Earticle

본 연구는 공기소총(남ㆍ여) 사격경기의 규정 변경에 따른 중점적으로 요구되는 체력적, 기술적, 심리적 측면을 파악하고, 이에 따른 기술훈련 전략이 어떠한 것이고 어떻게 실천하는지에 대한 분석을 하는 것이 목적이다. 이에 질적 연구방법의 과정에 의해 분석된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 표적크기의 규정변경에 따른 사격기술훈련의 중점적 전략은 체력적 측면으로서 전문체력과 입사자세의 중심점을 강화시켰다. 또한 유연성을 강화시키고, 사격기술 간의 시간패턴을 빠르게 연결하였다. 둘째, 점수체계의 규정변경에 따른 사격기술훈련의 중점적 전략은 기술적 측면으로서 조준 기술이 있으며, 이는 시각을 분산시키지 않고 사격동작 시 눈의 초점을 간결하게 두어 기계화하였다. 또한 정조준과 2단 스퀴즈 격발이 동시에 사격을 유도하는 격발타이밍을 강화하였다. 셋째, 경기시간의 규정변경에 따른 사격기술훈련의 중점적 전략은 심리적 측면으로서 외부관찰자의 입장에서 자신의 수행을 보는 외적심상훈련과 자신이 신체내부에서 사격장면을 상상하고 통제하는 내적심상훈련을 반복하였다. 또한 광의적 인지행동으로서 몰입을 실천하였고, 협의적 인지행동으로 서 경쟁불안을 극복하는 훈련을 반복하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the physical, skill and psychological aspects of the air rifle(m&w) shooting competition about change rules, following the purpose of this study was to analyze the skill training strategy and practice. The process of qualitative methodology led to the following analysis results: First, The main strategy of the shooting skill training according to the regulation of the target size strengthened the professional physical strength and the standing position balance point as the physical aspect. It also enhances flexibility and speedily connects time patterns at each shot interval. second, the focus strategy of the shooting skill training according to the change of the scoring system is the technical aspect of the aiming skill. this was mechanized by keeping the focus of the eyes short while shooting, without distracting the view. also, the main aiming and the second stage squeeze triggered the triggering timing which at the same time triggered the shooting. third, as a psychological aspect, the main strategy of the shooting skill training according to the change of the rules of the competition time was the external imagery training to see the performance of the external observer from the viewpoint of the external observer and the internal imagery training to imagine and control the scene inside the body. also, they practiced immersion as a broad cognitive behavior and overcome competition anxiety as a cooperative cognitive behavior.

Using the simultaneous-sequential presentation search paradigm, we investigated how different types of load manipulation would tap into attentional resources and the concrete mechanism by which search would be performed. Search display perceptual load was manipulated by set-size and target-distractor similarity. The benefit of sequential presentation was larger when the load was increased by number of search items than when target-distractor discrimination was made more demanding. Considering that the load effect could be result from both perceptual load and statistical decision noise, the current results are explained by suggesting that set-size will determine whether the search process will be serial or parallel, regardless of perceptual difficulty. Factors that can set the limit of attentional resources are also discussed.

In this study, waste ITO target is dissolved into hydrochloric acid to generate a complex indium-tin chloride solution. Nano sized ITO powder with an average particle size below 30 nm are generated from these raw material solutions by spray pyrolysis process. Also, in this study, thermodynamic equations for the formation of indium-tin oxide (ITO) are established. As the reaction temperature increased from 800 o C to 900 o C, the proportion and size of the spherical droplet shape in which nano sized particles aggregated gradually decreased, and the surface structure gradually became densified. When the reaction temperature was 800 o C, the average particle size of the generated powder was about 20 nm, and no significant sintering was observed. At a reaction temperature of 900 o C, the split of the droplet was more severe than at 800 o C, and the rate of maintenance of the initial atomized droplet shape decreased sharply. The average particle size of the powder formed was about 25 nm. The ITO particles were com-posed of single solid crystals, regardless of reaction temperature. XRD analysis showed that only the ITO phase was formed. Remarkably, the specific surface area decreased by about 30% as the reaction temperature increased from 800°C to 900°C.

니켈 산화광 처리에서 분쇄는 필수 공정이나 분쇄 에너지 기반의 정량적 평가 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 목표 입도를 45, 75, 106, 150 µm로 설정하여 분쇄일지수를 산출하고 분쇄/분급 공정 시뮬레이션을 통해 입도별 분쇄 에너지를 평가하였다. 분쇄일지수는 150 µm에서 6.35 kWh/t, 45 µm에서 11.59 kWh/t로 측정되어 입도 감소에 따라 급격히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 공정 시뮬레이션에서도 목표 입도 45 µm의 분쇄 에너지가 150 µm 대비 4.2배 높게 나타났으며, 특히106 µm 이하에서 분쇄 에너지 소모가 급증하는 것을 확인하였다. 산출된 분쇄 에너지와 후속 제련공정의 효율을 종합적으로 고려하여 적정 분쇄 입도로 106 µm를 도출하였다. 이러한 결과는 니켈산화광 처리 공정 설계 시 최적 분쇄 조건 설정을 위한 기초 자료로 활용 가능하다.

Although grinding is essential in the treatment of nickel oxide ore, relatively few studies have quantitatively evaluated the energy applied in the process. In this study, we evaluated the work index and grinding energy for target particle sizes of 45, 75, 106, and 150 μm using a process simulation. The work index increased rapidly with decreasing particle size and was recorded as 6.35 kWh/t at 150 μm and 11.59 kWh/t at 45 μm. The simulation of the grinding process also revealed that the grinding energy for the 45 μm target particle size was greater than that for particles with a diameter of 150 μm by a factor of approximately 4.2, and energy consumption increased sharply below 106 μm. The optimal size of the grinding particles was determined to be 106 μm by considering the grinding energy as well as the efficiency of subsequent metallurgical processes. These results can be utilized as a fundamental guideline to establish optimal grinding conditions in the design of a nickel oxide ore processing plant.

본 연구는 타겟연령에 따라 남성셔츠 실루엣 및 호칭별 생산비율과 부위별 셔츠치수 차별화에 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하기 위해 13개 업체의 타겟연령과 호칭현황을 조사하였고 제6차 한국인 인체계측 자료의 19~54세 성인 남자치수를 활용하여 셔츠실루엣에 따른 연령별 호칭별 분포 및 신체치수를 분석하였다. 업체들은 5~10세로 범위가 좁고 다양한 메인타겟연령을 추구했기 때문에 전체 성인남자자료 대신 타겟연령과 실루엣에 따라 구분하여 분석한 자료를 필요로 했다. 호칭은 대부분 가슴둘레호칭을 사용했고 샘플호칭인 100호칭의 생산비율은 40% 이상이었고 95호칭은 20~60%, 110호칭도 10% 정도였다. 그러나 실루엣별로 착용가능자들의 호칭별 분포를 분석한 결과, 업체의 생산호칭인 95~110호칭과 달리 연령에 따라 85~100호칭이나 90~105호칭이 다분포구간으로 나타났다. 따라서 연령에 따라 25~50%를 차지하는 85~90호칭 대상자들은 해당 호칭을 구매할 수 없고 대신 95호칭을 구입함에 따라 맞음새 문제와 95호칭의 부족을 야기할 수 있으며 소비자분포보다 많이 생산되는 105~110호칭은 재고 가능성이 있다고 하겠다. 또한, 최다분포 호칭도 연령에 따라 90, 95, 100호칭으로 달랐으므로 연령에 따른 샘플호칭을 차별화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다. 같은 호칭에서 연령에 따라 신체치수가 유의적으로 달라진 부위는 주로 배꼽수준허리둘레, 목둘레, 팔길이 및 어깨사이길이였고 특히 90~100호칭에서 연령간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 따라서 타겟연령에 따라 차별화된 치수를 반영하여 셔츠를 제작함으로 부위별 맞음새 적합성을 높이고 실루엣을 특화할 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution and the body size of each shirt size divided according to shirt silhouettes and target age. Surveys were conducted on the target ages and production rate of each shirt size of 13 brands. Also, the data of men from the ages of 19 to 54 years in the 6th Size Korea were analyzed. Brands were used various main target ranges, from 5 to 10 years. For this reason, they strongly needed the data which was suitable for their own target ages and silhouettes instead of the whole data of KS 0050(2009). Shirt sizes were classified by chest size and sample size was 100. The production rate of 95 and 100 were more than 50%. Moreover, 110 was less than 5% of customers but was produced about 10%. Therefore, 25 to 50% of customers, who belonged to the size 85 and 90, found it impossible to buy their correct shirt size, while sizes 105 to 110 possibly had an over supply. Since the size with the largest distribution was different according to age group, the sample size of each brand could be changed according to the target ages. Body sizes of customers wearing same shirts size were significantly different according to target ages, at the waist, neck circumference, arm length and biacromion length. This indicates that better shirt fit for each target age group can be accomplished by applying different body sizes to shirt sizes.

본 논문에서는 타겟의 산란계수를 통한 RCS 측정 시, 타겟 위치 변화에 따라 발생하는 FT(Fourier Transform) 윈도우 크기 패턴에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 윈도우 크기 패턴에 미치는 영향의 객관성을 확 보하기 위해 측정 대상의 RCS 시뮬레이션 값과 실험 결과를 비교하여 오차율이 가장 작은 지점에서 윈도우 크기 값을 추출하였다. 실험 결과 측정 대상인 타겟의 거리가 증가함에 따라 윈도우의 오프셋 포인트는 점차 감소하였 으나, 윈도우의 폭은 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 타겟 위치에 따라 변화하는 윈도우 크기 패턴을 시스템에 내재 되어있는 Lookup Table로부터 적용하고 획득 데이터를 저장하여, RCS 측정에 신뢰성을 확보하였다. 또한 연속적 으로 산란계수 기반의 실시간 RCS 데이터처리가 가능하도록 시스템을 구성하였다. 패턴 분석을 통해 RCS 측정 의 정확성과 소요 시간을 확보할 수 있다.

In this paper, the effect on the FT window size pattern that occurs according to the target position when measuring RCS through the scattering coefficient of the target is proposed. In order to get objectivity of the effect on the window size pattern, the RCS simulation value of the measurement target was compared with experimental results, and the window size value was extracted at the point where the error rate was lowest. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the offset point of the window gradually decreased as the distance of the target to be measured increased, but the width of the window increased. Reliability was secured by applying the window size pattern that changes according to the target position from Lookup Table inherent in the system and saving the acquired data. In addition, the system was configured to enable continuous real-time RCS data processing. By analyzing the pattern, it can reduce time and the accuracy can be obtained.

$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$은 ${\alpha}$ 와 ${\beta}$의 두 subunits로 구성되어 있으며, 분자량이 약 300,000 daltons 정도되는 것으로 보아 ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$의 형태로 존재할 것으로 알려져 왔다 한편, 사람 적혈구막에 있는 $Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$는 glycolytic enzymes과 complex를 이루고 있으리라는 보고도 있다. 우리는 이 실험에서 in situ상태의 사람 적혈구막$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$의 분자량을 측정하기 위하여, 소위 말하는 ‘Target theory’를 radiation에 의한 ouabain sensitive한 $\Na^+$이동과, intact한 cells과 ghosts에서의 ATP가수분해능력의 inactivation data에 적용하였다. Intact한 cells은 cryoprotective agent의 존재하에서, ghosts는 직접적으로 액화질소의 용기속에 담고 온도를 $-45^{\circ}C$에서 $-50^{\circ}C$로 유지시키면서 1.5 MeV의 electron beam으로 조사한 후에 Pump의 기능내지 효소의 활성도를 측정하여 radiation에 따르는 inactivation의 정도를 측정하였다. 이득 활성도는 radiation의 양에 따라 simple exponential function으로 inactivation되었으며, 이로부터 radiation sensitive volume(target size)를 계산하였다. Target size는 intact한 cells을 사용하였을 경 우$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$나 $Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$ 모두 600,000 daltons으로 계산되었으며, 이 값은 만약 cells을 strophanthidin으로 먼저 처치하고 측정하면 약 325,000 daltons으로 감소하였다. Ghosts를 사용했을 경우에도$(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$의 target size는 역시 약 325,000 daltons이었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 intact한 cells에서는 $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase/Na^+,\;K^+\;Pump$가 $(\alpha\beta)_2$의 dimer 상태로 존재하거나 혹은 $(\alpha\beta)_2$의 monomer에 glycolytic enzymes과 같은 다른 enzymes이 붙어 functional한 구조를 이루고 있는 것이 아닌가 사료된다. 또한 실헐성적은 이러한 dimeric association 혹은 heterocomplex association은 ghost를 만드는 과정에서나 strophanthidin의 처치로 부서질 수 있음을 암시하고 있다.

Previous biochemical studies indicate that $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ is composed of two subunits, ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$, in a form of ${\alpha}_2{\beta}_2$ with a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 daltons. There is also suggestive evidence that the $Na^+$, $K^+$ pump in human erythrocytes occurs in a complex with some glycolytic enzymes. We assessed here in situ assembly size of the $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ of human erythrocytes by applying classical target theory to radiation inactivation data of the ouabain-sensitive sodium flux and ATP hydrolysis of intact cells and ghosts. Cells(in the presence of cryoprotective agent) and ghosts were irradiated at $-45^{\circ}C$ to $-50^{\circ}C$ with an increasing dose of a 1.5 MeV electron beam, and after thawing, the pump and/or enzyme activities were assayed. Each activity measured was decreased as a simple exponential function of radiation dose, from which a radiation sensitive volume (target size) was calculated. When intact cells were used, the target size of both $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase$ and $Na^+$, $K^+$ pump was found to be approximately 600,000 daltons. This target size of the ATPase was reduced to approximately 325,000 daltons if the cells were pretreated with strophanthidin. When ghosts were used, the target size of the ATPase was again approximately 325,000 daltons. Our target size measurement suggests that, in intact cells, the $(Na^++K^+)-ATPase/Na^+,K^+$ pump exists either as a dimer of $(\alpha\beta)_2$ which is a functional unit or as a monomer of $(\alpha\beta)_2$ but in tight complex with other enzyme or enzymes. The results also suggest that this dimeric or heterocomplex association is dissociated during ghost preparation and strophanthidin treatment.

In order to achieve the radiotherapy more precisely using highly energetic heavy charged particles, it is important to know the distribution of the electron density in a human body, which is highly related to the range of charged particles. We can directly obtain the 2-D distribution of the electron density in a sample from a heavy ion CT image. For this purpose, we have developed a heavy ion CT system using a broad beam. The performance, especially the position resolution, of this system is estimated in this work. All experiments were carried out using the heavy ion beam from the HIMAC. We have obtained the projection data of polyethylene samples with various sizes using He 150 MeV/u, C 290 MeV/u and Ne 400 MeV/u beams. The used targets are the cylinders of 40, 60 and 80 mm in diameter, each of them has a hole of 10 mm in diameter at the center of it. The dependence of the spatial resolution on the target size and the kinds of beams will be discussed.

In this paper, an improved method RMBE (Resizable Model Based target size Estimator) is presented for SDIIR (Strap Down Imaging Infrared) seekers. At the target engaging scenario, the IIR target measurement is separated by various parts. In this case, target object changing is important to accurate target intercept. Therefore, we need robust target size estimator. Our proposed method resize estimated target size with MC-1 (Markov Chain I) for accurate target size estimation. The performance of proposed method is tested at IIR target tracking of target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed RMBE has improved performance than MBE.

In this paper, we propose a F-MBE algorithm for Dual mode seeker (CCD and IIR). The MBE algorithm show improved performance at the IIR target size estimation. but the MBE can't use at Dual Mode seeker. To overcome this problem,, we apply template matching method for CCD target size information. The performance of proposed F-MBE method is tested at target intercept scenario of dual mode seeker equipped missile. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has the relatively improved performance.

In this paper, a novel MBE (Model Based target size Estimator) is presented for SDIIR (Strap Down Imaging Infrared) seekers. The target tracking requires the target size information for which residual range between target and missile should be provided. Unfortunately, in general, the missile with passive sensor such as IIR (Imaging Infrared), CCD (Coupled Charging Device) cannot obtain range information. To overcome the problem, the proposed method enables the SDIIR seeker to estimates target size by using target size model and track the target. The performance of proposed method is tested at IIR target tracking of target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has the relatively good performance.

In this paper, The ET-MBEF algorithm is presented for CCD imaging seeker. At the imaging seeker, target size information is important factor for accurate tracking. The MBEF algorithm was proposed to estimate target size at IIR seeker. However, the MBEF algorithm can't be applied at CCD imaginary target size estimation. In order to overcome the problem, we propose ET-MBEF algorithm which based on ET (Edge Template) and MBEF algorithm. The performance of proposed method is tested at target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has the accurate target intercept performance.

This paper deals with the effect of concrete target size on penetration of projectiles. We investigated the penetration depth and residual velocity of projectiles using the 2-D axial symmetric model. Most analysis were conducted with 13 kg projectile (striking velocity: 456.4 m/s) and concrete target with compressive strength of 39 MPa. This paper provided penetration depth (or residual velocity) versus ratio D/d (target diameter, D and projectile diameter, d). When the bottom of concrete cylinder was constrained, penetration depth converged to limit depth more than the ratio D/d of 36. The residual velocity of projectile with thin concrete target were investigated. The residual velocity was converged to specific velocity more than the ratio D/d of 16.

This study proposes a method for determining the optimal target size for an artillery range considering ballistics and environmental conditions. To this end, the size of the probable error of each type of ammunition and charge determined during shooting were considered, and the effect of the firing position and target terrain characteristics on the target size was analyzed. In conclusion, the size of the target increased as the range increased, and a larger target size was required for the DPICM than for the general high explosive. Accordingly, the optimal target size must be determined by considering various factors such as topographical characteristics, shooting position location, and shooting range safety standards.

소형 표시창에서 펜과 커서키를 이용한 타겟 포인팅 성능을 비교하기 위하여 두 가지 실험이 수행되었다. 첫 번째 실험에서 우리는 서로 다른 타겟 크기에서 두 가지 입력방법에 의한 참여자의 타겟 포인팅 성능을 조사하였다. 타겟의 크기가 5미리 보다 작을 경우 펜입력이 키를 기본으로 하는 입력보다 더 에러가 많지만 타겟 크기가 5미리일 때 에러율이 키입력과 같은 수준으로 감소한다는 것을 발견했다. 두 번째 실험에서 우리는 타겟의 개수가 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과 타겟의 크기가 5미리일 때 타겟의 거리가 3단계의 경로길이를 초과할 경우 펜입력이 키입력보다 더 빨리 타겟을 포인팅할 수 있다는 것을 알았다.

인간의 지각은 외부환경을 객관적으로 반영하기 보다는 다양한 요인들에 의해 영향을 받은 결과이다. 이 요인들 중 행동-특정 지각은 환경에 대한 행위가능성에 의해 지각이 달라지는 현상이다. 기존 연구들은 행동-특정 지각이 과제를 수행하는 중에 발생하는지 아니면 수행 후 결과에 대한 지식 혹은 기억왜곡에 의한 것인지에 대해 상충된 결과를 보고하였다. 본 연구에서는 행동-특정 지각이 언제 발생하는지 확인하기 위해 다트를 사용하여 세 개의 실험을 실시하였다. 참가자들은 일정한 거리에서 다트를 수행하였으며 각 시행 후 지각된 표적의 크기를 응답지에 보고하였다. 그 결과 실험 1, 2에서 참가자들은 다트를 실패했을 때 보다 성공했을 때 표적을 더 크게 지각하였으며, 그 효과는 수행 후 표적을 볼 수 없을 때 더 강하게 발생하였다. 그러나 참가자들이 자신의 수행결과에 대해 알 수 있었기 때문에 응답에서 편파가 발생했을 가능성이 있었다. 이 가능성을 제거한 실험 3에서도 행동-특정 지각이 발생하였으며, 따라서 행동-특정 지각은 과제수행 후가 아닌 과제를 수행하는 동안 발생한다는 결론을 내릴 수 있었다.

Human perception is an outcome of the influence of various factors rather than objective reflection of external environment. Among the factors, action-specific perception is a phenomenon where perception changes in terms of one's ability to act on the environment. Previous research reported contradictory results regarding whether action-specific perception occurs during performance or after performance due to memory distortion or knowledge about performance results. In this research, we conducted three experiments to determine when action-specific perception occurs. Participants threw darts at different distances and reported perceived size of targets in each trial. The results showed that, in Experiments 1 and 2, participants perceived targets larger when they hit than missed the targets, and the effect was greater when the targets were not visible after each throw. However, because participants had knowledge about the results of their throws, there could have been bias in participants' responses. In Experiment 3, where this possibility was excluded, we also obtained action-specific perception, and therefore concluded that action-specific perception occurs during but not after task performance.

In this paper, the target size and model based target size estimator (TMBE) algorithm is presented for iimaging infrared (IIR) seeker. At the imaging seeker, target size information is important factor for accurate tracking. The model based target size estimator filter (MBEF) algorithm was proposed to estimate target size at imaging infrared seeker. But, the model based target size estimator filter algorithm need to know relative distance from the target. In order to overcome the problem, we propose target size and model based target size estimator filter (TMBEF) algorithm which based on the target size. The performance of proposed algorithm is tested at target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has the accurate target size estimating performance.

In this paper, the TTSE (Target size and Triangulation-based target Size Estimator) algorithm is proposed to estimate static target size in an imaging environment. The target size information is an important factor for accurate imaging target tracking. However, the imaging sensor cannot generate distance between the missile and target to calculate the target size. To overcome the problem, we propose the TTSE algorithm, which is based on target size and triangulation. The proposed method performance is tested in a target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has better performance than the conventional algorithm (ET-TSE) for accurate CCD target size estimation.

In this paper, The ARR-TSE (Automatic Range Restore - Triangulation based target Size Estimator) algorithm is presented for IIR (Imaging Infrared) seeker. The target size is important information for the IIR target tracking. The TSE (Triangulation based target Size Estimator) algorithm has suitable performance to estimate target size for static IIR target. but, the performance of the algorithm can be decreased by noise. In order to decrease influence of noise, we propose the ARR-TSE algorithm. The performance of proposed method is tested at target intercept scenario. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has the accurate target size estimating performance.

In this paper, the TSE (Triangulation based target Size Estimator) algorithm is presented to estimate static target size at IIR (Imaging Infrared) environment. The size information is important factor for accurate IIR target tracking. But the IIR sensor can't generate distance between missile and target to calculate target size. In order to overcome the problem, we propose TSE algorithm which based on triangulation measurement. The performance of proposed method is tested at target intercept scenario. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has suitable performance for the accurate static target size estimating.