Earticle

The aim of this study was the evaluation of step types on one-two straight in boxing. For this study, 8 male boxers of K University were participated in the experiment. The two phases that composed of three events on one-two straight motion were analyzed on vertical force of GRF. The seven infrared cameras (Qualisys MCU-240) were used to acquire raw data, and then the Matlab6.5 was used to process data. The sampling rates of a camera were 240Hz and the coordinate data were filtered using a moving average method filtering with 25frames after calculation. The conclusions were as follows: First, correlation between the height of right heel and linear velocity of left ankle was not statistically significant. Second, there were two types on one-two straight in Boxing. Third, time finishing vertical displacement of type A had longer than type B. And the GRF of type A decreases after 0.125 seconds but the GRF of type B decreases at the same time with beginning. Fourth, as for GRF with respect to types, step patterns of type B wad smoother than those of type A because GRF rate in relation time of type A larger than type B. In the future, it is desirable that we will study neuromuscular variables and coordination between lower and upper limbs in boxing.

The aim of this study was the evaluation of step types on one-two straight in boxing. For this study, 8 male boxers of K University were participated in the experiment. The two phases that composed of three events on one-two straight motion were analyzed on vertical force of GRF. The seven infrared cameras (Qualisys MCU-240) were used to acquire raw data, and then the Matlab6.5 was used to process data. The sampling rates of a camera were 240Hz and the coordinate data were filtered using a moving average method filtering with 25frames after calculation. The conclusions were as follows: First, correlation between the height of right heel and linear velocity of left ankle was not statistically significant. Second, there were two types on one-two straight in Boxing. Third, time finishing vertical displacement of type A had longer than type B. And the GRF of type A decreases after 0.125 seconds but the GRF of type B decreases at the same time with beginning. Fourth, as for GRF with respect to types, step patterns of type B wad smoother than those of type A because GRF rate in relation time of type A larger than type B. In the future, it is desirable that we will study neuromuscular variables and coordination between lower and upper limbs in boxing.

This study was carried out to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, and test cutoff score to predict cardiorespiratory fitness by using the 2-min step test (2MST) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellites (DM). The associa-tion of the 2MST and physical fitness tests including a 6-min walk test (6MWT), a 5 time sit-to-stand test (FTSST), and leg strength in the form of a leg performance test were also investigated. This study was cross-sectional and conducted in 100 type 2 DM patients. Patients were screened through health questionnaires, medical illness, general char-acteristics, and physical fitness tests; 2MST, 6MWT, FTSST, and leg strength. Blood was collected for assessment of fasting blood sugar and lipid profiles. The number of steps in the 2MST was positively cor-related with the distance of the 6MWT (r=0.6995, P<0.0001) and leg strength (r=0.4292, P<0.0001). 2MST was negatively correlated with time to perform the FTSST (r=-0.405, P<0.0001). Moreover, this study established the optimal cutoff score of the 2MST at ≤61 steps with 92.24% sensitivity, and 81.36% specificity to predict cardiorespiratory fitness in type 2 DM patients. Our findings indicate that the 2MST may be used as a predictor for walking capacity, leg strength, and ability to change position from sitting to standing in type 2 DM. In addition, this result may imply that patients with type 2 DM performing the 2MST at less than 61 steps was significantly associated with decreased cardio-respiratory fitness.

최근 들어 보의 환경적인 측면을 고려한 저낙차형 구조물 설치가 요구되면서 고정보의 형태도 다양하게 제안되고 있다. 그러나 실무에 적용하기 위한 횡단구조물의 설계 가이드라인은 매우 한정적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 국내 중소하천에 설치된 고정보의 물리적 제원 변경에 의한 수리적 특성을 분석함으로써 환경적인 측면을 고려한 저낙차형 고정보의 유량계수 산정을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 경사형 및 계단형 보에 대해 crest 변화에 따른 기본적인 유량계수를 도출하였으며 수위-유량 관계 곡선을 개발하였다. 또한 유량과 crest 등과 같은 수리학적조건을 변화시켜 자유 흐름 조건 및 잠긴 흐름 조건의 흐름특성을 분석하였다.

Due to the recent requirement of installing low-head structures considering environmental aspects, various types of fixed weir have been suggested. However, the design guideline of transverse structures for practical application is very limited. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the hydraulic properties of the fixed weirs installed at the small and middle sized rivers of Korea depending on the physical specifications to provide fundamental data that may be reflected to the design of a low-head fixed weir considering the relevant environmental aspects. The basic discharge coefficient of slope-type and step-type weirs depending on change of crest was estimated, and a stage-discharge curve was developed. In addition, the flow properties under free flow and submerged flow conditions were analyzed by varying the hydraulic conditions such as discharge and crest.

The analysis and control of a new type unsymmetrical slotted self-bearing step motor for small angle control is presented. The motor actuator is used for both motor and bearing functionality without any additional coil windings or electromagnets for bearing functionality. A circular-arc, straight-line permeance model for the fringing effect is presented. An unsymmetrical slotted self-bearing step motor layout and control algorithm are described. A new control current generation method using the electromagnets layout geometry, which needs no additional current for bearing functionality, is proposed. As the result of this analysis the fringing effect largely influences on the system characteristics. especially in torque. Even if the bearing functionality is added into the motor functionality, it is shown that the magnitude of torque is not changed.

이 연구는 천안시 태조산의 산림 경사 트레킹시 80bpm(Continue) 및 130+30bpm(Fast-Slow)의 속도로 평균 경사도 10-15%, 거리 600m의 구간에서 걷기 운동 시 스텝의 템포유형이 운동 중 심박수, 혈중젖산농도에 미치는 영향 분석하여 산림환경의 경사 트레킹 시 효율적인 운동방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 걷기 운동을 실시하는데 이상이 없는 8명 의 20,30대 남자를 대상으로 80bpm(Continue)속도와 130+30bpm(Fast-Slow)속도로 실시하여 얻은 결과를 이원 반복측정 분산분석(two-way repeated ANOVA)을 실시하여 분석하였으며, 유의한 차이가 나는 경우 contrast의 repeated 방법을 적용하여 비교 분석하였다. 심박수는 모든 운동조건에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 스텝 템포와 시기에 따라 상호작용효과가 있었다. 심박수는 운동시간의 경과에 따라 지속적으로 증가하였으며, 130bpm+30bpm (Fast- Slow)에서 더욱 높게 나타났다. 혈중젖산농도은 스텝 템포와 시기에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였으며, 스텝 템포와 시기에 따라 상호작용효과가 있었다. 혈중젖산농도는 안정 시와 비교하여 운동 직후 높았으며, 130bpm+30bpm (Fast-Slow) 에서 더욱 높게 나타났다. 운동 중 최고 심박수는 130bpm+30bpm(Fast-Slow)에서 더욱 높게 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the step tempo type on the heart rate and blood lactic acid concentration during the exercise at the average slope of 10-15% and distance of 600m at the speed of 80bpm(Continue) and 130+30bpm(Fast-Slow) during trekking of Taejo Mountain in Cheonan. The results of the study were analyzed by using two-way repeated ANOVA, which was conducted at 80bpm (Continue) and 130+30bpm (Fast-Slow) speeds for 16 men in their 20s and 30s who had no abnormality in walking exercise. Heart rate showed significant difference in all exercise conditions, and interaction effect was observed according to step tempo and time. Heart rate increased continuously with the passage of exercise time and was higher in 130bpm+30bpm(Fast-Slow). Blood lactic acid concentration showed significant difference according to step tempo and time, and interaction effect according to step tempo and time. Blood lactic acid concentration was higher immediately after exercise than when stabilized, and it was higher in 130bpm + 30bpm (Fast-Slow).The highest heart rate during exercise was higher at 130bpm + 30bpm (Fast-Slow).

Despite the therapeutic efficacy of exendin-4 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, its application is still limited because of twice-a-day injection requirement. PEGylation, covalent conjugation of a PEG (polyethylene glycol) molecule to a peptide or protein, is known to prolong in-serum half-life as well as to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a peptide or protein [1-3]. In this study, we attempted an aqueous-phase, two-step PEGylation process, in which amine groups of exendin-4 were first converted into thiol groups and then PEG-maleimide with different molecular weights (5 and 10kD) was conjugated via disulfide bridge. These reactions were performed in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) at 400C for overnight. The PEGylates were purified by cation exchange chromatography, using HiTrap SP HP column with a running buffer (10 mM citric acid, pH 3.5) and an elution buffer (10 mM citric acid with and 1 M NaCl). Then, conjugated peptides were separated by sizeexclusion chromatography (Superdex 75 PC 3.2/30 column), using 50 mM PBS (pH 7.0) with 0.15 M NaCl as an elution buffer.The overall conjugation efficiency was high, more than 70%. Maintenance of in-vitro bioactivity was measured by ELISA. This study demonstrates that exendin-4 can be more effectively PEGylated by the two-step process.

연구배경 재난의 다양화와 대형화, 복잡화로 인한 예측불허의 상황 속에서 재난에 대한 부적절한 대응과 여러 사회, 문화, 환경적 요인을 고려하지 못한 복구로 인해 2차적 피해 또한 발생하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 재난으로 인해 파괴된 지역사회 회복시키고, 고통 받고 있는 난민들을 도와주는 구호활동을 재난관리의 단계별로 파악하고, 효율적이고 창의적인 구호활동의 아이디어 창출을 위해 디자인 분야에서 지원할 수 있는 구호디자인의 개념 정의와 유형을 파악하여 재난지역에서 구호활동을 지원할 수 있는 구호디자인의 필요성을 제시하고자 한다. 연구방법 문헌자료와 선행연구를 통해 재난·재해와 구호활동을 이해하고 이를 바탕으로 구호디자인의 개념과 유형을 정의 하였다. 또한 재난관리 단계 중 복구단계를 중점으로 각종 재난사례와 구호활동 사례를 분석하여, 복구단계에서 필요한 구호디자인을 유형별 필요조건을 제시한 후 사례조사를 통해 구호디자인의 현황과 필요성, 방향성을 제시하였다. 연구결과 재난으로 인한 피해를 복구하기 위한 구호활동은 재난 관리 단계와 재난 상황에 따라 다양하게 나타났지만 현재의 구호활동은 지역의 지리적, 문화적 특성과 피해 상황이 고려되지 못한 획일적인 방법의 구호활동이 진행되고 있다. 따라서 전문적인 구호활동을 통해 재난상황을 극복하기 위해서는 재난과 구호활동의 상관관계를 고려한 다양한 디자인 분야의 지원이 필요하다. 각 재난의 유형별 대응을 위한 구호 디자인이나 특정 계층을 위한 디자인 제시에 앞서 재난의 2차적 피해나 미흡한 조치로 인해 발생하는 다양한 사회적 범죄와 질병, 재난의 장기화와 복합화를 예방하는 복구단계의 구호 디자인이 중요하다고 사료된다. 따라서 재난의 복구 단계의 피해정황과 그에 따른 구호활동을 지원하는 디자인 사례를 분석한 결과 재난지역에서 발생한 물리적, 경제적 피해와 심리적 피해 등 파괴된 사회, 문화 기반을 회복을 돕는 다양한 유형의 구호디자인이 필요하지만, 현재까지 제시된 사례에서는 다양한 측면을 고려하지 못한 물리적 제공에 그치고 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 향후 구호디자인은 다양한 피해상황과 장기적 관점 등 다양한 측면을 고려한 구체적인 디자인 방안 제시가 필요하다. 결론 재난과 구호활동에 대한 국제적 관심이 증가하고 있지만 이를 지원하기 위한 구호디자인 분야는 아직 그 개념과 유형별 특성이 명확하지 않고, 대부분이 다른 디자인 개념과 활용 사례를 차용해 다양한 개념이 혼재되어 나타나 있다. 따라서 효율적인 구호활동을 지원하기 위한 구호디자인의 정확한 개념과 유형의 분류에 따른 구체적인 디자인 방안 제시와 다양한 현대 재난과 사회문제를 해결하기 위한 다양한 구호디자인에 관한 연구와 방향성 제시가 지속적으로 필요하다고 사료된다.

Background In the unexpected circumstance regarding to diversity, complexity, and enlargement of disaster, inappropriate response to the disaster and relief which does not consider social, cultural and environmental factors cause secondary damage to take place. The purpose of this research is for recovering community destructed by disaster, for checking out relief activities step by step, and for identifying types or definitions of relief-design which help field of design to develop efficient and creative idea of relief activities, which proposes necessity to assist relief-design of disaster area. Methods Through bibliographic data and advance research, figure out what is relief activities and disaster respectively and define what is concept and type of relief-design based on the understanding, In addition, focused on recovery stage among a series of disaster management, analyze the examples of relief activities and instances of disaster, and then suggest necessities for relief-design which is needed in recovery stage. After that, propose current condition, necessity, and direction for relief-design through case study. Result While relief activities for restoring damage of disaster go off variously depending on stage of disaster management and disaster condition, current relief activities are standardized without regard to cultural factors and circumstance of disaster. Hence, to overcome disaster condition through professional relief activities, support of various design fields is needed considering correlation between disaster and relief activities. Before suggesting relief design for specific class or for the response of each disaster by type, there should be more focused attention to relief design in recovery stage which prevent complexity and protractedness of disaster. Accordingly, as a result of analyzing design usage which identifies the circumstance of damage in restorative stage of disaster and assists relief activities, various types of relief design is needed which help restore destructed society and destroyed cultural base such as physical, economic, and psychological damage in disaster area. In the light of current examples, relief activities is limited just to physical provision not taking various aspects into account. Therefore, relief design henceforward needs presentation of concrete design method, considering various condition of damage and lone-term perspective. Conclusion There is increasing interest on disaster and relief activities internationally, but the concepts and traits are not clear in the area of relief design to support them. Unfortunately, most of them adopt other design concepts and usages, so there is confusion of using the exact and unified concept. As a result, the following things are needed; exact concept of relief design for supporting efficient relief activities, concrete design method based on categorizing exact concept and types, and research of various relief design to cope with social problem and various contemporary disaster

광섬유 코어로 입사된 빛이 임의의 경사 각도를 가지는 광섬유 브래그 격자를 만나면 광섬유 코어로 반사되는 주모드 외에 클래딩으로 결합되는 사이드모드가 발생한다. 이러한 사이드 모드는 클래딩 모드와 커플링 되어 특정 파장의 빛을 제거하여 없애는 장주기 광섬유 격자와 동일한 특성을 지닌다. 본 논문에서는 게르마늄이 많이 첨가된 depressed index type 광섬유와 수소처리를 하여 광민감성을 매우 높인 step index type 일반통신용 광섬유등 두 가지 광섬유에 대해 광섬유 브래그 격자의 정렬 각도에 따른 사이드 모드의 특성을 관찰하였다. 또한, 0.02°의 정밀도를 가진 회전판에 설치된 위상 마스크로 경사각도가 다른 각각의 광섬유 격자를 동일한 광섬유에 일렬로 새겨서 전체 손실 스펙트럼의 선폭과 피크값을 조절할 수 있었으며, 이를 이용하여 광섬유 광 증폭기의 ASE 대역 제거 필터 구성 실험을 수행하였다.

Fiber Bragg grating which has a blazed ang1e to the plane of incident wave generates a side-mode as well as main-mode. The side-mode has an identical characteristics with a long period grating that couples with a cladding mode, so rejects the special wavelength. We experimented on the side-mode characteristics with two fibers which Ge doped depressed index fiber and very high photosensitive H$_2$ loaded step index fiber according to the tilted angle. Also, using a phase mask equipped with rotation plate which has 0.02$^{\circ}$ resolution, we can control the bandwidth and the peak value of a total loss spectrum by aligned tilted grating in a fiber and using this, tried to compose the ASE band rejection filter of the Erbium doped fiber amplifier.

This paper deals with a robust regression estimator. We propose an efficient one-step GM-estimator, which has a bounded influence function and a high breakdown point. The main idea of this paper is to use the Mallows-type weights which depend on both the predictor variables and the residuals from a high breakdown initial estimator. The proposed weighting scheme severely downweights the bad leverage points and slightly downweights the good leverage points. Under some regularity conditions, we compute the finite-sample breakdown point and prove the asymptotic normality. Some simulation results and a numerical example are also presented.

This paper proposes the step-stress type-I censoring model for analyzing the data of accelerated life test and reducing the time of accelerated life test. In order to obtain the data of accelerated life test, the step-stress accelerated life test was run with voltage stress to CMOS Hex Buffer. The Weibull distribution, the Inverse-power-law model and Maximum likelihood method were used. The iterative procedure using modified-quasi-linearization method is applied to solve the nonlinear equation. The proposed Weibull step-stress type-I censoring model exactly estimases the life time of units, while reducting the time of accelerated life test and the equipments of test.

We approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting using an inexact two-step Newton-type method. It turn out that under our new idea of recurrent functions, our semilocal analysis provides tighter error bounds than before, and in many interesting cases, weaker sufficient convergence conditions. Applications including the solution of nonlinear Chandrasekhar-type integral equations appearing in radiative transfer and two point boundary value problems are also provided in this study.

In this paper, the maximum likelihood estimators for parameters are derived under three step-stress accelerated life tests for Type-I hybrid censored data. The exponential distribution and the cumulative exposure model are considered based on the assumption that a log quadratic relationship exits between stress and the mean lifetime ${\theta}$. The test plan to search optimal stress change times minimizing the asymptotic variance of maximum likelihood estimators are presented. A numerical example to illustrate the proposed inferential procedures and some simulation results to investigate the sensitivity of the optimal stress change times by the guessed parameters are given.

In this paper, a voltage equations, a thrust force equations and kinetic equation are derived from the basic structure of a 2-phase hybrid type linear stepping motor(HLSM). And a micro-stepping method in order to eliminate effectively the resonant phenomena and to increase the positional resolution of the HLSM was proposed. The proposed micro-stepping method can divide one step into the maximum 128 micro-steps under simple control system. The dynamic characteristics of proposed micro-stepping method were analyzed by the ACSL(Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) with the voltage equations, the thrust force equations and the kinetic equation, and were measured by laser experimental system. As the result, the justice of theory was confirmed, and the resonant phenomena, the positional resolution and dynamic thrust were improved by the proposed micro-stepping method.

Let p > 1 and α^[p](x) : $\sqrt{x}$, $\sqrt{\frac{p}{^2p-1}}$, $\sqrt{\frac{2p-1}{3p-2}}$, … , with 0 < x ≤ $\frac{p}{2p-1}$. In [10], the authors considered the subnormality, n-hyponormality and positive quadratic hyponormality of W_α^[p](x). By continuing to study, in this paper, we give a sufficient condition of quadratic hyponormality of W_α^[p](x). Finally, we give an example to characterize the gaps of W_α^[p](x) distinctively.

The estimation problem of expected time to failure of units is studied in a discrete set up. A simple step-stress accelerated life testing is considered with a Type-I censored sample from geometric distribution that is a commonly used distribution to model the lifetime of a device in discrete case. Maximum likelihood estimators as well as the associated distributions are derived. Exact, approximate and bootstrap approaches construct confidence intervals that are compared via a simulation study. Optimal confidence intervals are suggested in view of the expected width and coverage probability criteria. An illustrative example is also presented to explain the results of the paper. Finally, some conclusions are stated.

In this paper, optimal change times are determined for fully three-step stress accelerated life tests, which minimize the asymptotic variance for maximum likelihood estimator of logarithm of the failure rate at the usual condition and exponential distribution is given for life time data.