$, which is used for verification (ensuring integrity and authentication aspects); and a second one, $W_2$, which is defined by a logo image that provides confidentiality. Our proposed scheme is shown to be robust, while its performances are evaluated with respect to the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), normalized cross-correlation (NCC), and running time. The robustness of the scheme is also evaluated against different attacks, including a compression attack and Salt & Pepper attack.

This study aimed to investigate the study of vertebra transforms of professional gymnasts by Formetric Ⅲ. Thirty gymnasts(male=20, female=10) volunteered to participated in this study as subjects. The vertebra transforms by Formetric Ⅲ were measured in Trunk imbalance, Pelvic tilt, Pelvic torsion, Surface rotation, Lateral deviation, Kyphotic angle and Lordotic angle. Main results of the study were as follow: Trunk Imbalance in male and female were shown to -7.50±3.14mm and -6.00±2.07mm respectively compared to base line. Pelvic Tilt in male and female were shown to 4.35±2.93mm, 6.70±2.17mm. Pelvic Torsion in male and female were shown to 2.05±1.19°, 3.50±1.59°. Surface Rotation in male and female were shown to4.10±1.81°, 3.50±1.65°. Lateral Deviation in male and female were shown to 8.36±3.64mm, 7.60±3.20mm. Kyphotic Angle in male and female were shown to 37.80±8.50°, 38.10±4.53°. Lordotic Angle in male and female were shown to 23.15±7.79°, 27.90±7.67° respectively. These results show that wrong or improper position and repetitive one-sided gymnasts practice lead a significant transforms in the vertebra. Therefore, the program for correct position and education for professional gymnasts should be needed and applied.

본 연구는 신학과 심리학을 통합하여 적용하는 목회상담의 방법론 중에 정신분석 과 영성지도적 요소를 적용하여 수행한 사례에서 드러난 조현병 내담자의 심리적 영 적 변형 과정을 논의하였다. 이를 위해 정신분석적 상호주관성 이론의 대표 학자인 옥덴의 이론과 영성지도적 요소들로써 사례를 개념화하고 분석하였다. 옥덴은 조현병 치료과정을 투사적 동일시의 성질 변화를 통해 4단계로 나눈다. 연구자는 한 단계를 추가하여 5단계로 상정하였고 조현병 치료 5단계라 명명하였다. 마지막 5단계는 옥덴 의 투사적 동일시 개념을 신경증 환자의 임상에 적용한 캐쉬단의 연구로써 수행하였 다. 캐쉬단의 분석적 개입은 옥덴과는 달리 투사적 동일시를 드러내고 직면시키는 과 정이 포함된다. 투사적 동일시의 성질 변화는 상담자의 담아주기로 가능하며 담아주 기는 예수의 성육신으로 유비될 수 있다. 또한 담아주는 상담자의 인격은 현대목회상담 운동의 선구자 보이슨이 전제한 목회상담자의 정체성과 동일하다. 본 연구 결과의 핵심은 담아주는 상담자의 역할을 내면화시킨 내담자가 자신의 변형에서 멈추지 않고 상담자를 상호주관적으로 담아주어 함께 변형으로 나아간 것이다. 변형은 심리적 측 면뿐 아니라 영적 측면에서도 동반되었는데, 이는 시기적절한 영성지도적 개입으로써 이루어졌다. 구체적인 개입 방법은 성경이야기를 통한 권면적 개입, 그대로 둠과 묵상 적 영성추구이다. 옥덴이 주장하는 상호주관적인 관계 형성은 두 주체가 분석적 제3 자에게 복종해야 한다. 마찬가지로 현대 영성지도에서 강조하는 상호주관적 관계는 관계 안에 내주하시는 성령님을 인정하고 그분께 복종할 때 가능하다. 이러한 맥락에 서 84회기의 상담 과정 동안 정신분석과 영성지도는 서로 보완하며 시너지를 낼 수 있었다. 본 연구의 목적은 첫째로, 영성지도를 함께 적용한 정신분석적 상담의 유효성 을 밝히는 것이다. 둘째로, 조현병에 대한 이해를 통해 사각지대에 있는 조현병 환우 를 교회와 목회상담자가 도울 수 있으며, 담당해야 할 일임을 보여주는 것이다. 조현 병은 정신분석적으로 현실을 직면하기 어려운 연약한 자아가 분열된 것으로 설명할 수 있다. 만성화된 조현병 환우들은 어느 날 모든 관계망이 깨어진 잔혹한 현실과 만 난다. 자신을 분열시킬 만큼 고통스러웠던 현실을 마주해야 할 뿐 아니라 외딴곳에 홀로 불시착한 것 같은 두려움을 극복하고 적응해야 한다. 그들을 환대해 줄 개인과 공동체가 필요하다. 연구자는 이러한 일이 교회와 목회상담자의 정체성으로서 목회적 돌봄의 일환임을 알리고자 한다.

The study aims to discuss the psychological and spiritual transformation of Schizophrenic client, which has been revealed through the case practiced by applying the psychoanalysis and the spiritual directive source among the methodologies of pastoral counseling; the integration and application of theology and psychology. The theory of Ogden, the representative scholar of an intersubjectivity theory, and spiritual directive sources have been used to analyze and conceptualize the case for the study. Ogden divided Schizophrenia therapy into 4 stages with a change in the nature of projective identification. This study introduced 5 stages by adding one more and named as ‘5 stages of Schizophrenia therapy’. The last stage has been practiced with Cashdan’s study, which applied Ogden’s concept about projective identification to neurosis clinic. Unlike Ogden, the analytic intervention of Cashdan includes a process of revealing and facing the projective identification. The nature change of projective identification is practicable through the counselor’s containing and the concept of containing can be compared as incarnation of Jesus Christ. In addition, the personality of counselor who practices containing is identical with the identity of pastoral counselor which was premised by Boisen, the pioneer of a modern pastoral counseling movement. The main point of the study result is that the client who internalized a counselor’s containing role didn’t stop at one’s transformation but contained counselor and proceeded toward transformation together. The transformation has been accompanied by not only psychological aspect but also spiritual aspect and it is achieved with a timely spiritual directive intervention. ‘Nouthetic intervention through bible stories’, ‘letting be’ and ‘contemplative spiritual training’ were used as methods of specific intervention. The intersubjective formation of relationship declared by Ogden is about two main agents' obedience toward the compromising analytic third. Likewise, the intersubjective relationship emphasized in modern spiritual direction is practicable through an approval and obedience toward Holy Spirit who resides in the relationship. In this context, both psychoanalysis and spiritual direction complemented each other and created a synergy effect during 84 sessions of counseling. The purpose of this study is to validate the psychoanalytic counseling applied with spiritual direction. Furthermore, this study aims to demonstrate that church and pastoral counselor can help Schizophrenic patients by understanding the Schizophrenia and it is their duty to do so. Schizophrenia can be psychoanalytically explained with a division of frail ego that feels difficulty in facing reality. One day, chronic Schizophrenic patients meet a brutal reality where all the networks are broken. They should face the reality that has been painful enough to divide oneself and overcome the fear of seclusion to adapt in their lives. They need individuals and communities that can give hospitality for them. The study suggests that this is a part of pastoral care which is an identity of church and pastoral counselor.

Due to improvement in imaging skill and the ease with which digital content can be imitated and operated there is a strong requirement for a digital patent device to be put in place. It requires for authentication of the content as well as the owner. Digital Watermarking is present as a potential key to this problem. Till date several watermarking techniques have been proposed. This paper proposed a comprehensive survey of the current schemes that have been developed and their effectiveness.

In this paper a watermarking technique using hybrid wavelet transforms obtained from sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal component orthogonal transforms is proposed. Sinusoidal transform DCT and non-sinusoidal transforms Walsh, Haar and Discrete Kekre Transform are used to generate hybrid wavelet transforms namely DCT-Walsh, Walsh-DCT, DCT-Haar, Haar-DCT, DCT-DKT and DKT-DCT. Size of each component transform matrix is varied suitably from 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 to generate hybrid wavelet transform matrix for host and watermark. The best size combination is further applied column wise and row wise to host and watermark and to embed the watermark middle frequency regions of host is selected. Embedding is first done without sorting the hybrid wavelet transform coefficients of host and watermark and then sorting is applied to observe the difference in the achieved robustness. Performance of proposed technique is evaluated against various attacks to decide whether sinusoidal transform when used as base transform matrix or local transform matrix is more robust.

In image processing wavelet transform methods are known to provide efficient schemes for detecting edges and reducing noise. However, they are unable to differentiate between noise and small details and therefore remove the small details resulting in the formation of oscillations around edges. Methods based on isotropic nonlinear equations have been used to enhance edges in images and to reduce oscillations around the edges but are not capable of removing noise effectively around them. In this paper, we solve the isotropic nonlinear equation in a geometric transform space and thereby reducing both noise and oscillations around the edges. The proposed synergic method combines the advantages of both techniques. The numerical experiments involve the investigation of two-dimensional geometric transforms in the detection of edges in noisy images.

In this paper, a method for analysis high order transfer function system via two dimensional Haar transforms is proposed. A high order transfer function system can be transformed and simplified to a low order system that has same system response. For these, fast Haar function seriesthat is a complete set of orthogonal rectangular functions similar in several respects of the Walsh functionsand two dimensional Haar transform algorithm are applied. And the results are simulated in time and frequency domain. The suggested method is more efficient and convenient for simplification of high order system.

The image fusion is the process of combining relevant information from two or more images into a single image. The resulting image will be more informative than any of the input images. A new approach for object extraction from high-resolution images is presented in this report. In this paper, we have presented image fusion based on wavelet transform.

EEG (Electroencephalograph) is a technique for identifying neurological disorders. There are arious neurological disorders like Epilepsy, brain cancer, etc. Epilepsy is one of the common eurological disorders. In this paper we propose a technique of detecting epilepsy disorder using iscrete wavelet transform using MATLAB. The back propagation algorithm is also used in the lassification network. This paper also provides a technique of detecting epilepsy disorder with reat accuracy.

Integer Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is among the techniques used to improve the performance of the H.264/AVC Standard. All the profiles in the H.264/AVC standard support 4×4 integer DCT and the high profiles of this standard support 8×8 integer DCT as well as the 4×4 integer DCT. Various hardware realizations have been proposed for forward and inverse integer DCT in the literature because they are among the computational intensive units in the H.264/AVC standard. In this paper we propose a unified pipelined architecture to realize of the entire forward and inverse DCTs as well as the Hadamard transforms in the H.264/AVC encoder. The synthesis results indicate that our architecture achieves higher clock rate and relatively lower gate count compared to the other published architectures that realize only a number of the transforms in the H.264/AVC encoder.

This paper presents for isolated handwritten Roman numerals recognition a research interested for carrying out both comparisons between the performances in terms of precision and rapidity, the first comparison is realized between four hybrid methods used to extract the features from numerals that are the zoning combined with Radon transform in first time, then combined with Hough transform in second time, then combined with Gabor filter in third time, finally combined in the same time with all these three descriptors, while the other comparison is performed between three classifiers which the first one is neuronal that is the multi-layer perceptron whereas the second is probabilistic that is hidden Markov model, the third classifier is realized via a combination between these both classifiers. For this purpose we have employed for pre-processing each numeral image the median filter, the thresholding, the centering and the edge detection techniques.

과표본화 이산 웨이브렛 변환의 가장 대표적으로 응용되는 분야는 디지털 영상에 존재하는 잡음을 제거하는 기술이 다. 이중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환을 이중 트리 이산 웨이브렛 변환과 비교하면, 거의 유사한 특징을 가진다. 본 논문에서는 잡음이 포함된 디지털 영상에 여러 이산 웨이브렛 변환들을 수행하고 생성된 부대역에 임계값 처리 기법을 적용하여 잡음을 제거한 다음 복원한 영상의 성능을 평가하는 실험을 수행하였다. 적당한 임계값을 설정하여 효과적인 잡음제거가 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 여러 방법의 실험 결과에서 제안하는 3방향 분리처리 2차원 이중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환 방법이 우수하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The standard application area of over-sampled discrete wavelet transform is noise removal technology for digital images. Comparing dual density discrete wavelet transform with dual tree discrete wavelet transform, we have almost similar characteristics. In this paper, several discrete wavelet transforms are accomplished on digital image existing with noise, noises are removed with threshold processing algorithm on subband, performance evaluation experiments of the reconstructed images are accomplished. If we decide appropriate threshold value, the effect noise removal is possible. In this paper, we can certified that the suggested algorithm of 3-direction separable processing with 2 dimension dual density discrete wavelet transform is superior to several experiment results

In this paper we establish various relationships among the generalized integral transform, the generalized convolution product and the first variation for functionals in a Banach algebra S($L_{a,b}^2$[0, T]) introduced by Chang and Skoug in [14]. We then derive an inverse integral transform and obtain several relationships involving inverse integral transforms.

In this paper, for functionals of a generalized Brownian motion process, we show that the generalized Fourier-Feynman transform of the convolution product is a product of multiple transforms and that the conditional generalized Fourier-Feynman transform of the conditional convolution product is a product of multiple conditional transforms. This allows us to compute the (conditional) transform of the (conditional) convolution product without computing the (conditional) convolution product.

In this article, we introduce the transforms of Pythagorean and quadratic means of weighted shifts. We then explore how the transforms of weighted shifts behaves, in comparison with the Aluthge transform.

In this research, integral transform technique for electromagnetic scattering formulation is reviewed. Electromagnetic boundary-value problems are presented to demonstrate how the integral transforms are utilized in electromagnetic propagation, antennas, and electromagnetic interference/compatibility. Various canonical structures of slotted conductors are used for illustration; moreover, Fourier transform, Hankel transform, Mellin transform, Kontorovich-Lebedev transform, and Weber transform are presented. Starting from each integral transform definition, the general procedures for solving Helmholtz's equation or Laplace's equation for the potentials in the unbounded region are reviewed. The boundary conditions of field continuity are incorporated into particular formulations. Salient features of each integral transform technique are discussed.

An application of wavelet analysis to power system transient generated signals is presented in this paper. With the time-frequency localisation characteristics embedded in wavelets, the time and frequency information of a waveform can be presented as a visualised scheme. This feature is very important for non-stationary signals analysis such as the ones generated from power system disturbances. Unlike the Fourier transform, the wavelet transform approach is more efficient in monitoring fault signals as time varies. For time intervals where the function changes rapidly, this method can zoom in on the area of interest for better visualisation of signal characteristics.

We give a necessary and sufficient condition that a square integrable functional F(x) on Yeh-Wiener space has an integral transform $\hat{F}_{{\alpha},{\beta}}F(x)$ which is also square integrable. This extends the result by Kim and Skoug for functional F(x) in $L_2(C_0[0,T])$.

We deal with Bergman functions defined on the half-plane. We study integral operators, and some relationship between Berezin transforms and Toeplitz operators, and also show that some Berezin transforms are Mobius invariant.

An infinite dam with compound Poisson inputs and a state-dependent release rate is considered. We build the Kolmogorov's backward differential equation and solve it to obtain the Laplace transforms of the first exit times for this dam.