Earticle

Rumen bypass fat is commonly added to increase energy intake in dairy cattle. The objective of this study is to examine the addition of rumen bypass fat during finishing period on performance and carcass characteristics in grain fed steers. This study was conducted as a completely randomized block design with 126 cross-bred steer calves (initial BW 471.5?±?7.5 kg) randomly assigned to pens with 9 steers/pen (n?=?7 pens/treatment). Each pen was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups; rumen bypass fat treatment (CCS, calcium soap of palm fatty acids) and control diet (CT, tallow). The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Animals were fed twice daily at 110 % of the previous daily ad libitum intake. Blood from each sample was taken from the jugular vein. Muscle and adipose samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi regions. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were assessed. To examine adipogenic gene expression, quantitative real-time PCR was completed. Steers fed the CT had a greater level of performance for most of the parameters measured. The CT group had greater DMI (P?<?0.05) and tended to have greater ADG (P?<?0.10). Marbling score (P?<?0.05) and quality grade (P?<?0.05) were greater for steers fed the CT diet than those fed CCS. The longissimus muscle area tended to be greater (P?<?0.10) in steers fed CT (87.60 cm2) than those fed CCS (84.88 cm2). The leptin mRNA expression was down-regulated (P?<?0.05) in adipose tissue of steers fed a CCS when compared to those fed CT. These data suggest that calcium soap of palm fatty acids can be added to finishing diets without significant reduction in final body weight, although there may be modest reductions in marbling and quality scores.

The supplementary effects of an emulsifier mixture (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate and distilled monoglycerides) were investigated on feed utilization, growth performance, and immunity of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, replacing fish oil with beef tallow. A fish oil containing diet was considered as positive control (PC) and a diet containing beef tallow instead of fish oil was considered as negative control (TW). Two other diets (EM01 and EM02) were prepared by adding 0.01 and 0.02% of the emulsifier into the TW diet. After 8 weeks of a feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization were significantly higher in fish fed EM01, EM02, or PC diets compared to those fed the TW diet. Dry matter digestibility was higher in EM01 and EM02 diets than the TW diet and comparable to PC diet. Lipid digestibility was significantly higher in PC diet compared to TW diet. Liver EPA and DHA levels were lower, and oleic acid level was higher in fish fed diets containing tallow compared to PC group. Significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase and triglyceride levels were observed in TW group. Dietary supplemented emulsifier restored the reduced performance of olive flounder fed diets containing tallow instead of fish oil. However, the optimum inclusion level of the emulsifier should be elucidated in future studies.

본 연구는 이유자돈에 있어 대두유, 대두유와 우지의 혼합 급여 및 대두유와 코코넛유의 혼합급여가 생산성, 혈청 내 콜레스테롤과 중성지방 함량, 등지방 두께, 정육율 및 영양소 소화율에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위하여 실시되었다. 개시시 체중 6.92±0.01kg 인 3원 교잡종 [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc] 자돈 120두를 공시하여 35일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 일반대두유 5%를 함유한 처리구(CON), 일반대두유 4.5%와 우지 0.5%를 함유한 처리구 (T0.5), 일반대두유 4.5%와 코코넛유 0.5%를 함유한 처리구(C0.5) 및 일반대두유 4%와 코코넛유 1.0%를 함유한 처리구(C1.0)의 4 처리를 하여 처리당 6반복, 반복당 5마리씩 완전임의 배치하였다. 이유자돈의 생산성에 있어서는 14～35일과 전체 시험기간 동안 일당증체량 및 일당사료섭취량에서 처리구간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 사료효율에 있어서는 대두유와 코코넛유를 혼합급여한 처리구가 대두유와 우지를 혼합급여한 T0.5구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 개시시, 14일 후, 35일 후(종료시)에 측정한 등지방 두께 및 정육율의 변화에서는 모든 처리구에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 시험 개시 14일 후 HDL-콜레스테롤 함량은 C1.0구가 C0.5구와 비교하여 유의적으로 가장 높았고 동맥경화지수에 있어서는 C0.5구가 T0.5 및 C1.0구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 시험 종료시(35일) 지방소화율에서는 C1.0구가 T0.5구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 결론적으로, 이유자돈 사료 내 대두유와 코코넛 오일의 혼합급여는 대두유와 우지의 혼합급여와 비교하였을 때 사료효율 및 지방소화율을 개선시키는 것으로 사료된다.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of soybean oil, tallow and coconut oil supplementation on growth performance, serum lipid changes and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. One hundred twenty cross-bred [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc, 6.92±0.01kg average initial BW] were used in a 35 d growth trial. Dietary treatments included CON (5% soybean oil), T0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% tallow), C0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% coconut oil) and C1.0 (4.0% soybean oil+1.0% coconut oil). For the whole period and from d 14 to 35, G/F was increased in C0.5 and C1.0 treatments compared with T0.5 treatment (P<0.05). ADG and ADFI were not affected by treatments. On d 14, C1.0 treatment was higher in serum HDL-cholesterol than C0.5 treatment and atherogenic index was increased in C0.5 treatment compared to T0.5 and C1.0 treatments. Digestibility of fat was improved for pigs fed C1.0 diet compared with those fed T0.5 diet on d 35. However, there were no significant differences in digestibilities of DM, N and DE. In conclusion, feeding diets containing soybean and coconut oils in weaned pigs increased feed efficiency and fat digestibility than feeding those containing soybean oil and tallow.

Beef tallow, which is an industrial lipid substrate, was hydrolyzed by lipase immobilized on a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) powder. Ethanol pre-washing process affected the immobilization efficiency. Half-life of storage of the HDPE at $4^{\circ}C$ was 150 days. And after 10 times of repeated use, more than 50% of initial activity remained. An apparent Michaelis constant ($K_m$) and maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) were 2.7M, and 1.4 mmol/min/l for immobilized lipase, and 0.5 M, and 1.9 mmol/min/l for soluble lipase, respectively.

This paper describes the effects of thermally oxidized tallow on the serum lipids profile and radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the lipids extracted from the different tissues of the rabbits. Tallow was thermally oxidized at $130^{\circ}C$ for 9, 18, 27, 36 and 45 h respectively. Thermally oxidized tallow was fed to the local strain of Himalayan rabbits for one week. Results show that oxidation increases the formation of hydroperoxides and decrease the level of radical scavenging activity of the tallow. The rabbit serum lipids profile showed a dose dependent increase in triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. However, no statistically significant increase was observed in the HDL-cholesterol with an increase of oxidation time. Serum glucose and rabbits body weight decrease significantly (p < 0.05) and was highly correlated with the serum lipids profile. The percent RSA of the lipids extracted from the liver, brain and muscles tissues showed a significant decrease with respect to 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/body weight as well as oxidation time. Data suggests that thermal oxidation and use of thermally oxidized beef tallow is harmful and therefore an alternative way of cooking should be used.

Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal (1729) and Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Book 4 in particular, probe into the intricacies of human ‘matter’ in its relation to the ‘self’ in a distinctively Irish context. Matter as opposed to and defying ‘form’ and ‘order’ is Swift’s celebrated theme in virtually every work, but his Irish writings determinedly concentrate on human matter, that is, human bodies and bodily refuse, distinguished from the commodities and urban waste of inanimate matter in his London poems. As the Modest Proposer pronounces beyond dispute, Ireland has nothing in surplus but human bodies, which makes the Irish problem how to deal with this unwanted human matter. The Proposer starts by bizarrely de-animating the beggarly bodies into zombiesque beings, thus effectively stripping them of any claim to subjectivity. This paves the way for his modest and ‘thrifty’ proposal, obligated by Irish penury, for use and reuse of Irish flesh and skins to feed and clothe the nation. A Modest Proposal turns out at once a gruesome literalization and thrifty recycling of Swift’s own 1720 Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture. Gulliver’s “Oeconomy” is even more thorough in dealing with human/Yahoo bodies, and with fiendish determination he takes to utilizing and recycling Yahoo hairs, skins, and tallow, presumably not excluding Yahoo flesh. Arising from his ontological need to salvage his self trapped in a Yahoo body, Gulliver’s hatred for Yahoos is fierce, but only to turn him into a true Yahoo inside as well as in body, in partaking of the most distinctively Yahoo characteristic of self-hatred. Gulliver pays dearly for his double project of exhaustive recycling and total extermination of bodily matter?with his self.

The transesterifications of beef tallow and the mixture of beef tallow and rapeseed oil were conducted at $65^{\circ}C$ respectively using TMAH, NaOH and their mixed catalysts. The reactants were emulsified with 1vol% emulsifier and propylene glycol. The overall conversion of beef tallow was 95% at such optimum conditions as the 1:8 of molar ratio and 0.8 wt% TMAH. The overall conversion of mixed fat at the 1:8 of molar ratio and mixed catalyst of 70 wt% TMAH 30 wt% NaOH was close to 97% which appeared at 0.8 wt% TMAH in 80min. And the kinematic viscosity of biodiesel mixture using the mixed catalyst was $6.5mm^2/s$ at $40^{\circ}C$.

Thirty piglets weaned at 24.5 d of age ($6.9{\pm}0.5kg$) randomly alloted to 3 treatments were used to investigate the effect of dietary tallow on average performance, digestibility of nutrients, metabolic utilization of energy and body composition at 25 kg. Weaned piglets respond to increasing levels of dietary tallow from 0 to 4% and 8% by digestive and metabolic adaptation. Apparent fecal digestibility of fat (AFDf) was highly correlated with the level of dietary tallow (X as % of fat extracted after HCl hydrolysis) by the following curvilinear equation of regression: $AFDf=33.8+6.9X-0.3X^2$. Feed intake expressed as DE was only significantly increased at the higher inclusion level of tallow. But neither average daily gain, nor feed conversion was affected by the addition of fat. On the other hand, body composition at 25 kg was equally affected, by both levels of supplementary fat; dry matter and energy content in the body were significantly higher (p<0.01) in piglets receiving tallow. As a consequence, the energy cost of the live weight gain was also increased from 23 to 24.7 MJ DE/kg (p<0.02) and the efficiency of energy deposition was decreased from 3.2 to 2.8 MJ DE/MJ deposited energy (p<0.01) in the presence of dietary tallow. An increase in the level of fat stimulated the activity of pancreatic lipase up to a constant value of $22{\pm}1.4IU/mg$ protein but conversely depressed the activity of amylase from 300 to 100 IU/mg of protein. The activity of liver acetyl CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme in the perirenal fat were low lind not affected by dietary fat; the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was high. Opposite to that, the activity of acetyl CoA carboxylase and malic enzyme in the perirenal and backfat were higher than in the liver and both were significantly reduced by the inclusion of fat in the diet. A direct deposition of dietary fat has been demonstrated by increasing the energy and lipid content of the empty body weight gain between 7 and 25 kg of live weight, and decreasing the efficiency of digestible energy utilization.

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of beef tallow extract (BTE) including Cis-9-cetylmyristoleate in patients with arthritis. Between May and December 2003, we selected 80 patients (n=80) who showed/manifested arthritic symptoms and whose radiological findings were suggestive of arthritis, and randomly assigned them to placebo-controlled (n=40) and treatment group (n=40). The placebo (corn starch 350 mg) and BTE (208 mg) were orally administered to placebo-controlled and treatment group three times a day, respectively. We assessed the efficacy and safety based on the visual analogue scale (V AS) and modified knee society knee scores (MKSKS) at baseline and endpoint, respectively. To assess the safety, we monitored the adverse effects noted in liver, kidney, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal system for 3 weeks. Then, we performed not only a questionnaire study but also laboratory tests (e.g., liver function test, kidney function test, urinalysis, electrocardiography [EKG], complete blood cell counts [CBC] and chest X-ray). For statistical analysis, Student (-test and paired (-test were done using SPSS■ Version 11.0. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The scores between V AS and MKSKS showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) with an improvement of $69.2\%$ (27/39) and $3.8\%$ (21/39) of treatment-group patients, respectively. Abnormal laboratory findings were noted in neither placebo-controlled nor treatment group. In conclusion, our results indicate that the administration of BTE was a safe and effective treatment regimen for patients with arthritis. In addition, the efficacy of BTE was more remarkable in alleviating the symptoms rather than improving the function.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different copper (inorganic and organic) and energy (tallow and glycerol) sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, diarrhea incidence, and fecal copper concentration in growing pigs by using a 2${\times}$2 factorial design. In this trial, 96 pigs (63 d of age) were employed, with an average initial weight of 28.36${\pm}$1.14 kg. The dietary treatments were i) basal diet with 134 ppm copper (Korea recommendation) as $CuSO_4$+tallow; ii) basal diet with 134 ppm Cu as $CuSO_4$+glycerol; iii) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+tallow; and iv) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+ glycerol. Throughout the entire experimental period, no differences were noted among treatment groups with regard to the magnitude of improvement in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake) and G/F (gain:feed) ratios. The nitrogen (N) digestibility of pigs fed on diets containing organic copper was improved as compared with that observed in pigs fed on diets containing inorganic copper (p<0.05). An interaction of copper${\times}$energy was observed in the context of both nitrogen (p<0.05) and energy (p<0.01) digestibility. Ammonia emissions were significantly lower in the organic copper-added treatment groups than in the inorganic copperadded treatment groups (p<0.05). Mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced via the addition of glycerol (p<0.05). No significant effects of copper or energy source, or their interaction, were observed in reference to diarrhea appearance and incidence throughout the entirety of the experimental period. The copper concentration in the feces was significantly lower in the organic copper source treatment group than was observed in the inorganic copper source treatment group (p<0.05). The results of this experiment show that organic copper substituted for inorganic copper in the diet results in a decreased fecal copper excretion, but exerts no effect on performance. The different energy (tallow and glycerol) sources interact with different copper sources and thus influence nutrient digestibility. Glycerol supplementation may reduce the concentrations of odorous sulfuric compounds with different Cu sources.

Rumen bypass fat is commonly added to increase energy intake in dairy cattle. The objective of this study is to examine the addition of rumen bypass fat during finishing period on performance and carcass characteristics in grain fed steers. This study was conducted as a completely randomized block design with 126 cross-bred steer calves (initial BW $471.5{\pm}7.5kg$) randomly assigned to pens with 9 steers/pen (n = 7 pens/treatment). Each pen was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups; rumen bypass fat treatment (CCS, calcium soap of palm fatty acids) and control diet (CT, tallow). The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Animals were fed twice daily at 110 % of the previous daily ad libitum intake. Blood from each sample was taken from the jugular vein. Muscle and adipose samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi regions. Feedlot performance and carcass characteristics were assessed. To examine adipogenic gene expression, quantitative real-time PCR was completed. Steers fed the CT had a greater level of performance for most of the parameters measured. The CT group had greater DMI (P < 0.05) and tended to have greater ADG (P < 0.10). Marbling score (P < 0.05) and quality grade (P < 0.05) were greater for steers fed the CT diet than those fed CCS. The longissimus muscle area tended to be greater (P < 0.10) in steers fed CT ($87.60cm^2$) than those fed CCS (84.88 cm2). The leptin mRNA expression was down-regulated (P < 0.05) in adipose tissue of steers fed a CCS when compared to those fed CT. These data suggest that calcium soap of palm fatty acids can be added to finishing diets without significant reduction in final body weight, although there may be modest reductions in marbling and quality scores.

It has been reported that dietary polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) increase liver injury in response to ethanol feeding. We tested the hypothesis that diets rich in linoleic acid (18:2n-6) would affect acute liver injury after acetaminophen injection and that protein restriction might exacerbate the liver injury. We examined effects of feeding diets with either 15% (wt/wt) corn oil or 14% beef tallow and 1% corn oil for six weeks with either 6 or 20 g/100 g protein on acute hepatotoxicity. After the feeding period, liver injury was induced by injecting either with 600 mg/kg body weight acetaminophen suspended in gum arabic-based vehicle, or with vehicle alone during fasting status. Samples of liver and plasma were taken for analyses of hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels and liver-specific enzymes [(Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT)], respectively. Whereas GSH level was significantly lower in only group fed 15% corn oil with 6 g/100 g protein among acetaminophen-treated groups, activities of GPT and GOT were significantly elevated in all groups except the one fed beef tallow with 20 g/100 g protein, suggesting low protein might exacerbate drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The feeding regimens changed the ratio of 18:2n-6 to oleic acid (18:1n-9) in total liver lipids approximately five-fold, and produced modest changes in arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). We conclude that diets with high 18:2n-6 promote acetaminophen-induced liver injury compared to diets with more saturated fatty acids (SFA). In addition, protein restriction appeared to exacerbate the liver injury.

The influence of dietary beef tallow (BT) versus sunflower oil (SO) on meat quality and apparent digestibility and deposition of individual fatty acids in the whole carcass was investigated in pigs fed diets containing either BT or SO. The diets contained equal amounts of energy in the form of the variable fats and were fed on an iso-energetic, restricted basis. Crude fat in the SO diet was better digested (p<0.001) than in the BT diet. The dietary fat type had no effect on growth performance, physical properties of the carcass and meat quality. The pigs fed the BT diet showed lower (p<0.001) apparent digestibilities for palmitic and linoleic acid, but those of oleic and ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid were not affected. The ratio of deposition in the carcass to intake of digestible fatty acids for the whole feeding period was decreased (p<0.01) for oleic and linoleic acid in pigs fed the SO diet. The pigs fed the SO diet instead of the BT diet had a lower (p<0.05) deposition:intake ratio for mono-unsaturated fatty acids. The calculated minimum de novo synthesis of saturated fatty acids was increased for the SO diet, but that of mono-unsaturated fatty acids was not different. In conclusion, the iso-energetic replacement of BT by SO had a marked impact on the fatty acid composition of tissues, but did not affect carcass and meat quality traits in spite of the marked difference in the deposition of linoleic acid in adipose tissues, loin muscle and the whole body. In addition, it became clear that the type of dietary fat had marked, specific effects on the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids.

이유된 Sprague Dawley종 숫쥐를 식이 지방의 종류에 따라 쇠기름군과 콩기름군으로 나누고, 식이지방은 실험식이의 15% 수준으로 하여 8주 동안 사육하였으며 9주째 체중 kg당 25mg과 100mg의 2-AAF를 각각 3일간 연속 복강주사로 투여하고 다음날 희생시켰다. 간 micro­some으로부터 cytochrome P-450, cytochrome bs 함량, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase 활성도, lipid peroxide 함량을 측정 비교하였다. 25mg AAF를 투여했을 때 cytochrome P-450 lipid peroxide 함량은 콩기름군이 쇠기름군보다 유의적 (p<0.05)으로 높았고, 100mg AAF를 투여 했을 때는 cytochrome P-450 함량은 감소했지만 cytochrome $b_5$ 함량은 증가하였다. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase 활성도는 식이지방의 종류에 따라서는 차이가 없었으나 두 식이군 모두 2-AAF 투여량이 증가함에 따라 상승되었다. 이 결과로부터 식이지방의 불포화도가 높을수록 cytochrome P-450의 유도도 뿐아니라 100mg 2-AAF에 의한 손상도 촉진되는 것으로 보여지며, 지질과산화물과는 크게 연관성을 나타내지 않았다.

Weanling Sprague Dawley male rats were fed the diet containing 15% beef tallow and soybean oil for 8 weeks. At 9th week, 2-AAF was injected everyday for 3 days by intraperitoneally at the levels of 25 mg and 100 mg/㎏ body weight and sacrificed next day. Cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome $b_5$ contents, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity, lipid peroxide values were determined from isolated microsome. Cytochrome P-450 contents and lipid peroxide values were significantly higher in soybean oil group than beef tallow group by 25 mg 2-AAF injection, and cytochrome P-450 contents decreased but cytochrome $b_5$ contents increased in soybean oil group by 100 mg 2-AAF injection. NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activities were not significantly different between dietary groups, but were elevated by 2-AAF injection and positively correlated to the levels of 2-AAF in each dietary group. These results suggest that soybean oil is more susceptible to the damage as well as induction of cytochrome P-450 by 2-AAF, and that lipid peroxide is not positively correlated to the cytochrome P-450 contents.

우지를 lipase에 의해 지방산과 글리세린으로 분해하는 반응을 액상 및 고상에서 수행하였다. 올리브유를 기질고 lipase OF 360(일본 메이토사 제품)의 특성을 조사한 결과 최적 pH는 6, 최적 온도는 $37^{\circ}C$이었다. 우지를 기질로 액상 효소반응을 수행한 결과는 물사용량 80 wt/wt, 온도 $37^{\circ}C$, 효소사용량 200unit/g tallow 조건에서 93의 가수분해율을 얻을 수 있었다.

Reef tallow was hydrolyzed with lipase under the conditions of liquid state and solid state. Lipase OF 360 was used for that purpose, and the lipase had the maximum activity when the olive oil was used as a substrate at pH 6 and $37^{\circ}C$. Beef tallow was dispersed by an agitator to perform a liquid enzymatic reaction. Water content, reaction temperature, and enzyme amount were varied as parameters affecting hydrolysis percentage. Ninety three percents of tallow were hydrolyzed at the following conditions: water content 80% w/w, temperature $37^{\circ}C$, and enzyme amount 200 unitlg tallow. In order to conduct a solid phase enzymatic reaction, sonication was employed for pretreating tallow with the enzyme solution. Molten tallow was sonified with the enzyme solution, and solidified by lowering temperature. And then hydrolysis reaction proceeded at $30^{\circ}C$. Sonication intensity and time were varied to control hydrolysis percentage. Optimum values of the intensity and the time were found to exist since the hydrolysis percentage did not increase further according to the increases of the intensity and the time.

The oxidation of cholesterol in tallow heated at three frying temperatures, 130, 150 and 18$0^{\circ}C$ was studied by assaying cholesterol oxidation products(COP)by GC-MS. The correlation between levels of COP and changes of physicochemical parameters (peroxide value, polymer, polar components and dielectric constant) in tallow heated were studied. As temperature increased, the amount of cholesterol was decreased proportionally with heating time. However, the levels of COP did not increase considerably with increased frying temperature. The rate of cholesterol disappearance was the greatest at 18$0^{\circ}C$ and the smallest at 13$0^{\circ}C$. Larger amounts of COP formed were found at 15$0^{\circ}C$ than at 18$0^{\circ}C$. The levels of COP formed in tallow heated showed highly correlation with(r=0.94, n=30, p<0.01) polymer, polar components and dielectric constant, respectively.