Earticle

본 논문은 환경 협력통신 시스템에서 새로운 동기 알고리즘 방법을 다양한 페이딩 채널에 적용하여 연구하였다. 기존 데이터 프레임에 확산코드를 삽입하여 효율적으로 데이터 동기를 제어하는 방식으로 연구하였다. 사용된 확산 코드는 M-시퀀스와 PN (Pseudo Noise) 시퀀스를 사용하였으며, 각 프레임에 일정 비트 시퀀스를 삽입하여, 수신된 데이터에서 사용한 확산코드를 추출하여 Correlation 연산을 취해 데이터 지연값을 확인할 수 있다. 모의실험에 있어서, 협력통신 방법은 DF (Decode-and-forward) 방식으로 실험을 하였으며, 페이딩 채널 환경은 Rayleigh, Rician, Gaussian 채널을 각각 적용하여 확산코드별로 나누어 성능을 분석했다. 또한, 본 논문의 결과는 추후 협력통신 시스템 연구에 적용할 수 있다.

In this paper, we studied the novel synchronization algorithm for cooperative communication system over fading. We research mainly on the decode-and-forward scheme. Also, we inserted spreading sequence in origin data frame to control efficiently data synchronization. In mobile station, inserted spreading sequence in data frame passed through the corelation process. We had decide the delay value of received data through result of correlation process. In simulation, We applied that channel gain of three node had different value in various fading environment. Finally we will be possible to control the received data synchronization using result of corelation value in each node between relay to mobile station and base station to mobile station. The results of this paper can be applicable to the cooperative systems.

The single carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) technology is an important part of the broadband wireless access communication system, which can effectively combat the frequency selective fading in the wireless channel. In SC-FDE communication system, the accuracy of timing synchronization directly affects the performance of the SC-FDE system. In this paper, on the basis of Schmidl timing synchronization algorithm a timing synchronization algorithm suitable for FPGA (field programmable gate array) implementation is proposed. In the FPGA implementation of the timing synchronization algorithm, the sliding window accumulation, quantization processing and amplitude reduction techniques are adopted to reduce the complexity in the implementation of FPGA. The simulation results show that the algorithm can effectively realize the timing synchronization function under the condition of reducing computational complexity and hardware overhead.

본 논문에서는 주파수 오차 및 위상 오차가 존재하는 텔레메트리 시스템에 적용하기 위한 FLL-assisted-PLL 기반의 시각 동기 알고리즘을 제안한다. 텔레메트리 시스템은 분산 획득 장치들로부터 상태 정보를 계측하여 비행 상태를 분석할 수 있는 데이터를 생성하며, 각 상태 정보를 오차 없이 수집하기 위해서는 마스터와 슬레이브간의 정밀한 시각 동기가 필요하다. 이때, 마스터의 시각펄스에는 외부 및 내부 요소로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 주파수 및 위상 변화가 존재하므로 지속적으로 텔레메트리 데이터를 제공하기 위해서 정밀 시각 동기를 유지할 수 있는 방법이 반드시 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 고속 시각동기가 가능할 뿐만 아니라 넓은 범용성, 높은 시각 동기 정밀도를 갖는 FLL-assisted-PLL 기반의 시각 동기 알고리즘을 제안하고 구현을 통해 타당성을 검증하였다. 이때 이론적인 성능 검증을 위하여 파이썬 기반의 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, 실제 텔레메트리 시스템에 적용하기 위해 FPGA 내에 VHDL 로직을 구현하여 주파수 오차 및 위상 오차에 따른 성능 평가를 수행하였다.

In this paper, we propose a FLL-assisted-PLL based time synchronization algorithm for telemetry systems where frequency and phase errors exist in time synchronization pulse. The telemetry system may analyze the flight state by acquiring the state information in the distributed system. Therefor, in order to collect each state information without errors, precise time synchronization between the master and the slave is required. At this time, the master's time pulse have frequency and phase changes that can be caused by external and internal factors, so a method to maintain precision time synchronization is essential to provide telemetry data continuously. We propose the FLL-assisted-PLL based algorithm that is capable of high-speed synchronization and has high time synchronization accuracy. The proposed algorithm is verified through python simulation, and the VHDL Logic has been implemented in FPGA to check the performance according to the frequency errors and phase errors.

HFC 망 상향채널의 용량을 증대시키기 위한 차세대 케이블 모뎀 기술의 하나인 S-DMT 방식 케이블 모뎀의 주파수 동기 알고리즘 제안하고 성능을 평가하였다. 다수 반송파 전송 시스템의 주파수 동기 알고리즘들에 대한 분석을 통하여, 데이터 프레임의 프리앰블 필드 내에 약속된 반복 패턴의 훈련열을 삽입하여 전송하고, 파일롯 신호를 이용하여 잔류 주파수 오프셋에 따른 위상오차를 보정하는 방법을 제안하고 시뮬레이션을 통해 AWGN 잡음 환경에서의 성능을 평가 하였다. 성능 평가 결과, 파일롯 신호의 수와 크기에 따라 성능 차이를 보이나, 제안한 주파수 동기 알고리즘이 신속한 동기를 필요로 하는 S-DMT 방식 상향채널 케이블 모뎀에 적합하고 양호한 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

In this paper, we propose a frequency synchronization algorithm for S-DMT cable modem, which is practicable to the next-generation high capacity upstream physical layer in HFC networks. Analyzing several viable frequency synchronization algorithms of multicarrier systems, we proposed an algorithm using predetermined training sequence of repeated pattern in preamble field and residual frequency offset compensation with pilot signals. We verified that the simulation results of the proposed algorithm in AWGN showed good performance and suitability to the S-DMT upstream cable modem for fast frequency synchronization.

본 논문은 객체 특징 탐색을 이용한 실시간 가상 모델 동기화 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 2차원 영상 에서 객체 특징 탐색을 사용하여, 실제 객체와 가상모델을 실시간으로 동기화 한다. 객체 특징 탐색 알고리즘은 색상을 이용 하여 객체를 개별적으로 분류하는 알고리즘과 각도를 이용하여 객체가 설치된 방향을 분석하는 알고리즘으로 구성된다. 제 안한 알고리즘을 사용하여 실제 물체의 움직임을 가상 모델에 동기화함으로써, 별도의 사용자 조작 도구 사용 없이 손을 사용하여 가상 물체를 움직이는 환경을 제공할 수 있다. 본 알고리즘은 향후 불특정한 모양과 색상 및 방향을 갖는 객체를 동기화하는 연구를 진행하며, VR/AR기술에 적용하여 사실적인 가상환경을 제공하는 것을 목표로 한다.

In this paper, we propose a real-time virtual model synchronization algorithm using object feature detection. The proposed algorithm may be useful to synchronize between real objects and their corresponding virtual models through object feature search in two-dimensional images. It consists of an algorithm to classify objects with colors individually, and an algorithm to analyze the orientation of objects with angles. We can synchronize the motion of the real object with the virtual model by providing the environment of moving the virtual object through the hand without specific controllers. The future research will include the algorithm to synchronize real object with unspecified shapes, colors, and directions to the corresponding virtual object.

본 논문은 기 촬영된 수업 동영상을 분석 결과와 동기화하여 재생시키고 확인할 수 있는 소프트웨어 구현에관한 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 동영상 재생 구간과 분석 내용이 동기화 될 수 있도록 하는 동영상 인덱싱 방법, 자료구조, 그에 따른 선별적 재생 방안을 제시한다. 사용자는 제안하는 방식을 이용하여 동영상 재생내용을 구간별로 확인할 수 있고 역으로 분석 결과를 입력으로 원하는 지점의 동영상 구간을 검색할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 수업 분석을 도입, 전개, 정리의 시간 흐름 단계로 구분하여 진행하였고, 단계별 재생에 맞게 일정 간격으로 분석 필터를 적용하였다. 구현된 수업 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 몇 가지 수업 사례를 적용한 결과, 성공적으로 필요한 수업 분석을 진행할 수 있었고 동기화 성능 실험에서도 그 효율성을 확인할 수 있었다.

This paper describes about a software implementation for class analysis and quantization based on our video synchronization method. We proposed a new indexing method, synchronization strategies, and data structure for our analyzer implementation. We implemented a class video analyzer using intelligent multimedia technologies which can play class video selectively. Our proposed method analyzes class videos depending on the time schedule composed of introduction, development and summary stages. We apply our analysis filters to the class videos in the predefined regular intervals. We experimented on the synchronization performance of our proposed method and software. In the experimental, we could demonstrate the effectiveness and practicality of our class analyzing method within the margin of error.

In consideration of the characteristics of visible light communication (VLC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal modulation mode, this paper presents some improvements from two aspects of timing metric function and training sequence structure on the basis of the traditional algorithms. In order to solve the problem of the correlation peak plateau and achieve the symbol accurate positioning, the power of the improved algorithm is normalized on the principle of maximum sliding auto-correlation (SAC). The simulation results show that the improved algorithm can obtain a more excellent timing synchronization performance and a lower symbol error rate (SER) in both the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and the multipath frequency selective fading (MFSF) channel. Especially under the environment of a low signal noise ratio (SNR), the improved algorithm has overwhelming advantages over other three traditional algorithms.

To achieve network-wide time synchronization in multi-hop wireless sensor networks (WSN), this paper proposes an accurate and energy-balanced time synchronization algorithm based on flooding. Flooding Time-Synchronization Protocol (FTSP) has advanced features, such as implicitly dynamic topology and high time accuracy, which can't be affected by some node's losing. FTSP propagates its time information of the reference node without concern about the network topology. However, in large-scale WSN applications, the efficiency of FTSP will be reduced drastically because of serious network storm. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of the network breaks the energy balance. In this paper, our aim is to solve the problems of synchronization error accumulation and unbalanced energy consumption. Our theoretical findings and experimental results show that forbidding possibly invalid forwarding among the sensor nodes drastically improves the synchronization accuracy and performance of energy-balanced.

OFDM technology has become the core technology of the next generation mobile communication system because of the high bandwidth efficiency, the strong ability to resist inter-carrier interference and anti-channel interference. However, because OFDM system is a multicarrier modulation system, the system will be very sensitive to its synchronization errors. Synchronization estimation is an important part of the OFDM system. Based on the research of Schmidl & Cox and Minn synchronization algorithms, this paper proposed an improved timing synchronization algorithm which adopted the training sequence, and the timing synchronization estimation function has been optimized for this improved algorithm. The peak platform issue of Schmidl & Cox algorithm, the no sharp peak issue of Minn (1) algorithm and the vice peak issue of Minn (2) algorithm were eliminated based on the improved algorithm. The simulation results showed that the timing judgment curve of the improved algorithm had a very sharp peak at the timing synchronization position. Compared with the conventional algorithm, the timing synchronization performance of the improved algorithm was better. The overall performance of OFDM system was improved.

Aiming at the requirement of the autonomous time synchronization in BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), an algorithm for inter-satellite autonomous time synchronization and ranging is proposed. Based on the establishment of the inter-satellite link length model of the BDS, a series of simulation has been carried out through the use of STK (Satellite Tool Kit), which includes the simulation of the length changing rules, the length variation scale and its variation ratio. Based on these simulations, an analysis of the impact of satellite motion on the inter-satellite two-way time synchronization and range has been presented. In this algorithm, the inter-satellite clock-offset and range with minimal error are acquired by utilizing the combination of clock-offset fitting polynomial and range fitting polynomial based on the least square fitting of data generated from the inter-satellite two-way time synchronization. Empirical evaluation of the BDS simulation shows that our time synchronization error is 2ns, and ranging error is 2m under the condition of acceptable simulation error. With the application of the algorithm to the inter-satellite autonomous time synchronization and ranging, the high-accuracy measurement of inter-satellite clock-offset and range of BDS can be reached.

In this paper, we propose a distributed synchronization algorithm for infrastructure-less public safety networks. The proposed algorithm aims to minimize the number of out-of-sync user equipments (UEs) by efficiently forming synchronization groups and selecting synchronization reference (SyncRef) UEs in a distributed manner. For the purpose, we introduce a novel affinity propagation technique which enables an autonomous decision at each UE based on local message-passing among neighboring UEs. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of out-of-sync UEs by up to 31% compared to the conventional scan-and-select strategy.

We present a frame synchronization algorithm for lowdensity parity-check (LDPC) coded burst transmissions, which combines a conventional pilots-assisted frame synchronization algorithm and a code-aided algorithm based on the mean magnitude of the soft outputs from the LDPC decoder. With moderate computational complexity, the proposed algorithm is more efficient in bandwidth than conventional pilots-assisted algorithms. When compared with other code-aided algorithms, the proposed algorithm offers a better trade-off between complexity and performance. Simulation results in the case of an 8-PSK system with (1944, 972) LDPC code show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a performance equivalent to that of the perfect frame synchronization, with a bandwidth efficiency loss of 0.06 dB due to the use of pilot symbols.

시간동기화는 모바일 통신 시스템에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 특히, 통신 개체들 사이에 정확한 시분할 기법이 요구될 때, 네트워크 성능에 영향을 미치는 중요한 요소가 될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 무선 모바일 애드 혹 네트워크를 위한 새로운 시간 동기화 알고리즘을 제시한다. 본 논문의 주요 목적은 레퍼런스 브로드캐스팅에서 발견된 장점을 활용하여 시간 동기화 패킷의 충돌을 줄이는데 있다. 또한 시간 동기화에 대한 수렴시간을 보장하기 위해 정교한 클럭 갱신 기법을 사용한다. 새롭게 제안한 시간 동기화 알고리즘의 성능을 평가하기 위해 모바일 애드 혹 네트워크에 대한 다양한 시나리오를 구성하고 이를 OPNET으로 구현하여 실험하였다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션 결과, 제안한 기법이 시간 동기화의 정확성과 수렴 시간 등의 측면에서 기존의 TSF 방식보다 좋은 성능을 나타내었다.

Time synchronization plays an important role in mobile communication systems, particularly, when an accurate time-division mechanism among the communication entities is required. We present a new time synchronization algorithm for a wireless mobile ad-hoc network assuming that communication link is managed by a time-slot reservation-based medium access control protocol. The central idea is to reduce time synchronization packet collisions by exploiting the advantages found in reference broadcasting. In addition, we adopt a sophisticated clock updating scheme to ensure the time synchronization convergence. To verify the performance of our algorithm, a set of network simulations has been performed under various mobile ad-hoc network scenarios using the OPNET. The results obtained from the simulations show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional TSF method in terms of synchronization accuracy and convergence time.

제안된 알고리듬은 채널 잡음전력에 따라 적응적으로 문턱값 레벨을 결정하는 적응 문턱값 설정방식을 사용하여 채널특성에 관계없이 항상 최적의 문턱값을 설정한다. 또한, 이것은 그 추정성능이 다중경로채널에서의 전력지연 프로파일 변동에 대해 덜 민감하도록 만드는 특별하게 설계된 훈련심볼을 사용한다. 그 결과, 제안된 기법의 추정성능은 채널특성 변동에 대해 영향을 적게 받는다.

The proposed algorithm can always set up the optimal threshold value regardless of channel characteristics using an adaptive threshold establishment method that determines the threshold level according to channel noise power, and then it uses the specially designed training symbols that can make the algorithm's estimation performance be less sensitive to power delay profile variation in a multipath channel. In result, the estimation performance of the proposed technique is less affected by channel characteristic variation.

In this paper, a robust and fast grid synchronization method of a three-phase power converter is proposed. The amplitude and phase information of grid voltages are essential for power converters to be properly connected into the utility. The phase-lock-loop in synchronous reference frame has been widely adopted for the three-phase converter system since it shows a satisfactory performance under balanced grid voltages. However, power converters often operate under abnormal grid conditions, i.e. unbalanced by grid faults and frequency variations, and thus a proper active and reactive power control cannot be guaranteed. The proposed method adopts a second order generalized integrator in synchronous reference frame to detect positive sequence components under unbalanced grid voltages. The proposed method has a fast and robust performance due to its higher gain and frequency adaptive capability. Simulation and experimental results show the verification of the proposed synchronization algorithm and the effectiveness to detect positive sequence voltage.

The basic requirements of distributed multimedia systems are intramedia synchronization which asks the strict delay and jitter for the check period of media buffer and the scaling duration with periodic continuous media such as audio and video media, and intermedia synchronization that needs the constraint for relative time relations among them when several media are presented in parallel. In this paper, a distributed intermedia synchronization algorithm that solves the intermedia synchronization problem by using variable service rates based on the fuzzy logic is designed and then the performance is evaluated through simulation.

A video signal through a high-density optical link has been demonstrated to show the reliability of optical link for high-data-rate transmission. To reduce optical point-to-point links, an electrical link has been utilized for control and clock signaling. The latency and flicker with background noise occurred during the transferring of data across the optical link due to electrical-to-optical with optical-to-electrical conversions. The proposed synchronization technology combined with a flicker and denoising algorithm has given good results and can be applied in high-definition serial data interface (HD-SDI), ultra-HD-SDI, and HD multimedia interface transmission system applications.