Earticle

날씨는 우리 일상에 깊은 영향을 주는 요소로 소비자의 심리와 행동에 영향을 미치기 때문에 날씨의 변화는 소비자의 광고 수용 행태에도 영향을 미치고 기업의 매출에 직접적인 영향을 준다. 이에 따라, 기업들은 마케팅 및 홍보에 있어 전략적으로 날씨를 활용해 왔으며 중요하게 관리해야 하는 요소로 인식해왔다. 모바일 디바이스의 등장에 따라 사용자가 접하는 광고 매체와 지면은 그 이전보다 기하급수적으로 증가하였다. 모바일 환경의 경우 자는 시간을 제외하고는 실시간으로 접속하기 때문에 광고에 노출되는 시간과 밀도도 증가하였다. 날씨가 사용자의 모바일 광고 수용행태에 어떻게 영향을 주는지를 실증적으로 확인하는 것은 상당히 중요하지만, 이와 관련된 연구가 부재하다. 따라서 본 연구는 날씨가 모바일 광고 수용행태에 끼치는 영향을 실증적으로 확인하였으며, 환경변화에 따라 영향이 증가하는 대기질에 대해서도 함께 고려하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 디지털 광고 플랫폼 사업자나 광고 주체에게 날씨 정보를 활용한 타겟팅 전략의 개선에 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Weather significantly shapes daily life, impacting consumer behavior and psychology. Changes in weather influence ad receptivity, directly affecting corporate sales. Businesses strategically leverage weather in marketing efforts. Mobile devices have exponentially increased ad exposure, with real-time connectivity enhancing exposure time. Despite the need to empirically confirm weather's impact on mobile ad acceptance, research is lacking. This study explores weather's influence on mobile ad receptivity, considering environmental changes like air quality. Results aim to assist digital advertisers in refining targeted strategies with weather information.

2012년 5월 28일, 중국공산당 중앙위원회, 중화인민공화국 교육부는 연명으 로 탁월한 법률인재 양성 계획 업무회의를 개최하였다. 이는 “탁월한 법률인재 양성 교육계획”이 공식적으로 시작되었음을 의미한다. 중국 법학교육의 질은 많이 향상 되었다. 2018년 2월, 중국교육부 법학유형 전업 교육지도 위원회는 <보통고등학교 법학유형 본과 전업 교학 질량 국가기준>을 발표하였고, 이에 는 인성과 능력을 모두 겸비하고 튼튼한 이론지식과 실무능력을 갖춘 종합적, 응용적, 참신적인 인재들을 양성해야 한다고 밝혔다. 동년 9월, 교육부와 중앙 정법위원회는 연명으로 <인성과 법학지식을 모두 갖추고, 탁월한 법률인재 교 육 양성 계획 2.0>을 발표하였다. 이는 중국 법학 교육과 법체건설이 부단히 앞으로 발전하는 것을 보여주는 징표이다. 중국 법학교육이 지금까지 발전하 여 전반적인 교육의 질은 부단히 향상하고 있다. 하지만 소수민족 지역의 법학 교육의 특성은 두각되지 않고 있다. 중국의 ‘일대일로’건설이 부단회 심층화 되고 대외개방 정도가 부단히 향상 되고 있어서 법률인재에 대한 수요도 날이 갈수록 많아지고 있다. 고등교육기 구의 법학교육이 경제발전, 특히 소수민족지역 법학교육이 어떻게 하면 소수민 족지역의 경제발전에 복무할 수 있는지가 하루빨리 해결해야 하는 과제이다. 본문은 중국 소수민족지역 법학교육의 목표에 대한 분석을 통하여 중국 소수 민족 지역 법학교육이 실천하여야 하고 발전해야 하는 방향을 제시해 보고 그 러한 발전에서 직면하는 현실적인 도전들을 탐구하여 향후 발전에 대한 건의 를 제출하였다. 이를 통하여 중국소수민족 지역 법학교육의 발전에 기여하고자 한다.

On May 26, 2012, The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China jointly held a working meeting on the Education and Training Program for Outstanding Legal Talents, marking the official launch of the Program for the Education and Training of Outstanding Legal Talents. The level of legal education in China has been greatly improved. In February 2018, the National Standard for the Quality of Undergraduate Teaching in Law in General Higher Education was issued by the Steering Committee of Law Professional Education of the Ministry of Education of China, it is pointed out in a document that it is necessary to train talents with a solid theoretical basis and practical vocational skills of the composite applied innovative talents and reserve forces. In September of the same year, the Ministry of Education and the Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs jointly issued the Education and Training Program 2.0 on Adhering to The Law of Germany and The Implementation of excellence in the Rule of Law, which is also an important sign for China’s legal education and legal system construction to move forward. Since the development of law education in China, the overall quality of education has been continuously improved, but the advantages and characteristics of law education in minority areas have not been fully apparent. With the deepening of China’s “Belt and Road” construction, the level of opening up to the outside world and the increasing demand for legal talents, how to deal with economic development in university law education, especially how legal education in ethnic minority areas serves the economic development of ethnic minority areas, has become an urgent topic to be studied. Starting with the goal orientation of law education in minority areas of China, this paper analyzes the practical development of law education in ethnic minority areas of China, explores the practical challenges it faces in its development, and makes suggestions for future development, with a view to helping the development of legal education in ethnic minority areas of China.

2012年5月26日，中国共产党中央委员会、中华人民共和国教育部联合 举办卓越法律人才教育培养计划工作会议，标志着“卓越法律人才教育培 养计划”正式启动. 中国法学教育水平得到了很大水平的提高. 2018年2月， 《普通高等学校法学类本科专业教学质量国家标准》由中国教育部法学 类专业教育指导委员会发布，文件中指出要培养德才兼备，具有扎实理 论基础和实践职业技能的复合型、应用型、创新型人才及后备力量. 同年 9月，教育部和中央政法委联合发布了《关于坚持德法兼修 实施卓越法 治人才教育培养计划2.0》，这也是中国法学教育和法制建设向前迈进的 重要标志. 中国法学教育发展至今，整体的教育质量不断提高，但是少数 民族地区法学教育的优势与特色并未完全显现. 中国“一带一路”建设不断深入，对外开放水平不断提高，对法律人才的 需求也与日俱增，高校法学教育如何应对经济发展，尤其是少数民族地 区法学教育如何服务于少数民族地区经济发展成为了亟待研究的课题. 本 文从中国少数民族地区法学教育的目标定位入手，分析中国少数民族地 区法学教育的实践发展，探究其发展所面临的现实挑战，并对未来发展 提出建议，以期对中国少数民族地区法学教育发展助力.

2012년 5월 28일, 중국공산당 중앙위원회, 중화인민공화국 교육부는 연명으 로 탁월한 법률인재 양성 계획 업무회의를 개최하였다. 이는 “탁월한 법률인재 양성 교육계획”이 공식적으로 시작되었음을 의미한다. 중국 법학교육의 질은 많이 향상 되었다. 2018년 2월, 중국교육부 법학유형 전업 교육지도 위원회는 <보통고등학교 법학유형 본과 전업 교학 질량 국가기준>을 발표하였고, 이에 는 인성과 능력을 모두 겸비하고 튼튼한 이론지식과 실무능력을 갖춘 종합적, 응용적, 참신적인 인재들을 양성해야 한다고 밝혔다. 동년 9월, 교육부와 중앙 정법위원회는 연명으로 <인성과 법학지식을 모두 갖추고, 탁월한 법률인재 교 육 양성 계획 2.0>을 발표하였다. 이는 중국 법학 교육과 법체건설이 부단히 앞으로 발전하는 것을 보여주는 징표이다. 중국 법학교육이 지금까지 발전하 여 전반적인 교육의 질은 부단히 향상하고 있다. 하지만 소수민족 지역의 법학 교육의 특성은 두각되지 않고 있다. 중국의 ‘일대일로’건설이 부단회 심층화 되고 대외개방 정도가 부단히 향상 되고 있어서 법률인재에 대한 수요도 날이 갈수록 많아지고 있다. 고등교육기 구의 법학교육이 경제발전, 특히 소수민족지역 법학교육이 어떻게 하면 소수민 족지역의 경제발전에 복무할 수 있는지가 하루빨리 해결해야 하는 과제이다. 본문은 중국 소수민족지역 법학교육의 목표에 대한 분석을 통하여 중국 소수 민족 지역 법학교육이 실천하여야 하고 발전해야 하는 방향을 제시해 보고 그 러한 발전에서 직면하는 현실적인 도전들을 탐구하여 향후 발전에 대한 건의 를 제출하였다. 이를 통하여 중국소수민족 지역 법학교육의 발전에 기여하고자 한다.

On May 26, 2012, The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China jointly held a working meeting on the Education and Training Program for Outstanding Legal Talents, marking the official launch of the Program for the Education and Training of Outstanding Legal Talents. The level of legal education in China has been greatly improved. In February 2018, the National Standard for the Quality of Undergraduate Teaching in Law in General Higher Education was issued by the Steering Committee of Law Professional Education of the Ministry of Education of China, it is pointed out in a document that it is necessary to train talents with a solid theoretical basis and practical vocational skills of the composite applied innovative talents and reserve forces. In September of the same year, the Ministry of Education and the Central Committee of Political and Legal Affairs jointly issued the Education and Training Program 2.0 on Adhering to The Law of Germany and The Implementation of excellence in the Rule of Law, which is also an important sign for China’s legal education and legal system construction to move forward. Since the development of law education in China, the overall quality of education has been continuously improved, but the advantages and characteristics of law education in minority areas have not been fully apparent. With the deepening of China’s “Belt and Road” construction, the level of opening up to the outside world and the increasing demand for legal talents, how to deal with economic development in university law education, especially how legal education in ethnic minority areas serves the economic development of ethnic minority areas, has become an urgent topic to be studied. Starting with the goal orientation of law education in minority areas of China, this paper analyzes the practical development of law education in ethnic minority areas of China, explores the practical challenges it faces in its development, and makes suggestions for future development, with a view to helping the development of legal education in ethnic minority areas of China.

2012年5月26日，中国共产党中央委员会、中华人民共和国教育部联合 举办卓越法律人才教育培养计划工作会议，标志着“卓越法律人才教育培 养计划”正式启动. 中国法学教育水平得到了很大水平的提高. 2018年2月， 《普通高等学校法学类本科专业教学质量国家标准》由中国教育部法学 类专业教育指导委员会发布，文件中指出要培养德才兼备，具有扎实理 论基础和实践职业技能的复合型、应用型、创新型人才及后备力量. 同年 9月，教育部和中央政法委联合发布了《关于坚持德法兼修 实施卓越法 治人才教育培养计划2.0》，这也是中国法学教育和法制建设向前迈进的 重要标志. 中国法学教育发展至今，整体的教育质量不断提高，但是少数 民族地区法学教育的优势与特色并未完全显现. 中国“一带一路”建设不断深入，对外开放水平不断提高，对法律人才的 需求也与日俱增，高校法学教育如何应对经济发展，尤其是少数民族地 区法学教育如何服务于少数民族地区经济发展成为了亟待研究的课题. 本 文从中国少数民族地区法学教育的目标定位入手，分析中国少数民族地 区法学教育的实践发展，探究其发展所面临的现实挑战，并对未来发展 提出建议，以期对中国少数民族地区法学教育发展助力.

스마트폰 이용 확대로 광고 매체시장이 큰 변화를 겪고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 모바일광고의 부상이 가져 올 광고시장의 변화를 시나리오플래닝 기법으로 예측하는 것이다. 타켓팅 기술, 개인정보 규제, 광고회피 극복을 모 바일광고 성장에 크게 영향을 주는 불확실 변수로 보고 전문가 인터뷰를 통해 5년 후 광고시장을 시나리오로 구성 했다. 모바일광고가 유선인터넷 광고를 능가하는지 여부와 유무선 인터넷광고가 4대 매체 광고를 추가 잠식할지 여 부 두 가지 경우를 2X2 매트리스로 조합하여, 모바일광고가 유선인터넷 광고는 물론 4대 매체를 추가로 잠식하는 경우, 유선인터넷 광고를 보조하는 수준에서만 성장하는 경우, 유선인터넷을 잠식하는 수준에서만 성장하는 경우, 마 지막으로 유선인터넷 광고와 동반 퇴보하는 경우를 불확실 변수 전개에 따라 기술했다. 전문가들은 모바일이 광고 매체시장을 평정하는 상황을 가장 유력하게 보고 있다. 하지만 타켓팅 기술, 광고회피 극복, 개인정보 활용 범위 등 불확실 변수가 어떻게 진행되느냐에 따라 충분히 다른 시나리오도 가능하다. 앞으로 기술 변수를 사회경제적인 변수 와 결합하고 기술을 좀 더 세분화시켜야 하는 과제를 안고 있다.

The advertising media is undergoing a dramatic change mainly due to the increased use of smartphone. This study predicts the future of the advertising industry driven by the mobile advertising using scenario planning. Targeting technologies, restriction on the use of personal information, and overcoming ad avoidance were selected as key uncertain variables expected to impact on the growth of the mobile advertising 5 years later. With the support by expert interviews, the 2X2 matric combines two cases to generate four scenarios; the one whether mobile ads surpass PC-based online ads, the other whether the combined force of mobile and PC-based ads surpass the traditional media in advertising spendings. Each scenario is articulated according to the future of key variables. The most likely scenario is that mobile will dominate the advertising media market. However, it is important not to ignore different scenarios because key variables evolves in unexpected manner and then they can become reality. The future research will combine its key variables with social and economic ones and segment technical variables in more details.

미 대통령 선거에서 데이터 기반의 과학적 선거 전략에 의해 유권자들에게 보다 밀착한 바락 오바마는 승 리를 거둠으로써 과학적 선거 메커니즘이라는 새로운 패러다임을 제공하게 되었다. 그러나 한국선거는 감정적 대립 기반의 선거전략이 데이터나 정책 대결 및 후보자의 자질 검증보다 우선해 왔다고 해도 과언이 아니다. 본 연구는 한국선거의 유해한 결과를 초래하는 방식을 줄이고 나아가 바람직한 선거문화를 정착시키고자 하는 노력의 일환으로 빅데이터 기반의 선거 캠페인을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 한국 정치와 선거캠페인의 현황과 문제점 을 살펴보고자 한다. 그런 다음 그와 같은 문제들을 해소하기 위한 대안으로 빅데이터를 활용한 선거전략 모델을 설 계하고 나아가 빅데이터 활용방안에 대해 논의하고자 한다.

The victory of Barack Obama in the presidential reelection, in which he got closer to voters by scientific election strategy based on data, is making a new paradigm of this scientific election mechanism. But it is within bounds to say that Korean election has developed based on emotional confrontation, rather than on the confrontation of policy or personal qualification. This study suggests a Big data-based election campaign strategy in an effort to reduce the harmful consequences of Korean election and to settle down a desirable campaign culture. To do so, this study examines the actual status and problems of Korean politics and election campaign. And then it designs a Korean election strategy model using Big data as an alternative to break through the problems. Last, it discusses the plan to utilize Big data.

본 연구는 현재 각광 받고 있는 BTL에 대한 이해를 도모하고 실무적인 기획서에 있어 BTL 기획서가 ATL 기획서와 어떤 차이를 보이는지에 대해 고찰한 탐색적 연구이다. 논의 결과 ATL 기획서와 BTL 기획서는 상황 분석을 포함한 전략의 수립 측면에서는 유사한 특성을 보였으나 실행 측면에서 몇 가지의 차이를 나타내었다. 첫째, 소비자와 접촉하게 되는 BTL 프로모션의 특성 상 ATL보다 세분화된 타깃팅이 가능하며, 실행 측면에서도 현장성이라는 BTL의 고유한 특성으로 인해 기획서 상에서 장소라는 개념과 운영이라는 개념이 중요하게 부각된다는 것이다. 좀 더 다양한 후속 연구를 통해 BTL에 대해 학자나 실무자의 더 많은 관심을 기대해 본다.

Understanding the importance of BTL(Below-the-line) marketing communication, this study is designed to explore differences between ATL and BTL marketing communication plans. Basically, this study is conceptually oriented to provide a better understanding about BTL marketing communication. As a result of discussions, even though strategic approaches are similar between ATL and BTL marketing communications, differences exist in terms of Targeting, Venue, and Execution. It is desired to draw more attentions from various academicians and practitioners.

스마트폰 보급 확대, 1인 가구 증가 등의 국내 소비 환경 변화 속에서 기존 유통 시장의 주축이었던 대형마트는 매출이 감소하면서 최근 3년 동안 마이너스 성장률을 기록하고 있지만 대형마트 매출 관련된 연구는 주로 영업규제에 따른 효과 분석 위주였으며 다른 유통채널과의 영향관계 분석이나 소비 이동 사유 조사는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구는 카드사 매출 빅데이터를 활용하여 대형마트 성장률 감소를 소비자의 인구통계학적 변수 및 소비시점 등에 따라 분석하고 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 통하여 대형마트 소비 감소와 다른 유통채널 매출비중 변화와의 관계 등을 실증적으로 규명하였다. 또한 실제 카드소비 데이터 기반 대형마트 소비 감소 소비자를 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하여 다른 유통채널 선택 사유가 무엇인지 밝혔다. 이는 유통채널 소비 변화에 대한 정량적 분석 결과와 정성적인 사유 조사 결과를 융합하여 소비에 대한 입체적인 조망을 하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

In the context of domestic consumption environment changes such as expansion of smartphones and increase of single-person households, hypermarket, which was the mainstream of the existing retail market, have recorded negative growth for the last three years due to declining sales. And it is not enough to analyze the influence relationship with other retail channels or investigate the cause of consumption movement. In this study, we analyzed the decline in the growth rate of hypermarket by demographic variables, consumption time, etc. And logistic regression analysis revealed the relationship between the decrease in consumption of hypermarket and the change in the proportion of sales of other retail channels. In addition, we surveyed consumers who have decreased consumption of hypermarket based on actual card consumption data to determine why they choose different retail channels. This is significant in that the result of quantitative analysis of changes in retail channel consumption and the result of qualitative reasoning converged to give a stereoscopic view of consumption.

Drug development groups are close to discovering another pot of gold-a therapeutic target-similar to the success of imatinib (Gleevec) in the field of cancer biology. Modern molecular biology has improved cancer therapy through the identification of more pharmaceutically viable targets, and yet major problems and risks associated with late-phase cancer therapy remain. Presently, a growing number of reports have initiated a discussion about the benefits of metabolic regulation in cancers. The Warburg effect, a great discovery approximately 70 years ago, addresses the "universality" of cancer characteristics. For instance, most cancer cells prefer aerobic glycolysis instead of mitochondrial respiration. Recently, cancer metabolism has been explained not only by metabolites but also through modern molecular and chemical biological techniques. Scientists are seeking context-dependent universality among cancer types according to metabolic and enzymatic pathway signatures. This review presents current cancer metabolism studies and discusses future directions in cancer therapy targeting bio-energetics, bio-anabolism, and autophagy, emphasizing the important contribution of cancer metabolism in cancer therapy.

The transglutaminase family is roughly 250 million years old. Horseshoe crabs have been described as a 'living fossil' and have remained virtually unchanged since first appearing around the Triassic period. The horseshoe crab, a living fossil, carries a primitive form of TG that helps it defend against infection and survive. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2, EC 2.3.2.13, gene name TGM2) is mainly known as a cross-linking enzyme in vertebrates. Although TG2 is not an oncogene, its high levels are linked to worse outcomes in many cancers. However, how TG2 cross-linking activity relates to its role in promoting cancer growth remains unclear. A recent discovery sheds light on this. In ovarian cancer cells, TG2 binds directly to GSK3β, leading to its removal by autophagosomes, which activates β-catenin. Stopping this interaction allows GSK3β levels to recover, thereby decreasing β-catenin activity. Even in the absence of cross-linking, cancer cells use TG2 as a chaperone to promote growth and support metastasis. This suggests intracellular calcium levels are too low for TG2 to perform cross-linking. It also indicates that anticancer treatments may increase TG2 levels in cancer cells, helping them recover by removing tumor suppressors. As a result, TG2 plays a role in developing drug resistance, acting as a primitive systemic defense mechanism linked with survival signals. I suggest that blocking TG2 binding, combined with inhibiting autophagy or alternative signaling pathways, is essential for effectively overcoming drug resistance, since it is rooted in TG2's primordial role.

Drug resistance in cancer cells remains a major obstacle limiting the clinical efficacy of current anticancer therapies. The induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent, regulated form of cell death, may offer an alternative therapeutic strategy to overcome such resistance. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in this process, and depending on the cellular context, ROS can be either detrimental or beneficial. Ferroptosis can be effectively triggered in drug-resistant cancer cells in which ROS levels are often highly elevated. Key signaling pathways, including receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), are promising targets for modulating ROS homeostasis and sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms governing ferroptosis, the interplay between ROS and ferroptosis resistance, and emerging therapeutic approaches designed to enhance ferroptosis induction in drug-resistant cancer cells. Altogether, a combination of ferroptosis inducers and conventional treatments may improve the therapeutic efficacy and help overcome resistance mechanisms.

The Hippo-YAP/TEAD pathway plays a central role in melanoma progression by regulating tumor cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Using a NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT) protein-protein interaction assay, we screened honokiol-based small molecules and identified several analogues that disrupt the YAP-TEAD interaction. HK03 was the most effective analogue, leading to a pronounced reduction in Cyr61 levels and diminished Erk and Akt phosphorylation in B16-F10 melanoma cells. HK03 also blocked epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and impaired melanoma cell migration in wound-healing assays. In vivo, HK03 treatment markedly reduced metastatic burden in a B16-F10 lung metastasis model. These findings suggest that honokiol derivatives, particularly HK03, represent potential lead compounds for targeting the YAP-TEAD axis in melanoma therapy.

Objective: Reacquisition of motor functions following stroke depends on interhemispheric neural connections. The intervention highlighted in the present case is an insight for augmenting motor recovery by stimulating the lesioned area and adjacent areas governing the motor behaviour of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the motor and cognitive outcomes through multi target stimulation of cortical areas by application of multichannel transcranial direct current stimulation (M-tDCS) in a stroke survivor. Design: A case report. Methods: The patient was a participant of a trial registered with the clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2020/01/022998). The patient was intervened with M-tDCS over the left primary motor cortex i.e. C3 point and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex i.e. F3 point with 0.5-2 mA intensity for the period of 20 minutes. SaeboFlex-assisted task-oriented training, functional electrical stimulation over the lower extremity (LE) to elicit dorsiflexion at the ankle and eversion of the foot, and conventional physiotherapy rehabilitation including a tailored exercise program were performed. Outcome assessment was done using the Fugl-Meyer assessment scale (FMA) for the upper and lower extremity (UE and LE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA), Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS) and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SSQOL) measures. Assessment was taken at Day 0, 15 and 30 post intervention. Results: Improvement was observed in all the outcome measures i.e FMA (UE and LE), MOCA, SSQOL and WGS across the span of 4 weeks. Conclusions: M-tDCS induced improvement in motor functions of the UE and LE, gait parameters and cognitive functions of the patient.

Rapidly proliferating cancer cells require energy and cellular building blocks for their growth and ability to maintain redox balance. Many studies have focused on understanding how cancer cells adapt their nutrient metabolism to meet the high demand of anabolism required for proliferation and maintaining redox balance. Glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in plasma, is a well-known nutrient used by cancer cells to increase proliferation as well as survival under metabolic stress conditions. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of glutamine metabolism in cancer cell survival and growth and highlight the mechanisms by which glutamine metabolism affects cancer cell signaling. Furthermore, we summarize the potential therapeutic approaches of targeting glutamine metabolism for the treatment of numerous types of cancer.

TGF-${\beta}$ pathway is being extensively evaluated as a potential therapeutic target. The transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ (TGF-${\beta}$) signaling pathway has the dual role in both tumor suppression and tumor promotion. To design cancer therapeutics successfully, it is important to understand TGF-${\beta}$ related functional contexts. This review discusses the molecular mechanism of the TGF-${\beta}$ pathway and describes the different ways of tumor suppression and promotion by TGF-${\beta}$. In the last part of the review, the data on targeting TGF-${\beta}$ pathway for cancer treatment is assessed. The TGF-${\beta}$ inhibitors in pre-clinical studies, and Phase I and II clinical trials are updated.

Atherosclerotic vascular dysfunction is a chronic inflammatory process that spreads from the fatty streak and foam cells through lesion progression. Therefore, its early diagnosis and prevention is unfeasible. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Intracellular redox status is tightly regulated by oxidant and antioxidant systems. Imbalance in these systems causes oxidative or reductive stress which triggers cellular damage or aberrant signaling, and leads to dysregulation. Paradoxically, large clinical trials have shown that non-specific ROS scavenging by antioxidant vitamins is ineffective or sometimes harmful. ROS production can be locally regulated by cellular antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins. Therapeutic approach targeting these antioxidant enzymes might prove beneficial for prevention of ROS-related atherosclerotic vascular disease. Conversely, the development of specific antioxidant enzyme-mimetics could contribute to the clinical effectiveness.

Chemoprevention represents a strategy designed to protect cells or tissues against various carcinogens and carcinogenic metabolites derived from exogenous or endogenous sources. Recent studies indicate that plant-derived triterpenoids, like oleanolic acid, may exert cytoprotective functions via regulation of the activity of different transcription factors. The chemopreventive effects may be mediated through induction of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription factor. Activation of Nrf2 by triterpenoids induces the expression of phase 2 detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes such as NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) - proteins which can protect cells or tissues against various toxic metabolites. On the other hand, inhibition of other transcription factors, like NF-${\kappa}B$ leads to the decrease in the pro-inflammatory gene expression. Moreover, the modulation of microRNAs activity may constitute a new mechanism responsible for valuable effects of triterpenoids. Recently, based on the structure of naturally occurring triterpenoids and with involvement of bioinformatics and computational chemistry, many synthetic analogs with improved biological properties have been obtained. Data from in vitro and in vivo experiments strongly suggest synthetic derivatives as promising candidates in the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic strategies.

Conventional cancer chemotherapy is seriously limited by tumor cells exhibiting multidrug resistance (MDR), which is caused by changes in the levels or activity of membrane transporters that mediate energy-dependent drug efflux and of proteins that affect drug metabolism and/or drug action. Cancer scientists and oncologists have worked together for some time to understand anticancer drug resistance and develop pharmacological strategies to overcome such resistance. Much focus has been on the reversal of the MDR phenotype by inhibition of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) drug transporters. ABC transporters are a family of transporter proteins that mediate drug resistance and low drug bioavailability by pumping various drugs out of cells at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. Many inhibitors of MDR transporters have been identified, and though some are currently undergoing clinical trials, none are in clinical use. Herein, we briefly review the status of MDR in human cancer, explore the pathways of MDR in chemotherapy, and outline recent advances in the design and development of MDR modulators.

X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is an inherited disorder of keratinization resulting from a deficiency of steroid sulfatase (STS), for which no effective therapy is currently available. E-cadherin, a key upstream regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, has been found to be markedly overexpressed in STS-deficient HaCaT cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target in XLI. To investigate the functional role of E-cadherin and explore its therapeutic potential, we introduced mutations into the N-terminal region of Ecadherin and examined the resulting effects on keratinocyte differentiation. In addition, a microRNA (miR-6766) and a rationally designed gapmer antisense oligonucleotide (gASO) targeting the same E-cadherin mRNA sequence were employed to modulate E-cadherin expression in HaCaT cells. Mutations within the N-terminal region of E-cadherin significantly reduced keratin 1 expression, underscoring the critical role of this domain in regulating keratinocyte differentiation. Treatment with miR-6766 led to downregulation of both early and terminal differentiation markers. Building on this, the gASO modified with 2'-O-methoxyethyl and phosphorothioate linkages exhibited enhanced potency and stability, resulting in stronger suppression of E-cadherin and keratin 1 expression compared with miR-6766 (maintained 37.7% greater inhibition of E-cadherin at 96 h and 35.7% greater inhibition of keratin 1 at 96 h). Furthermore, gASO treatment induced a concentration-dependent reduction in early (keratin 1 and keratin 10) and terminal (transglutaminase 1, involucrin, and loricrin) differentiation markers. These findings demonstrate that an E-cadherin-targeting gASO effectively suppresses abnormal keratinocyte differentiation and may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for X-linked ichthyosis.

Over the past two decades, experimental and clinical evidence has established the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/interleukin-17 (IL-17) axis as a key mediator of psoriatic inflammation. IL-23, primarily derived from activated dendritic cells, supports the survival and pathogenic function of type 17 immune cells, which subsequently release IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22 to promote keratinocyte activation and recruit inflammatory leukocytes. These mechanistic insights have directly translated into the development of highly effective biologic therapies targeting IL-17 or IL-23, substantially improving the management of psoriasis. Beyond injectable biologics, growing efforts to overcome limitations related to long-term adherence, cost, and accessibility have accelerated the development of non-injectable therapeutic approaches. Oral and topical small-molecule agents, including selective tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) inhibitors and IL-23 receptor antagonists, are now broadening the therapeutic options. At the same time, progress in molecular engineering, artificial intelligence-guided protein design, and spatial multi-omic technologies are refining therapeutic discovery and enabling more precise targeting of pathogenic immune circuits. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in psoriasis pathogenesis and provide a critical overview of approved and emerging therapies directed at this pathway. We also address key biological and translational challenges, including tissue-specific cytokine functions, interspecies differences, and long-term safety considerations, and discuss how these factors may inform future strategies for precision immunotherapy in psoriasis.