Earticle

본 연구는 의료종사자를 대상으로 단축형 도구를 개발하여 기존 도구와 비교하고, 생명의료윤리 의식 측정의 신뢰도를 높이기 위한 목적이었다. G도에 소재한 의료종사자 211명을 대상으로 자료수집 하였다. IBM SPSS WIN/21.0을 이용하여 베리맥스 회전추출방법을 이용하여 탐색적 요인분석을 하였으며, 원도구 점수와의 회귀분석 및 상관분석을 통해 도구의 수렴타당도를 검증하고, 급내상관계수와 내적일관성 계수를 산출하여 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 21개 문항으로 단축한 도구는 49개 문항 원 도구의 생명의료윤리의식의 84%를 반영하고 있으며, 간호대학생을 대상으로 한 29 개의 단축형 도구보다 도구의 신뢰도가 높았으나, 하위영역의 구성문항과 신뢰도계수의 차이가 있었다. 추후 하위영역별 도구의 신뢰도를 높이기 위해 질적연구와 대상자 인터뷰를 통한 추가 문항개발이 필요하며, 다양한 윤리적 딜레마가 있는 임상현장에서 타당도와 신뢰도가 확보된 도구로 생명의료윤리 의식 측정이 필요하며 이에 대한 반복연구가 요구된다.

The purpose of this study was to develop a short biomedical ethics tool for healthcare workers, compare it with pre-existing tool, and increase reliability. Data were collected from 211 healthcare workers working in G-do. Exploratory factor analysis was carried out using Varimax rotation extraction method in IBM SPSS WIN/21.0. Convergent validity of the tool was verified by regression and correlation analysis with original tool score. Reliability was verified by calculating intraclass correlation coefficient and internal consistency coefficient. The short, reduced 21 questions tool reflected 84% of pre-existing tool’s biomedical ethics. Its reliability was higher than the 29 question tool for nursing students, but there were differences in the components of subdomains and reliability coefficient. Additional development of questions through qualitative research and interviews are needed to increase reliability of the subdomains. Measurement of biomedical ethics dilemma with the tool that has validity and reliability is needed, followed by replication studies.

목적 : 본 연구는 한국 노인들의 활동 수행 수준을 평가하는 한국형 활동분류카드(Korean Activity Card Sort)를 개발하고자 하였다. 연구 방법 : 한국형 활동분류카드 개발은 5단계로 진행되었다. 1단계 문헌 조사에서 국내 노인들이 참여하는 167개의 활동 목록을 수집하였고, 2단계에서 1차 패널회의를 실시하여 167개 항목 중 의미가 중복되거나 한국 문화에 적합하지 않은 활동들을 삭제하여 1차 활동 목록을 선별하였다. 3단계에서는 55세 이상 건강한 노인들에서 선별된 활동들의 수행 수준을 파악하기 위하여 1차 설문 조사를 실시하였고, 4단계에서는 2차 패널회의를 통해 3단계에서 실시된 설문조사의 결과를 바탕으로 우리나라 노인들의 참여도가 높은 최종 활동 목록을 선정하였다. 5단계에서 선정된 67개 활동들의 영역을 분류하기 위하여 2차 설문 조사를 실시하였고, 위계적 군집 분석으로 설문 결과를 분석하였다. 3차 패널회의에서 일부 활동을 재분류하여 활동 영역을 최종적으로 확정하였다. 결과 : 한국형 활동분류카드는 세 개 영역 67개의 활동으로 구성되었다. 수단적 활동이 33개로 가장 많았고, 여가 활동이 18개, 사회 활동이 16개 였다. 결론 : 본 연구에서 한국형 활동분류카드가 개발되었으며 국내에서 작업 수행 수준을 평가하는 최초의 도구로서 임상에서 작업치료 계획을 수립하는데 매우 유용하게 사용될 것으로 생각된다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Activity Card Sort(K-ACS) for the purpose of measuring changes in activity participation levels in elderly Koreans. Methods : Basic activities were collected by reviewing literatures and selected through first panel discussion. Selected activities were categorized based on degree of engagement of healthy adults 55 years and older after survey. Activities to compose the K-ACS were selected in a second panel discussion. In this pane discussion, the mean cut off score, averaged activity participation level, was decided to be 1.40. To categorize selected activities, second survey was performed and survey results was analyzed with Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. In third panel discussion, some activities recategorized. Results : The total number of K-ACS's activities was 67 and categorized by three domains: instrumental activities, leisure activities, and social activities. The number of leisure activities were 33, leisure activities 18, and social activities 16. Conclusion : K-ACS was developed and the results of this study indicate clinical utility and value of this test in the evaluation of occupational performance.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop and establish the preliminary validity of the Restaurant Accessibility and Task Evaluation Information Tool (RATE-IT), an electronic survey for evaluating restaurant accessibility for people with disabilities. Methods : A multi-phase method was used to develop and validate the RATE-IT. The taxonomy was developed in phase one, while the validity of the content was tested in phase two. Finally, the validity of the constructs was assessed in phase three. Results : The results indicated that appropriate items were included (relevance=0.99 and language level=0.99) and also supported that the RATE-IT evaluated the construct of restaurant accessibility (F=0.72, p=.40). When compared to a checklist of the Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) for Buildings and Facilities questions, RATE-IT showed the potential to differentiate restaurants by their level of accessibility (p=.10). Further, the RATE-IT was also easy to use (p<.00), understandable (p<.00), and efficient (p<.00). Conclusion : RATE-IT shows a promising methodology and is strongly preferred by users.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a tool to evaluate slow nursing performance for older adults in long-term care hospitals. Methods: The search period was set from March 2013, when the term "slow nursing" was first used in the literature, to October 2021. A slow nursing tool was developed in two phases: development and verification. In the tool development phase, 29 items were developed through an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with seven long-term care hospital nurses. Construct validity testing was performed by a 10-member expert panel, and a pilot survey was conducted on long-term care hospital nurses. In the tool validation phase, the construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the tool were tested by applying it to 181 nurses in long-term care hospitals. Results: The final tool comprised five factors and 23 items, with an overall explanatory power of 56.8%. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, and the model fit was good. Known-group validity was established by the observation of a significant difference in the slow nursing score between intensive care unit and long-term care hospital nurses, and criterion validity was established by a significant correlation between the slow nursing and person-centered assessment scores. Internal consistency reliability was shown by a Cronbach's α coefficient of .781. Conclusion: The concept of slow nursing has been clarified, improving the understanding and implementation of slow nursing care by nurses in long-term care hospitals. The Slow Nursing Tool for Long-term Care Hospital Nurses (SNT-LCHN) is expected to increase interest in and contribute to the effectiveness of slow nursing practices. It will serve as a valuable tool for improving nursing performance in these settings.

The aim of this study was to explore the use of Google Classroom as a learning management system for College English. The study targeted 34 university students. They took part in various activities, such as writing reactions to video lectures, peer-editing essays, and recording video presentations, et cetera. For the study, a t-test was conducted to evaluate the English development of the students. The two essays that each student wrote were used as the data sources. The result (t=-5.854, p=.000) indicated an improvement in their English writing proficiency. In addition, a survey was conducted to gather students' feedback regarding their perceptions towards the course. The study covered five aspects of their experience: Google Classroom, language development, Quizlet, classroom experience, and essay-writing experience. From the results, students indicated a positive response to the program. The use of Google Classroom in an online learning setting accomplishes two things; it helped the students in the development of their English proficiency, and provided activities that students find interesting, which in turn stimulates their self-learning spirit.

Purpose: This study aimed to develop a decision-support tool to quantitatively determine authorship in clinical trial publications. Methods: The tool was developed in three phases: consolidation of authorship recommendations from the Good Publication Practice (GPP) and International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines, identifying and scoring attributes using a 5-point Likert scale or a dichotomous scale, and soliciting feedback from editors and researchers. Results: The authorship criteria stipulated by the ICMJE and GPP recommendations were categorized into 2 Modules. Criterion 1 and the related GPP recommendations formed Module 1 (sub-criteria: contribution to design, data generation, and interpretation), while Module 2 was based on criteria 2 to 4 and the related GPP recommendations (sub-criteria: contribution to manuscript preparation and approval). The two modules with relevant sub-criteria were then differentiated into attributes (n = 17 in Module 1, n = 12 in Module 2). An individual contributor can be scored for each sub-criterion by summing the related attribute values; the sum of sub-criteria scores constituted the module score (Module 1 score: 70 [contribution to conception or design of the study, 20; data acquisition, 7; data analysis, 27; interpretation of data, 16]; Module 2 score: 50 [content development, 27; content review, 18; accountability, 5]). The concept was integrated into Microsoft Excel with adequate formulae and macros. A threshold of 50% for each sub-criterion and each module, with an overall score of 65%, is predefined as qualifying for authorship. Conclusion: This authorship decision-support tool would be helpful for clinical trial sponsors to assess and provide authorship to deserving contributors.

Comparing online and paper-based environment for report submission and correction, the former supersedes to the latter, since (1) the turn-around time becomes shorter, (2) teaching opportunity increases, and (3) as a consequence, the student's achievement level becomes higher in the online environment. In this paper, we propose an annotation tool GABA for PDF document in order to reduce correction time by the teachers and to facilitate instruction to students. In a usual class, the same or similar assignments are given to the students. Then it is often the case that many students make similar mistakes. A teacher can register and classify common correction comments to GABA. Report correction time becomes significantly shorter by reusing the registered comments. GABA also provides various support functions in order to assist efficient checking of numerous report files such as (1) sorting of frequently-used comments, (2) similarity-based file sorting, and (3) cross tabulation of comments using category and weight.

Purpose: To develop a tool for measuring peripheral intravenous catheter insertion performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Initial items were generated using existing guidelines and tools, and 19 experts assessed content validity. Data were collected from a tertiary hospital in D city from January 17, 2018, to October 20, 2019. The data of 365 nurses were used for principal component analysis with orthogonal rotation. Concurrent validity was confirmed using Pearson’s correlation between the developed tool and the nursing career period. Reliability was confirmed after evaluating internal consistency. Results: Initially, 16 items were generated, but three items were deleted in content validation. A two-factor solution was preferred in exploratory factor analysis and explained 48.2% of the variance. The two factors were named “point of care” and “follow-up care,” respectively. The tool’s reliability is .87. Conclusion: The developed tool was valid and reliable. It is composed of 13 items and can be used quickly and easily. Therefore, it can be utilized for the education and training of novice nurses and the self-reflection of experienced nurses. In addition, it will be useful to review the catheterization process in common clinical settings.

The main goal of this development is the PC-based controller setup on the CM2 tool grinding machine. Concerned cutting parameters with know-hows can be transferred to a useful program and then embedded in the PC-based controller. By automatic positioning of probes the automatic procedure can be achieved. An automatic and intelligent PC-based grinding machine for regrinding has been developed in this investigation. With the new machine and automatic procedure, regrinding process will be distinctly simplified. Based on a manual grinding machine CM2, a PC-based controller is integrated in the machine. The know-hows of the regrinding technology have been integrated with a self-developed program. For automatic dimensional inspection a contact probe is utilized as inspection sensor. By the programming and automatic dimensional inspection, the functions of tool regrinding machine have been enhanced greatly.

For the use of computer to store, modify and retieve technical data, GT coding system has been considered as one of the effective methods. Effective data management is important for Computer Intergrated Manufacturing. Based on actual data obtained from a hand-tool maker, a die/tool coding system is developed as an example and its data base is designed susing a linked list structure. It is suggested that industries use this method to make their own data base.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to develop a Korean version of an ICF e-Learning tool (KICF e-Learning tool). Methods: The process of translation and adaptation of the ICF e-Learning tool was followed: two translators developed the Korean versions independently, and a consensus version of the translation was then produced. An expert committee, which was composed of five experts from physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech pathology, and social welfare, reviewed the consensus Korean version to make a beta version of the tool. A field test was conducted to determine if the Korean version of the tool was easy to understand and suitable to use in ICF learning. Feedback from the field test were used for the final adaptation of the KICF e-Learning tool. Results: One-hundred and twenty-six volunteers (40 males and 76 females) were invited to examine the KICF e-Learning tool. The participants reported various levels of ICF knowledge from none to very good. Forty-eight participants reported no knowledge of ICF. The majority of participants (n=84) reported that Korean terms or expression in the tool were easy to understand and one-hundred fourteen participants would recommend the tool to another person. The Korean cases would be helpful for a Korean audience to study the ICF using the tool. Conclusion: The KICF e-Learning tool was developed and is ready for use by the public for the consistency of ICF education. On the other hand, development of an advanced module will be needed.

Purpose: Simulation-based education plays a critical role in nursing by allowing stu- dents to acquire clinical competencies in a safe and controlled environment. However, current evaluation tools for simulation scenarios often lack standardization, resulting in inconsistencies when assessing the effectiveness of such programs. Methods: This study aimed to develop a comprehensive Nursing Simulation Scenario Evaluation Tool using the Real-Time Delphi method. A panel of 10 experts in nursing and simulation education participated in two rounds of surveys. The evaluation criteria were derived from the International Nursing Association for Clinical Simulation and Learning Standards of Best Practice and relevant literature. Survey items were refined through expert consensus using content validity ratios and coefficient of variation val- ues. The finalized tool was further enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI)?based evalu- ation capabilities to support objective and systematic assessment. The tool was registered and patented in the Republic of Korea (Korean Intellectual Property Office Registration No. 10-2024-0051234) to acknowledge its innovation and technical merit. Results: The process resulted in an evaluation tool comprising eight key domains and 36 items, covering scenario structure, learning objectives, preparation, script development, debriefing, facilitation, expected outcomes, and scenario validity. A Kendall’s coefficient of concordance of 0.739 indicated strong agreement among the experts. Conclusion: This study successfully developed a standardized and validated tool to im- prove the reliability and effectiveness of simulation-based education in nursing. The tool addresses a key gap in current educational practices and enhances consistency in evalu- ating nursing simulation scenarios. Future studies should focus on validating its applica- tion across diverse educational environments.

Purpose: The present study was conducted to develop a mild vascular cognitive impairment (MVCI) assessment tool for patients with stroke and to examine its validity, reliability, and clinical adequacy. Methods: Items of this tool were developed based on previously verified cognitive assessment tools. Face, content, and criterion (concurrent) validities, optimal cut-off score for differentiation of MVCI and normal cognitive function, clinical adequacy, internal consistency, and inter-rater reliability of the assessment tool were determined in 60 stroke patients at a university hospital located in Incheon, South Korea. Results: The devised MVCI assessment tool contains 20 items which were designed to assess seven cognitive domains: orientation, memory, language, attention, reasoning/abstraction, visuospatial perception, and executive function/problem solving. Content, face, and construct validities were well supported. Clinical adequacy testing revealed that the overall probability of correctly discriminating MVCI using the MVCI assessment tool for stroke was 90.0%, which was statistically significant. Furthermore, a score of 23 was found to be the optimal cut-off score for MVCI. Internal consistency and inter-rater reliability were also well supported. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that the developed MVCI assessment tool for stroke could serve as a clinically useful tool for detecting MVCI and for properly assessing degree of cognitive impairment in stroke patients.

이 연구는 개별 음악치료 환경에서 자폐 범주성 장애 아동의 상호작용을 측정하기 위한 평 가도구의 개발을 목적으로 이루어졌다. 문항개발을 위해 관련 문헌조사, 자폐 범주성 장애 유아의 직접 관찰, 그리고 전문가와의 심층면담을 가졌으며 이후 예비검사와 내용타당도 검증의 절차를 거쳤다. 이를 통해 선정된 99개의 문항으로 본 검사를 실시하였는데, 유아교 육기관과 유아특수학교, 병원, 치료실을 선정하여 이들 각 기관의 전문가에게 300부의 검사 지를 배부하였고, 이 중 수거된 288부를 분석하였다. 분석 과정은 문항분석, 신뢰도 검증, 그리고 타당도 검증의 절차를 거쳤다. 문항분석 과정으로서 문항반응분포와 문항전체상관 분석을 실시하였으며, 이후 신뢰도 검증 과정을 거쳐 문항을 추출하였다. 또한 내용타당도 와 구인타당도, 공인타당도를 각각 실시하여 검사의 타당도를 검증하고 최종문항을 선정하 였다. 그 결과, 최종문항으로는 정서, 공동놀이, 지시반응성의 3개의 요인으로 구성된 총 46 문항이 선정되었다.

The objective of this study is to develop an assessment tool for measuring the social interactions of preschool children with autism-spectrum disorders (ASD) in an individual music therapy setting. In order to draft a questionnaire as an assessment tool, we researched the current literature, performed direct observations of preschool children with ASD, and conducted in-depth interviews with experts in the field. The drafted questionnaire went through preliminary tests and a content validity test, and 99 question items were chosen for the main questionnaire. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to experts in selected institutions such as education facilities for preschool children, schools for disabled preschool children, hospitals, and music therapy clinics. Of these, 288 were collected and analyzed with a question item analysis, a reliability test, and a validity test. For the question item analysis, the response distribution of each item and its total correlation with the other items were calculated. The question item analysis was followed by a reliability test in which appropriate question items were extracted. Finally, we conducted the validity test for items—focusing on content validity, construct validity, and concurrent validity. These tests led to the final selection of 46 question items that were able to be grouped into three factors regarding emotions, group play, and responsiveness to instruction.

초중고교에서 스마트IT 기술에 대한 논리적 소프트웨어 교육의 수월성을 확보하기 위하여 저작도구를 사용하여 모바일앱 콘텐츠 제작을 수행하는 과정에 대한 정규 교육과정의 도입여부를 판단하는 연구를 진행하였다. 연구방법으로는 5차례에 걸쳐 전국에 분포된 특성화고등학교 교사를 대상으로, 3차례에 걸쳐 전국 초중등학교 교사와 일반고교 교사를 대상으로 교육을 실시하고 만족도 조사를 하였다. 만족이상이 평균하여 91.4%로 조사된바, 본 연구조사가 매우 적절한 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 초중고교에서 저작도구를 이용한 앱 개발 교육프로그램 도입은 필연적이라 할 수 있는 것으로 판단되어지며 국가기술자격 종목 신설에 대한 요구도도 높아지고 있다.

To ensure excellence in logical software education for smart IT technologies in schools, the study was conducted to determine whether a course on mobile application (app) content creation using an app authoring tool can be introduced as a part of the regular curriculum. As an approach method, five sessions of related training for characterized high school teachers as well as three sessions for elementary, middle and general high school teachers nationwide and a satisfaction survey were conducted for a total of five surveys. The average of 91.4% for more than moderately satisfied' is judged to reflect the perception of a highly successful study. In conclusion, the introduction of an app development education program using an authoring tool in schools is considered essential, and furthermore, the need for establishing new national technical qualifications is still rising.