Earticle

In this study, in order to investigate the expectation on the tooth bleaching according to oral health behavior, factors associated with tooth bleaching and colorable-food consumption and to improve individual satisfaction after one who had the tooth bleached, Survey had been conducted on the 139 target female Dental Hygiene Students in Masan university on September, 2013. 1. Expectation on the tooth bleaching according to health behavior of Group tooth-brushing less than or equal to twice a day has is higher than that on group tooth-brushing thrice a day. Differences between them is statistically significant (p=0.047), Psychological expectation according to regular check-up and Scaling within 1 year has statistical significance (p<0.05). 2. Expectation on the tooth bleaching according to subjective expectation on the tooth color has statistical significance satisfaction on psychological expectation, social expectation and total expectation (p<0.05), Expectation on the tooth bleaching according to interest in the tooth bleaching has social expectation, side effect and total expectation (p<0.05). Experience of the tooth bleaching has statistical significance according to experience one who heard whose tooth is dark and harm on social community attitudes (p<0.05). 3. Expectation on the tooth bleaching according to colorable-drink consumption has statistical significance on aesthetic expectation and side effect (p<0.05), side effect has according statistical significance to colorable-food consumption (p=0.039). Result of study is that expectation on the tooth bleaching is influenced by not only expectation on the tooth color, experience of the tooth bleaching and interest in the tooth bleaching, but also consumption of colorable food. But utilizing by the result of study, it is believed to be further studied methods that improving individual satisfaction according to the tooth bleaching.

본 연구는 치아미백에 대한 지식과 만족도를 알아보고자 하는 것이다. 2017년 6월1일부터 2주 동안 울산광역시에 위치한 치과의원에 방문한 환자 328명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 연구결과 치아미백 지식수준에 따른 치아미백만족도는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 치아미백지식수준이 상(8-10)인 경우 만족도가 3.86으로 가장 높았으며 하(0-3)인 경우 만족도가 3.00으로 가장 낮았다. 일반적인 특성에 따른 치아미백 만족도는 성별과 연령에서 통계적으로 유의하게(p<0.05) 나타났으며, 여자의 만족도가 3.74로 남자의 만족도 3.11 보다 높았다. 미백경험방법과 미백동기에 따른 만족도는 통계적으로 유의하였으며(p<0.05), 전문가 미백(4.41)이 OCT미백(2.64)보다 높았다. 또한 병원의 권유로 미백을 한 경우 4.13점으로 매체광고를 통해 미백을 경험한 경우(3.00) 보다 높았다. 따라서 치아미백의 만족도는 대상자의 일반적인 특성 뿐만 아니라 치아미백에 관한 지식수준, 치아미백 방법과 치아미백 동기에 영향을 받았다. 이러한 요인을 활용하여 치아미백의 경험과 만족도를 향상시키기 위한 치료계획을 세우는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge and satisfaction of tooth bleaching. From June 1st, 2017, 328 patients who visited a dental clinic in Ulsan Metropolitan City for two weeks were asked to do a self - filling questionnaire. As a result of the study, the tooth bleaching satisfaction according to tooth bleaching knowledge was not statistically significant (p<0.05), and the highest(8-10) degree of satisfaction was 3.86 when the knowledge of tooth bleaching was high, and the lowest(0-3) was 3.00. The tooth bleaching satisfaction according to general characteristics was significantly different in age and gender. The score of women were 3.74 and higher than men's 3.11 The tooth bleaching experience and tooth bleaching satisfaction were statistically significant (p <0.05) and professional tooth bleaching (4.41) was higher than OCT bleaching (2.64). Also, when the tooth bleaching was done by the invitation of the hospital, it was higher than the case of experiencing tooth bleaching through media advertising. Therefore, the satisfaction of tooth bleaching is required not only for general characteristics but also for tooth tooth bleaching, and it is influenced by tooth bleaching method and tooth bleaching motivation. These factors may be useful to establish a treatment plan to improve the satisfaction of tooth bleaching.

This study is divided into 60 right anterior 10% underwent two weeks teeth mibaeksul every 2 hours a day evaluation teeth bleaching peroxide component and after teeth bleaching evaluate the re-coloring about coffee, cola, tea, artificial saliva group for 7 days to precipitate the solution were as follows. 1. After the tooth was of the hue variation mibaeksul Lab * L * values indicate a statistically significant difference in all groups (p<0.05), a * value of the control, green tea, black tea b * values are higher in the group coffee and tea It exhibited a difference (p<0.05). 2. hue variation according to mibaeksul teeth after treatment group (⊿E) has showed the most change in the tea group 3.83±0.94, control group 3.64±1.41, coffee 3.62±1.46, 3.60±0.67've found in green tea or order, was no statistically significant difference (p=0.941). 3. The tooth bleaching material after the color change of the coloring period, and a group * L * of the Lab color tone variation and b * values according to the eoteuna indicate a statistically significant difference at all treatment period (p<0.05), a * value is a statistical There was no significant difference (p>0.05). 4. shows a statistically significant difference on every period depending on the color tone variation (⊿E *) for a tooth bleaching material after staining group (p<0.05). 5. Re-colored period and ⊿Lab * each color variation according to treatment groups are ⊿L ⊿b * and * in accordance with the group exhibited a statistically significant difference between the coloring material is any period (p<0.05). More than 10% results showed a statistically significant change in tooth color using a peroxidase mibaeksul elements and color Lab * value change amount ⊿E all groups, the coloring material according to the period and the group is statistically in the L * and b * value It showed a significant difference. After the color tone change amount for the tooth bleaching material colored (⊿E *) also showed a difference in all groups. However, this period is precipitated in the drink was a slightly shorter period of 7 days study outside the mouth advances to be made it is a long-term follow-up study reflected the oral environment conditions and did not reflect self-cleaning effect of the saliva generated in the oral cavity It is believed.

This study was undertaken to achieve a high bleaching efficacy with plasma, through longer application and reparative bleaching processes, by different shade evaluation methods. Extracted human teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=10). All teeth were treated in pairs. Low concentration of 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) was applied, with and without plasma, for 10, 20, and 30-min tooth bleaching, respectively. The bleaching procedure was repeated once daily for four days. The teeth were maintained in a moist environment provided by artificial saliva. The Vitapan Classical shade guide and Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIELAB) color system were collectively used to measure the bleaching efficacy. Color evaluation was statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by Tukey's test. Combining the plasma with 15% CP showed significantly greater color changes compared to bleaching without plasma (p<0.05). A high bleaching efficacy with plasma is proportional to the repetitive application and the treatment time. A 30-min application with plasma provided the best bleaching. Repetitive bleaching showed lower probability of color relapse of the bleached tooth. The color change by shade guide correlated with the changes in CIELAB color system. A value of 1 color change units (CCU) conversion factor for overall color change (${\Delta}E$) values comparisons was 3.724 values. The two measuring methods provide a more accurate correspondence of color change. The repetitive and longer application for tooth bleaching, combined with plasma, has a strong bleaching effect and produces whiter teeth.

Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma has attracted great interest for biomedical applications. The plasma consists of charged particles, radicals, and a strong electric field as the fourth state of matter. This study evaluated the change in the surface roughness after tooth bleaching by plasma in combination with a low concentration (15%) of carbamide peroxide, specifically whether the application of plasma produced detriments, such as demineralization and structural change, with the goal of efficient and safe tooth bleaching. After being combined with plasma and 15% carbamide peroxide, the hydroxyapatite surface was significantly smoother with a low roughness average value. Tooth bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide alone produced an irregular surface and increased the surface roughness with high roughness average value. Tooth bleaching with plasma resulted in no significant variations in hydroxyapatite in terms of change in surface roughness and surface topography. The application of tooth bleaching with plasma is not deleterious to dental hard tissue, implicating it as a safe tooth bleaching technique.

This study was undertaken to achieve a high bleaching efficacy with plasma, through longer application and reparative bleaching processes, by different shade evaluation methods. Extracted human teeth were divided into 6 groups (n=10). All teeth were treated in pairs. Low concentration of 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) was applied, with and without plasma, for 10, 20, and 30-min tooth bleaching, respectively. The bleaching procedure was repeated once daily for four days. The teeth were maintained in a moist environment provided by artificial saliva. The Vitapan Classical shade guide and Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage (CIELAB) color system were collectively used to measure the bleaching efficacy. Color evaluation was statistically analyzed using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) complemented by Tukey’s test. Combining the plasma with 15% CP showed significantly greater color changes compared to bleaching without plasma (p<0.05). A high bleaching efficacy with plasma is proportional to the repetitive application and the treatment time. A 30-min application with plasma provided the best bleaching. Repetitive bleaching showed lower probability of color relapse of the bleached tooth. The color change by shade guide correlated with the changes in CIELAB color system. A value of 1 color change units (CCU) conversion factor for overall color change (ΔE) values comparisons was 3.724 values. The two measuring methods provide a more accurate correspondence of color change. The repetitive and longer application for tooth bleaching, combined with plasma, has a strong bleaching effect and produces whiter teeth.

Nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma has attractedgreat interest for biomedical applications. The plasmaconsists of charged particles, radicals, and a strong electricfield as the fourth state of matter. This study evaluated thechange in the surface roughness after tooth bleaching byplasma in combination with a low concentration (15%) ofcarbamide peroxide, specifically whether the application ofplasma produced detriments, such as demineralization andstructural change, with the goal of efficient and safe toothbleaching. After being combined with plasma and 15%carbamide peroxide, the hydroxyapatite surface wassignificantly smoother with a low roughness average value. Tooth bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide aloneproduced an irregular surface and increased the surfaceroughness with high roughness average value. Toothbleaching with plasma resulted in no significant variations inhydroxyapatite in terms of change in surface roughness andsurface topography. The application of tooth bleaching withplasma is not deleterious to dental hard tissue, implicating itas a safe tooth bleaching technique.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whitening mouth rinses alone and in combination with conventional whitening treatments on color, microhardness, and surface roughness changes in enamel specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 enamel specimens were collected from human third molars and divided into 9 groups (n = 12): 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), 38% HP + Listerine Whitening (LW), 10% CP + LW, 38% HP + Colgate Plax Whitening (CPW), 10% CP + CPW, LW, CPW, and the control group (CG). The initial color of the specimens was measured, followed by microhardness and roughness tests. Next, the samples were bleached, and their color, microhardness, and roughness were assessed. Data were analyzed through 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; microhardness and roughness) and 1-way ANOVA (color change), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The Dunnett test was used to compare the roughness and microhardness data of the CG to those of the treated groups. Results: Statistically significant color change was observed in all groups compared to the CG. All groups, except the LW group, showed statistically significant decreases in microhardness. Roughness showed a statistically significant increase after the treatments, except for the 38% HP group. Conclusions: Whitening mouth rinses led to a whitening effect when they were used after conventional treatments; however, this process caused major changes on the surface of the enamel specimens.

This study aimed to answer the question through a systematic review: Can carbamide peroxide be as effective as hydrogen peroxide and cause less in-office bleaching sensitivity? A literature survey was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and gray literature. Primary clinical trials that compared the efficacy or the in-office bleaching sensitivity between carbamide and hydrogen peroxides were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the RoB2. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. DPI training significantly improved the mean scores of the dental undergraduates from 7.53 in the pre-DPI-training test to 9.01 in the post-DPI-training test (p < 0.001). After 6 weeks, the mean scores decreased marginally to 8.87 in the retention test (p = 0.563). DPI training increased their confidence level from 5.68 pre-DPI training to 7.09 post-DPI training. The limited evidence suggests that the 37% carbamide peroxide may be similarly effective to the 35% hydrogen peroxide for bleaching teeth in-office and causes less bleaching sensitivity. However, more well-designed split-mouth clinical trials are necessary to strengthen the evidence.

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate of the color change, tooth surface and intra-pulpal temperature of tooth bleaching by light activation Methods : Forty-eight extracted bovine teeth were immersed into a tea solution for 24 hours. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups(n=15):(G1) 15% HP + without light activation, (G2) 15% HP + light activation, (G3) 25% HP + without light activation, (G4) 25% HP + light activation. All specimens were bleached for 15 minutes three times. The spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta, Osaka, Japan) was used including before bleaching, immediately after bleaching, 1 week, 1 and 3 months after the end of bleaching. The temperature rise were measured in the pulpal chamber and tooth surface with a digital thermocouple thermometer(Termopar Digital Multimeter, Tektronix DMM916, USA). Between the tested time points, the specimens were stored in distilled water. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, t-test and Tukey's post hoc test set at 0.05. Results : There was no significant color change by the use of light after the bleaching treatment(p>0.05). The dental bleaching treatments of teeth with 15% HP and 25% HP did not seem to be more effective when light source was used. There was no difference in color stability between groups within three month(p>0.05). There was an increase in tooth surface and pulp temperature, but it was not sufficient to cause damage to the pulp. Conclusions :The use of light activation has no obvious effective impact on the tooth bleaching effect.

생활치 미백제와 알콜 전처리 과정이 상아질 접착에 미치는 영향을 평가하고자 발거치 55개의 치관부 협측 상아질면에서 $Opalescence^{(R)}$(Ultradent사 미국)로 미백처리 후 즉시 $One-step^{(R)}$ 상아질 접착제(Bisco사, 미국)를 전 처치한 $Z-250^{(R)}$ 복합레진(3M-ESPE사, 미국) 접착군, 미백처리 2주후 레진 접착군, 미백처리 후 70% 에탄올 처리군, 그리고 미백처리하지 않은 대조군으로 나누어 실험한 다음 전단접착강도를 측정하고 95% 유의수준에서 일원변량분석법으로 통계분석 하였다. 생활치 미백제가 상아질 접착력을 현저히 감소시켰다. 미백처리 2주 후 레진 접착군은 미백처리하지 않은 대조군과 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며 70% 에탄을 처리군은 미백처리하지 않은 대조군보다는 접착력이 낮았으나, 미백처리 2주 후 레진 접착군과는 차이가 없고 즉시 접착군보다는 높은 접착강도를 나타내었다. 따라서 임상에서 치아미백 후 즉시 레진수복을 할 경우, 에탄올로 전처리하면 상아질에서 레진 접착력을 회복할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

To evaluate the effect of vital tooth bleaching agent and alcohol pretreatment on dentin bonding, flat dentin windows were produced on the buccal side of the crowns of fifty-five extracted, human premolars. A bleaching gel, $Opalescence^{(R)}$ with 10% of carbamide peroxide (Ultradent Product, USA) was daily applied on the teeth of three experimental groups for six hours for 10 consecutive days, while teeth of a control group were not bleached. After 6 hours of bleaching gel application the specimens were washed and stored in saline until the next day application. After application of $One-step^{(R)}$ dentin bonding agent (Bisco, USA), $Z-250^{(R)}$ resin (3M-ESPE, USA) was bonded to dentin with a mount jig. Shear bond strength was measured with an Instron machine (Type 4202, Instron Corp., USA) after 24 hours. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at p < 0.05. Immediate bonding group showed significantly lower bond strength than un-bleached control group (p < 0.05). Ethanol-treated group showed significantly higher bond strength compared to immediate bonding group (p < 0.05). However, the bond strength of the ethanol treatment group was lower than that of the un-bleached control group (p < 0.05). There were no significant difference in shear bond strength between the 2-week delayed bonding group and the ethanol-treated group (p > 0.05) and between delayed bonding group and un-bleached control group (p > 0.05). In the condition of the present study. it seems that alcohol pretreatment after bleaching procedure can reduce the adverse effect of vital bleaching agent on dentin bonding.

Some female college students have to recognize and understand the actual conditions of the tooth bleaching, and effective consultation and training to provide basic data for the purpose of investigation. this study made a survey about recognize and understand the actual conditions of the tooth bleaching and oral health knowledge and generalization methods for 649 female college student in Daejeon and Jeonbuk areas during the period between March. 15 and April. 10,2008. The results were as follows: 1. Tooth Status was found low, self-discontent respondents Status 44.2% and average 31.1%, self-contentment were 14.8%. Tooth color was average respondents were 69.8%, yellow 29.0%, White 1.7% (p=0.001, p=0.030). 2. Tooth bleaching experience has not experienced the most the military was 86.4%, to the desired Tooth bleaching for the external beauty 44.2%, confidence of smile time 37.5%. self-discontent 10.7%(p=0.000, p=0.000). 3. Tooth health status satisfaction was dental hygiene students higher than non dental hygiene, and scaling knowledge of the Tooth bleaching effect was non dental hygiene higher than non dental hygiene(p=0.039, p=0.000). 4. General knowledge for Tooth bleaching was found high 96.1%, as for the recognition route, 55.6% were through broadcast medium(p=0.025, p=0.000). 5. Medical institution chosen for Tooth bleaching treatment method appears the most preferred by 79.9% to the dental hospital dental clinic. 6. Important to consider that the choice of Tooth bleaching was Tooth bleaching duration of 37.1% cost 33%, And when Tooth bleaching hoped to be long-lasting. In this research the high recognized of Tooth bleaching treatment, but very low Tooth bleaching experience female college students for the Tooth bleaching had the wrong information. Therefore, Tooth bleaching treatment and counseling that can be used to development and education were required to provide the correct information.

Through the investigation and analysis for awareness about Tooth Bleaching treatment for general adults, to rethink the real ideas of Tooth Bleaching which adults has already had and to find the method for generalized Tooth Bleaching, this study made a survey about General Awareness and Common sense for Tooth Bleaching and Oral Health Knowledge and Generalization Methods for 570adult citizen in Busan from 1th August to 10th September. The obtained results were as follows 1. Tooth Shade self contentment was found low, self-discontent respondents were 73.5% and self-content respondents were 26.5%. 2. Tooth Bleaching recognition was found high, as for the recognition period, between 2 and 5 years is 65.5% and as for the recognition route, 33.9% were through broadcast medium. 3. General knowledge for Tooth Bleaching was found low as 2.34(1.12) of 5 score and it is similar to ages and occupations(pE0.001, pE0.05). 4. Tooth Bleaching treatment method appears Home Bleaching and In-Office bleaching was 73.5% and 26.5% respectively. The other side medical institution chosen for Tooth Bleaching treatment appears dental hospital or dental clinic and Home bleaching was 75.6% and 12.1% respectively. 5. To generalize the Tooth Bleaching Care, recommendations of oral health care team and oral health education and development of information data also need to be performed.