Earticle

Laufer, Elder, Hill, and Congdon (2004) proposed the vocabulary strength framework reflecting the process of vocabulary knowledge development with a hierarchical order of four strength modalities: passive recognition, active recognition, passive recall, and active recall. Employing this framework, the present study aims to empirically examine its generalizability to EFL contexts and further explore its availability to validating the TEPS vocabulary section. Three sets of web-based tests for three proficiency groups (beginner (n=37), intermediate (n=31), and advanced (n=30)) are developed with words from three frequency bands (3000, 5000, and 7000). The test includes four sections representing four strength modes and an optional TEPS section for the two upper groups. A one-parameter Rasch model analysis reveals that item difficulties agree to the hierarchical sequence of difficulty order in the framework. Different vocabulary growth rates were found across modes and word bands. The TEPS item difficulties that are closer to recall than recognition may give a theoretical account of the measuring construct that the TEPS items tap upon.

다양한 메타버스 플랫폼이 폭발적으로 성장하고 있는 가운데, 고객경험에 기반한 측정 및 분석, 평가할 통일된 지표는 부재하다. 이에 2~3차원 혼합형 가상세계 플랫폼인 메타버스 평가를 위해 기존의 휴리스틱 사용성 평가모델과 문헌검토를 기반으로 메타버스 내 사용성 평가요인을 도출하였다. 이를 델파이기법을 통해 타당성을 검증하여 사용자주도권, 정보구조, 디자인과 콘텐츠, 이용환경 등 5개 분야의 20개 항목 세분화로 측정 가능한 체계를 구축하였다. 이를 바탕으로 로블록스, 제페토 등 주요 메타버스 플랫폼의 실제 내용을 체험 후 사용성 평가하여 비교 검증을 진행했다. 그 결과, 사용자주도권 및 콘텐츠 측면에서 상대적으로 그 효용성이 높게 도출되어 메타버스 사용자경험을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다. 본 연구는 서비스디자인 분야에서 널리 사용되어 온 사용성 평가체계를 확장현실, 혼합현실 분야로 확장하여 메타버스 사용성 평가의 기초 틀을 마련했다는 점에서 학술적 의의가 있다. 이와 함께 메타버스 현장의 이해관계자들에게 기초적인 판단기준 제공의 실무적 함의는 물론 디지털 역량강화와 산업 활성화의 정책적 의의도 가진다.

Amid the explosive growth of various metaverse platforms, there is no unified indicator to measure, analyze, and evaluate based on customer experience. Therefore, the usability evaluation factors in metaverse were identified through a heuristic methodology and literature review, to evaluate the metaverse, a two-to three-dimensional virtual world platform. A measurable system was established by subdividing 20 items in 5 fields, including user control, information structure, design and content, and usage environment, derived through Delphi technique. Based on this, after experiencing the actual contents of major metaverse platforms such as Roblox and Zepeto, usability was evaluated and comparative verification was conducted. As a result, it was estimated that metaverse user experience could be improved as its utility was derived relatively high in terms of user control and content. This study constitutes a theoretical contribution by extending the usability evaluation system, which has been widely used in the field of service design, to the fields of extended reality and mixed reality. At the same time, it has practical key findings of providing basic judgment standards to stakeholders in the metaverse field, as well as policy implications for digital capability enhancement and industry revitalization.

라이브러리는 독립적으로 실행되지 않고 많은 응용 프로그램에서 사용되므로, 라이브러리의 취약점을 사전에 탐지하는 것은 중요하다. 라이브러리 취약점을 탐지하기 위해 동적 분석 방법인 퍼징이 사용되고 있다. 퍼징 기술은 코드 커버리지 및 크래시 발생 횟수 측면에서 개선된 결과를 보여주지만, 그 효과를 라이브러리 퍼징에 적용하기는 쉽지 않다. 특히, 라이브러리의 다양한 상태를 재현하려면 특정 함수 시퀀스를 호출하고 퍼저의 입력을 전달하여 라이브러리 코드를 실행하는 퍼징 대상 파일과 시드 코퍼스가 필요하다. 그러나 퍼징 환경(시드 코퍼스, 퍼징 대상 파일)을 준비하는 것은 라이브러리에 대한 이해와 퍼징에 대한 이해가 동시에 필요한 어려운 일이다. 이에, 본 논문에서는 테스트 프레임워크를 활용하여 라이브러리 퍼징의 용이성을 확보하고, 코드 커버리지와 크래시 탐지 성능을 향상하기 위한 개선 방법을 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 시스템은 9개의 오픈 소스 라이브러리에 적용하여 기존 연구들과 비교를 통한 개선 효과를 검증하였다. 실험 결과 코드 커버리지 31.2%, 크래시 탐지 기준 58.7%의 개선효과를 확인하였고, 3개의 알려지지 않는 취약점을 탐지하였다.

Because the library cannot be run independently and used by many applications, it is important to detect vulnerabilities in the library. Fuzzing, which is a dynamic analysis, is used to discover vulnerabilities for the library. Although this fuzzing technique shows excellent results in terms of code coverage and unique crash counts, it is difficult to apply its effects to library fuzzing. In particular, a fuzzing executable and a seed corpus are needed that execute the library code by calling a specific function sequence and passing the input of the fuzzer to reproduce the various states of the library. Generating the fuzzing environment such as fuzzing executable and a seed corpus is challenging because it requires both understanding about the library and fuzzing knowledge. We propose a novel method to improve the ease of library fuzzing and enhance code coverage and crash detection performance by using a test framework. The systems's performance in this paper was applied to nine open-source libraries and was verified through comparison with previous studies.

Successful development of weapon systems requires a stringent verification and validation (V&V) process due to the nature of the weapons in which continual increase of operational capability makes the system requirements more complicated to meet. Thus, test and evaluation (T&E) of weapon systems is becoming more difficult. In such a situation, live fire tests appear to be effective and useful methods in not only carrying out V&V of the weapon systems under development, but also increasing the maturity of the end users operability of the system. However, during the process for live fire tests, a variety of accidents or mishaps can happen due to explosion, pyro, separation, and so on. As such, appropriate means to mitigate mishap possibilities should be provided and applied during the live fire tests. To study a way of how to accomplish it is the objective of this paper. To do so, top-level sources of hazard are first identified. A framework for T&E is also described. Then, to enhance the test range safety, it is discussed how test scenarios can be generated. The proposed method is based on the use of the anticipatory failure determination (AFD) and multiple event tree analysis (ETA) in analyzing range safety. It is intended to identify unexpected hazard components even in the environment with constraints. It is therefore expected to reduce accident possibilities as an alternative to the traditional root-cause analysis.

본 연구의 목적은 조건부 운전면허 발급에 필요한 평가 시나리오 개발 프레임워크를 제안 하는 것이다. 이를 위해 프레임워크는 5단계로 구성하였다. 1단계에서는 고령 운전자에 의한 충돌사고의 주요 요인을 사고빈도와 심각도 측면에서 교통사고 특성에 대한 문헌을 검토하였 다. 2단계는 도로교통공단 교통사고분석시스템 사고 자료를 활용하여 비고령, 초기 고령, 후기 고령 집단별 교통사고 특성에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 이를 통해 고령 운전자 등 고위험군 교통사고 유형을 도출하였다. 3단계는 고위험군 교통사고 유형에 해당하는 블랙박스 영상을 분석하여 사고가 발생한 상황에 대해 기술한 교통사고 스토리를 도출하였다. 4단계는 다양한 시나리오 개발을 위해 도출된 사고 스토리의 유형을 분류하여 여러 가지 사고 상황을 구분하 였다. 5단계는 최근 다양한 자율주행차량 평가 시나리오 개발에 활용되고 있는 PEGASUS 5-Layer 형식을 적용하여 시나리오를 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 조건부 운전면허 발 급을 위한 운전능력 평가시나리오 개발의 기반으로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study was to propose a framework for developing test scenarios for issuance of conditional driver’s licenses. The framework was composed of five stages. Initially, we reviewed the literature on traffic crash characteristics in terms of accident frequency and severity regarding the main factors of crashes caused by older drivers. In the second stage, the characteristics of crashes attributed to non-elderly, early elderly, and late elderly drivers were analyzed using data obtained from the Traffic Accident Analysis System (TAAS), and crash types for elderly drivers were derived. In the third stage, black box videos of high-risk crash types were analyzed to derive crash stories that described the circumstances in which crashes occurred. In the fourth step, crash situations were classified by rating the types of crash stories derived to develop various scenarios. Step 5 involved creating a scenario by applying the PEGASUS 5-Layer format, which has recently been used to develop test scenarios for autonomous vehicles. The results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for developing driving ability evaluation scenarios for the issuance of conditional driver's licenses.

국가첨단전략기술은 반도체, 이차전지, 방위산업, 첨단소재 등 국가 경쟁력과 직결되는 자산 으로, 기술 유출 위협이 심화됨에 따라 보안성 검증의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 그러나 기존 대 응은 제도적 규제 중심에 머물러 실제 보안시스템 소프트웨어의 사전 검증 체계는 미흡하다. 본 연구는 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해 보안시스템 소프트웨어 테스트 시나리오의 평가체계를 구 축하고, 델파이(Delphi)와 계층적분석기법(AHP)을 활용해 항목의 타당성과 상대적 중요도를 검 증하였다. 연구 결과, 상위 영역에서는 ‘시나리오 구조 타당성’과 ‘위협 기반 대응성’이 높은 중요 도를 보였으며, 세부 항목에서는 ‘시나리오 단계구성의 논리성’과 ‘위협 시나리오 구성의 현실성’ 이 핵심 요인으로 도출되었다. 이는 구조적 완성도와 위협 대응 현실성이 보안성 평가의 핵심 기 준임을 시사한다. 본 연구는 정량화된 평가체계를 제시함으로써 학술적 토대를 확장하고, 실무 적 활용 가능성과 정책적 기여 가능성을 동시에 확보한 점에서 실무적 의의가 있다.

National core strategic technologies, such as semiconductors, secondary batteries, defense systems, and advanced materials, face increasing risks of technology leakage, highlighting the need for reliable security verification. However, current measures remain regulationcentered and lack systematic pre-verification of protective software. This study proposes an evaluation framework for security system software test scenarios and validates its indicators using the Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that “Scenario Structural Validity” and “Threat-Response Effectiveness” are the most critical domains, while “Logical Structure of Scenario Phases” and “Realism of Threat Scenarios” emerged as key factors. These findings suggest that structural completeness and realistic threat modeling are essential criteria in security evaluations. By presenting a quantitative, weight-based framework, this study provides both academic contributions and practical implications for technology protection policy and practice.

본 논문의 목적은 대함유도무기 비행시험의 업무 효율 증대를 위한 프레임워크 구조 정 의와 프레임워크 개발 결과를 제시하는 것이다. 우선 프레임워크 구조 정의를 위하여 프레 임워크 구성요소 식별, 영역 분류, 단계 구분 및 프레임워크 템플릿 개발을 수행하였다. 프 레임워크의 구성요소는 표준 프로세스, 표준 산출물, 이슈사항 체크리스트로 구성되어 있 다. 프레임워크의 영역 분류는 체계수행, 시험안전, 시험지원으로 나누어져 있다. 프레임워 크의 단계 구분은 비행시험 계획, 준비, 수행, 후속으로 이루어져 있다. 프레임워크 개발을 위한 프레임워크 템플릿과 ID 식별코드 체계를 함께 제시하였다. 프레임워크 구조 정의를 한 후 대함유도무기 비행시험을 위한 총 15개 프레임워크가 개발되었다. 개발된 프레임워 크에 대한 평가 설문을 실시하여 프레임워크의 실용성을 입증하였다. 대함유도무기 비행시 험에 적용코자 개발된 프레임워크는 표준화된 업무 정립을 통해 대함유도무기 체계개발 성 과 창출에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this paper is to develop the framework for increasing efficiency of the business processes for anti-ship missile flight test. First of all, for establishing the framework structure definition, it is performed framework components identification, region classification, step classification and framework template. The Frame components include standard processes, standard outputs and issue checklists. Framework regions are divided into system work region, test safe region and test support region. Framework steps consist of flight test plan, flight test readiness, flight test execution and flight test follow-up step. Framework template and ID classification schemes are proposed. Since the framework structure definition, the total of 15 frameworks for anti-ship missile flight test are developed. The evaluation of the developed framework is conducted to demonstrate the practicality of the framework. It is believed that the proposed framework will contribute to anti-ship missile development through the standardized processes.

This study is focused on the problem of interpretation of the Temptation Test Dialogues between Jesus and Devil (Matthew 4:1-11), which are expressed as an indirect speech act. These dialogues have a structure which can be interpreted differently by readers, because the points of the test questions and answers are out of line. Dostoevsky evaluated these dialogues as having influenced the discussion of Russian religious philosophy through the issue of bread and freedom in the <The Brothers Karamazov>. In his work he gave many criticisms to Jesus, but there were not any questions about the ambiguous attitude of Jesus’ answers in the dialogues. And some researchers of dialogue text have studied this conversation in terms of dialogue strategy, but did not pay any attention to Jesus' response attitude. They did not point out the problem of violation of Grice's the cooperative principle, even though these dialogues have unnatural forms of responses. The inference method for these dialogues is based on Searle's(1981) inference algorithm of the Inference theory, Relevance theory, Cooperative principle and the Speech act theory, through which the dialogues were expressed as indirect speech act with conversation implicature.

Web service composition is a mature and effective way to realize the rapidly changing requirements of business in service-oriented solutions. Testing the compositions of web services is complex, due to their distributed nature and asynchronous behaviour. Control flow testing focuses on the transfer of control, while data flow testing focuses on the definitions of data and their subsequent use. The execution of a service is driven by the received and manipulated data; hence validation of data flow is very critical in composition. Colored Petri Nets (CPNs) is one model that combines data and control flow with behavioural aspects of a given business requirement. In this paper, a test framework based on a data-driven CPN model for functional testing of web service composition is proposed. The test framework also includes test design coverage measurement using three newly formulated metrics: Decision Coverage, Input Output Coverage and Implementation Coverage. The framework was applied to airline reservation system and the generated test sequences were evaluated against the coverage criteria.

This paper introduced formal method as a new method to evaluate the reliability of software that has been developed. By using a mathematical notation called formal specification, this evaluation method describes the characteristics and functions of system that includes software or hardware and proves what can be proved using a proving technique. It can give a clearer answer than other techniques because it guarantees completeness, correctness, and consistency, which are the general characteristics of math, and evaluates reliability by mathematical technique. Since it is difficult to express a mathematical notation in a UI, a framework was developed by using it to show the measured results on a screen like other general software. This framework was named FMTF (Formal Method Test Framework) and was made to test the program of general web development. For the performance experiment of FMTF system, the parallel test, loop test, conditional branch perform test, time control test, etc. of web program were experimented. According to the measurement result, the reliability was low in the beginning of project due to many factors such as analysis design but gradually improved by error correction and debugging. By suggesting a guide on how to correct what errors, the paper could also provide a method to improve reliability.

Researchers do not effectively manage and verify artifacts produced during software R&D projects. And testing software development artifacts cannot test the whole software R&D project. It is necessary to perform continuous and detailed verification of artifacts produced in each phase during software R&D project. Thus, a framework is required to test software and verify documents generated during software R&D project. In this paper, we present requirements of test framework to verify software R&D projects. The requirements are represented with scenarios and use cases for the framework. We show effectiveness of our approach by presenting a part of prototype in case study.

Database applications play an important role in nearly every organization, yet little has been done on testing of database applications. They are becoming increasingly complex and are subject to constant change. They are often designed to be executed concurrently by many clients. Testing of database application hence is of utmost importance to avoid any future errors encountered in the application, since a single fault in database application can result in unrecoverable data loss. Many tools and frameworks for performing testing of database applications has been proposed to populate the test database and generate test cases which checks the correctness of application. They check database applications for consistency constraints and transactions concurrency. In this paper we present a DBGEN- database (test) GENerator, an automated framework for database application testing. In this framework Test Strategies for testing of embedded SQL queries within imperative language are presented. Finally we present strategies for performing efficient regression tests by reducing the resets that may occur while testing database applications. We have also computed the coverage of various test cases to predict the quality of testing. By this, we reduce the testing time and cost by approximately by 30% , thereby easing the tester to manage his testing activities easily.

A challenging part of software testing entails the generation of test cases. A good test case should have the quality to cover more features of test objective. The techniques for automatic generation of test cases try to efficiently find a small set of cases that allow an adequacy criterion to be fulfilled, thus reducing the cost of software testing and resulting in more efficient testing of software products. In this paper we introduce an all-around classification framework for automatic test case generation approaches in terms of test type and Algorithm, and represent some test case evaluation approaches. Finally we illustrate a comparison between different existing techniques.

본 연구는 최근 다양화, 대규화 되어가는 IoT시스템을 위한 시험기 개선에 관한 것으로 IoT성능시험기의 패킷 처리 성능개선, 트래픽 프로토콜 생성과 동작에 유연성을 확보하는 방안에 대한 것이다. 본 연구의 목표는 고도화되어 가는 대용량 IoT 네트워크 시스템에서 데이터 트래픽 전송의 안정성을 사전에 검증하고 성능을 측정하는 개방형 소프트 웨어인 DPDK기반 고속 IoT 네트워크 성능시험 시스템을 설계하는 것이다. DPDK 기반 트래픽 발생기를 이용하여 고 속 IoT 성능시험기의 기본 구성을 설계하였으며 실험을 통해 해당 시스템 적용시 트래픽 모델링하고 패킷생성능력의 기대효과를 제시하였다.

This study is to provide improvement of tester for IoT system , which has recently become diversified and large-scale and It is about a method to improve the packet processing performance of the tester and securing flexibility in traffic protocol creation and operation. The purpose of this study is to design a OSS DPDK-based high-speed IoT network performance test system, which pre-verifies and measures the performance of data traffic transmission in an increasingly sophisticated high-capacity IoT network system. The basic structure of the high-speed IoT performance tester was designed using a DPDK-based traffic generator, the expected effect was suggested to traffic modeling and packet generation capability when the system was applied through experiments

본 논문에서는 임베디드 프로세서 및 네트워크 구조를 기반으로 구성된 NoC(Network-On-Chip)의 저전력 테스트 구조를 제안한다. 임베디드 프로세서와 여러개의 코어로 구성된 네트워크 구조에 벤치마크 회로를 직접 연결하여 테스트 전력소모를 평가하였으며, 각 코어의 테스트 패턴을 저전력 소모가 되도록 매핑하여 테스트 전력소모를 감소시켰다. 또한 임베디드 프로세스 코어를 ATE(Automatic Test Equipment)로 사용하여 테스트 시간을 줄일수 있었다. ISCAS89 벤치마크 회로에 대해서 테스트 시간은 매우 효과적으로 감소되었으며 평균 전력소모는 약 8%가 감소되었다.

In this paper, we propose the power-aware test framework for Network-on-Chip, which is based on embedded processor and on-chip network. First, the possibility of using embedded processor and on-chip network isintroduced and evaluated with benchmark system to test the other embeddedcores. And second, a new generation method of test pattern is presented to reduce the power consumption of on-chip network, which is called don't care mapping. The experimental results show that the embedded processor can be executed like the automatic test equipments, and the test time is reduced and the power consumption is reduced up to 8% at the communication components.

In this paper, we propose an efficient dynamic workload balancing strategy which improves the performance of high-performance computing system. The key idea of this dynamic workload balancing strategy is to minimize execution time of each job and to maximize the system throughput by effectively using system resource such as CPU, memory. Also, this strategy dynamically allocates job by considering demanded memory size of executing job and workload status of each node. If an overload node occurs due to allocated job, the proposed scheme migrates job, executing in overload nodes, to another free nodes and reduces the waiting time and execution time of job by balancing workload of each node. Through simulation, we show that the proposed dynamic workload balancing strategy based on CPU, memory improves the performance of high-performance computing system compared to previous strategies.

In order to provide the reliable service and contents to telematics service user, any service server must be tested and verified before launching its service in sufficient. In this paper, we proposed a test framework for telematics server. The proposed framework includes conformance test of server, interoperability test between telematics service server and telematics terminal. The framework proposed the concept and test model for two categories of testing.

The increasing digitalization of healthcare necessitates laboratory data interoperability to ensure reliable clinical decision-making, efficient data exchange, and effective secondary use. Most Korean institutions use electronic systems for laboratory test reporting. How- ever, the lack of standardized terminology, measurement units, and data structures has led to reporting inconsistencies and limited integration across institutions. We have devel- oped a guideline using a consensus-based laboratory data framework for essential labora- tory data elements that is aligned with international standards and guidelines. The labora- tory data framework organizes essential laboratory data elements into five categories: Pa- tient, Test, Specimen, Date/time, and Administrative data. Each element is also assigned to one or more usage three tiers: Data for Clinical Data Interchange, Data for Report, and Data for Laboratory. Mandatory and conditional elements are further differentiated, incor- porating aspects of clinical relevance, regulatory requirements, and implementation feasi- bility. The laboratory data framework incorporates terminology standards, such as the Logi- cal Observation Identifiers Names and Codes, Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine? Clinical Terms, and Unified Code for Units of Measure, supporting both semantic and syn- tactic interoperability. This approach enables improved data consistency, facilitates na- tional health information exchange, and lays a foundation for advanced applications, such as clinical decision support and artificial intelligence-driven analytics.