Earticle

고문서는 수발급의 授受 관계를 전제로 작성되기 때문에 어느 문서이건 발급자와 수취자, 그리고 발급한 시기 등의 요소는 갖추고 있다. 그리고 문서 작성 시 署名을 해야만 그 효력이 발생하기 때문에 署名은 고문서의 중요한 구성요소 중 하나이다. ‘고문서 署名용례DB’는 고문서 署名이 인물별, 시기별, 문서유형별로 나타나는 다양한 양상에 대한 총체적인 연구를 수행하기 위해서 기획된 아카이브 형식의 용례 사전이다. 고문서의 유형에 따라서 다양한 署名 형식이 나타나는 것은 전통시대 문서 행정 체제가 철저한 위계 중심이라는 사실과 관련이 있다. 고문서 발급 주체와 수령 주체의 위계에 따라서 문서의 투식이 달라지고, 그 달라진 투식에 따라 사용하는 착명, 서압도 달라진다. 우리가 구축하고자 하는 고문서 署名용례DB는 고문서 署名 연구의 객관적인 기초자료로 활용되는 것을 목적으로 한다. 따라서 대상 자료 선정 시 가능한 한 시기별, 문중별, 세부 유형별로 하나 이상의 고문서를 포함할 수 있도록 자료를 선정하였다. 대상 고문서에서 획득한 각각의 署名 세그먼트 이미지에 대해서는 유효한 메타데이터가 함께 구축되었다. 署名유형 관련 메타데이터로는 ‘署名 종류’, ‘서사 방법’, ‘署名 문자’, ‘署名 형태’, ‘署名 크기’의 5개 정보를 추출하였다. 그리고 署名者 관련 메타데이터로는 ‘수발급’, ‘역할’, ‘관계’, ‘소속’, ‘신분’, ‘署名者 이름’, ‘인물UCI’의 7개 정보를 추출하였다. 이렇게 구축된 ‘고문서 署名용례 DB’를 기반으로 고문서 署名정보 용례서비스를 개발하였다. 실제 문서상에서 署名이 나타나는 모습을 보여주는 컨텍스트 지향의 署名 검색 기능을 개발하였고, 고문서 署名의 특징을 고려한 다양한 자료보기 기능 및 검색 기능을 개발하였다.

This study aimed at describing the method of digitalizing the signatures which appear in the Korean Historical Manuscripts. The signature example dictionary of the Korean Historical Manuscripts provides the baseline data that we can study of the signature of the Korean Historical Manuscripts. Korean Historical Manuscripts were written in the precondition to that they exchange documents to each other. At this moment, the signature becomes accepted as an effective means. The signature example dictionary DB of the Korean Historical Manuscripts provides information of the signature which appear according to document type, person and time. To establish the DB, we acquired a segment image of the signature as first action. And then, we inputted effective meta data of every segment image of the signature. We established two kinds of meta data of every segment image of the signature. First, we established the information of the signature type. To establish it, we extracted the kind of signature, the method of description, the letter of signature, the shape of signature and the size of signature. Second, we established the information of the a signer. To establish it, we extracted the information of recipient and issuer, the role of a signer, the relation between recipient or issuer and signer, the affiliation of a signer, the position of a signer, the name of a signer and UCI of a signer. We developed a signature example service system based on this signature example dictionary DB of the Korean Historical Manuscripts. This signature example service system provides the function of making a connection between signature and original text. And to show characteristics of signature, various directory services are developed.

본 논문은 보안 이벤트 위험성에 따른 능동적 대응을 위해서 우선순위 알고리즘을 구현하는 것이며, 이를 기반으로 효율적 인 이벤트 처리를 수행하는 이벤트 스케줄러를 구현하고자 한다. CVE나 CVSS 같이 세계적으로 표준을 가지고 있는 기준에 따라, 보안 이벤트를 실행시켰을 때 점수를 매길 수 있는 기준을 마련하고, 정형화 하여 보다 객관적으로 우선순위를 정할 수 있도록 한다. 그래서 이를 바탕으로 보안 이벤트 데이터베이스를 구축하고, 이를 이용하여 스케줄링을 할 수 있도록 한다. 또 한 보안 이벤트 스케줄링 우선순위 알고리즘을 우리나라 보안 이벤트 실정에 맞게 개발하고 적용함으로써 국내 기관 및 기업 의 정보보호에 대한 신뢰성 확보와 산업 발전에 기여하게 될 것이다.

This paper implements a priority algorithm for active response to security event risk, and implements an event schedul er that performs efficient event processing based on this. According to the standards that have global standards such as C VE and CVSS, standards for scoring when security events are executed are prepared and standardized so that priorities ca n be more objectively set. So, based on this, we build a security event database and use it to perform scheduling. In additi on, by developing and applying the security event scheduling priority algorithm according to the situation of security event s in Korea, it will contribute to securing the reliability of information protection and industrial development of domestic or ganizations and companies.

에지 네트워크 환경에서 IoT 장치가 다양하게 활용되면서 IoT 장치에서 수집되는 정보들을 여러 응용 분야에서 활용하는 연구들이 다양하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나, 네트워크 환경(간섭, 전파방해 등)에 따라 수집되는 IoT 데이터들 이 누락 또는 오류가 발생하는 상황이 빈번해지면서 정확한 IoT 데이터들을 바로 적용하기가 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 본 논문에서는 에지 네트워크 환경에서 수집되는 IoT 데이터들의 오류를 줄이기 위해서 IoT 데이터의 서명 값을 랜덤하게 생성하여 비트 형태로 보안 정보(Security Information, SI) 값만을 IoT 데이터들에 각각 할당함으로써 IoT 데이터의 신뢰성을 보장하는 관리 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법은 IoT 장치로부터 수집되는 데이터들을 비대칭적으로 서로 연계 처리하도록 다중 해쉬 체인을 적용하여 IoT 데이터를 블록체인으로 묶는다. 이때, 블록 체인화된 IoT 데이터들은 딥 러닝 기반으로 상관관계 지수에 따라 가중치를 적용한 확률 함수를 사용한다. 또한, IoT 데이터의 무결성과 처리 비용 을 낮추기 위해서 제안 기법은 그룹화된 IoT 데이터를 n-계층 구조로 확장 운영 가능하다.

As IoT devices are used in various ways in an edge network environment, multiple studies are being conducted that utilizes the information collected from IoT devices in various applications. However, it is not easy to apply accurate IoT data immediately as IoT data collected according to network environment (interference, interference, etc.) are frequently missed or error occurs. In order to minimize mistakes in IoT data collected in an edge network environment, this paper proposes a management technique that ensures the reliability of IoT data by randomly generating signature values of IoT data and allocating only Security Information (SI) values to IoT data in bit form. The proposed technique binds IoT data into a blockchain by applying multiple hash chains to asymmetrically link and process data collected from IoT devices. In this case, the blockchainized IoT data uses a probability function to which a weight is applied according to a correlation index based on deep learning. In addition, the proposed technique can expand and operate grouped IoT data into an n-layer structure to lower the integrity and processing cost of IoT data.

인터넷 활용 범위의 폭발적인 증가는 점차적으로 네트워크 속도와 용량을 초고속화 하고 대용량화로 빠르게 진화해 가고 있다. 이에 따라 스위치 라우터 등 네트워크 장비들은 하드웨어에 기반 한 빠른 기술 진화로 대처를하고 있으나 초연결사회에 가장 기본적이고 필수적인 네트워크 보안시스템의 기술 진화는 수만 가지의 보안 이슈와 시그니처(signature)에 대해서 수시 변경과 갱신을 필요로 하기 때문에 소프트웨어에 기반 한 기술적인 한계를 극복하기가 쉽지 않다. 본 논문은 이와 같은 DDoS 대응 장비를 설치 운영할 때의 패킷 필터링 속도 저하문제점을 개선하고자 FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)의 하드웨어적인 특성과 병렬처리 특성을 최대한 반영한 DPI 알고리즘인 Hi-DPI를 제안하고 실용성을 검증하고자 한다.

The explosive increase in the range of Internet usage gradually makes the speed and capacity of networ k high-speed, rapidly evolving it into mass storage. Accordingly, network equipment such as switch and router are coping with it through hardware-based rapid technological evolution, but as the technological development of the most basic and essential network security system in the hyper-connected society req uires frequent alterations and updates about the security issues and signatures of tens of thousands, so i t is not easy to overcome the technical limitations based on the software. In this paper, to improve probl ems in installing and operating such anti-DDoS devices, we propose a Hi-DPI algorithm best reflecting the hardware characteristics and parallel processing characteristics of FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), and would verify the practicality.

본고는 조선시대의 한글 簡札을 대상으로 하여 [結末]의 構成을 分析하고 類型化를 시도한 것이다. 논의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. [結末]의 形式構成은 [結末人事+傳言+結句+作成日時+署名+追伸]으로 이루어진다. 형식구성은 다시 [內容要素(결말인사, 전언, 결구, 추신)]와 [形式要素(작성일시, 서명)]로 나뉜다. [內容要素] 또한 [核心要素(결말인사, 결구)]와 [剩餘要素(전언, 추신)]로 세분된다. [結末人事]의 意味構成은 受信者의 健康과 安寧을 바라는 [祝願型]과 受信者가 健康하고 안녕하게 살아가기를 부탁하는 [當付型]으로 나뉜다. [祝願型]은 卑尊間 簡札에서, [當付型]은 尊卑間 簡札에서 주로 쓰인다. [結句]의 意味構成을 段階的으로 分析하여 提示하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 [前提+樣相]으로 분석되고 [前提]는 [餘留]로, [樣相]은 [原因+閣筆]로 구체화됨으로써 [結句]의 意味構成은 [餘留+原因+閣筆]로 이루어진다 할 수 있다. [結句]를 중심으로 常套化 過程을 살펴보았다. 表現의 常套化는 表面意味와 深層意味의 괴리에서 비롯되는데 [結句]의 構成要素인 [餘留]와 [原因]이 縮約과 統合의 과정을 거치면서 나타났음을 확인하였다. [結末]의 類型은 다섯 가지로 나눌 수 있다. 第1類型은 形式構成에서 [結末人事+結句]의 구성을 보이는 [定置型]이면서 [核心要素]가 모두 갖춰진 [完成型]을 말한다. 第2類型은 [結末]의 形式構成이 [定置型]이면서 [核心要素] 중 [結末人事]가 생략된 채 [結句]만으로 이루어진 경우이다. 受信者에 대해 예의를 갖추지 않아도 무방한 尊卑間 簡札에서 주로 나타나며 缺禮라는 면에서 第3類型이나 第4類型보다는 덜하다. 第3類型은 [結末]의 形式構成이 [定置型]이면서 [核心要素] 중 [結句]가 생략된 채 [結末人事]만으로 이루어진 경우이다. 受信者에 대해 예의를 갖추지 않아도 무방한 尊卑間 簡札에서 주로 나타나며 缺禮라는 면에서 第4類型보다는 덜하다. 第4類型은 [結末]의 形式構成 전체가 생략된 경우이다. 受信者에 대해 예의를 갖추지 않아도 무방한 尊卑間 簡札에서 주로 나타나며 缺禮라는 면에서 모든 類型 가운데 가장 심하다고 할 수 있다. 第5類型은 결말의 形式構成이 [結句+結末人事]의 구성을 보이는 [倒置型]이다. [書頭]의 [倒置型]과는 달리 상대에 대해 缺禮가 되지 않으며 출현빈도 또한 높게 나타난다. 따라서 類型의 名稱에 부여한 번호순서는 構成의 完成度만을 고려한 것이라 할 수 있다.

This study tries to classify [Ending], targeting the Joseon Dynasty Hangul Ganchal(old typed letters in Korean). Below is a summary of the discussion result. The composition form of [Ending] is consist of [Ending Expression+ message+Conclusion+Draw-up date+Signature+Postscript]. Again, the composition form is divided into content element(Ending Expression, Message, Conclusion, Postscript) and form element(Draw-up date, Signature). Content element is also subdivided into core element(Ending Expression, Conclusion) and surplus element(Message, Postscript). The semantic composition of [Ending Expression] is divided into [Praying type](praying a well and health of addressee) and [Request type](asking to addressee live well and healthy). [Praying type] is mostly used for Jonbigan(to junior, from elder) Ganchal, [Request type] is uesd for Bijongan(to elder, from junior) Ganchal. The semantic composition of [Conclusion] is suggested as folow If you analyse by stages. By analysing in [Premise+Aspect] at 1st step and shaping up [Premise] as [Remained coment], [Aspect] as [Cause+Stop writing] at 2nd step, the semantic composition of [Conclusion] could be consist of [Remained comment+Cause+Stop writing] We examined conventionalizing process around [Conclusion]. The conventionalizing of expression starts from the gap between surface meaning and deep meaning. I identified that it emerged from passing through abbreviating and combination of the [Remained comment] and [Cause], which is the element of [Conclusion]. The type of [Ending] could be devided by five. The 1st type is a [Fixed type] that shows [Ending expression+Conclusion] composition, and [completion] that has all core elements. The 2nd type is in case that the composition form of [Ending] is [Fixed type] and is only consist of [conclusion] without [Ending expression], which is the core element. It is mostly appeared in Jonbigan Ganchal, which does not have to have polite to addressee, it is more polite than the 3rd and 4th types. The 3rd type is in case that the composition form of [Ending] is [Fixed type] and is only consist of [Ending expression] without [conclusion], which is the core element. It is mostly appeared in Jonbigan Ganchal, it is more polite than the 4th types. The 4th type is in case that the whole composition form of [Ending] is omitted. It is mostly appeared in Jonbigan Ganchal, it is most rude of all types. The 5th type is [Inversion type] that shows [Conclusion+Ending Expression] composition in the composition form of ending. Unlike [Inversion type] of [Begging], it is no discourtesy to the other side, appearance frequency is also high. So, talking broadly, the order of number that give to the name of type is only considered the completion of composition.

Desensitization and acute tolerance are terms used to describe the attenuation of receptor responsiveness by prolonged or intermittent exposure to an agonist. Unlike desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which is commonly explained by steric hindrance caused by the ${\beta}$-arrestins that are translocated to the activated receptors, molecular mechanisms involved in the acute tolerance of GPCRs remain unclear. Our studies with several GPCRs and related mutants showed that the acute tolerance of GPCRs could occur independently of agonist-induced ${\beta}$-arrestin translocation. A series of co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed a correlation between receptor tolerance and interactions among receptors, ${\beta}$-arrestin2, and $G{\beta}{\gamma}$. $G{\beta}{\gamma}$ displayed a stable interaction with receptors and ${\beta}$-arrestin2 in cells expressing GPCRs that were prone to undergo tolerance compared to the GPCRs that were resistant to acute tolerance. Strengthening the interaction between $G{\beta}{\gamma}$ and ${\beta}$-arrestin rendered the GPCRs to acquire the tendency of acute tolerance. Overall, stable interaction between the receptor and $G{\beta}{\gamma}$ complex is required for the formation of a complex with ${\beta}$-arrestin, and determines the potential of a particular GPCR to undergo acute tolerance. Rather than turning off the signal, ${\beta}$-arrestins seem to contribute on continuous signaling when they are in the context of complex with receptor and $G{\beta}{\gamma}$.

Sex/gender disparity has been shown in the incidence and prognosis of many types of diseases, probably due to differences in genes, physiological conditions such as hormones, and lifestyle between the sexes. The mortality and survival rates of many cancers, especially liver cancer, differ between men and women. Due to the pronounced sex/gender disparity, considering sex/gender may be necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of liver cancer. By analyzing research articles through a PubMed literature search, the present review identified 12 genes which showed practical relevance to cancer and sex disparities. Among the 12 sex-specific genes, 7 genes (BAP1, CTNNB1, FOXA1, GSTO1, GSTP1, IL6, and SRPK1) showed sex-biased function in liver cancer. Here we summarized previous findings of cancer molecular signature including our own analysis, and showed that sex-biased molecular signature CTNNB1^High, IL6^High, RHOA^High and GLIPR1^Low may serve as a female-specific index for prediction and evaluation of OS in liver cancer patients. This review suggests a potential implication of sex-biased molecular signature in liver cancer, providing a useful information on diagnosis and prediction of disease progression based on gender.

Recently, concomitant with a surge in numbers of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with various sensors, mobile crowdsensing (MCS) has provided a new business model for IoT. For example, a person can share road traffic pictures taken with their smartphone via a cloud computing system and the MCS data can provide benefits to other consumers. In this service model, to encourage people to actively engage in sensing activities and to voluntarily share their sensing data, providing appropriate incentives is very important. However, the sensing data from personal devices can be sensitive to privacy, and thus the privacy issue can suppress data sharing. Therefore, the development of an appropriate privacy protection system is essential for successful MCS. In this study, we address this problem due to the conflicting objectives of privacy preservation and incentive payment. We propose a privacy-preserving mechanism that protects identity and location privacy of sensing users through an on-demand incentive payment and group signatures methods. Subsequently, we apply the proposed mechanism to one example of MCS-an intelligent parking system-and demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of our mechanism through emulation.

Certificateless public key cryptography (CL-PKC) is a new benchmark in modern cryptography. It not only simplifies the certificate management problem of PKC, but also avoids the key escrow problem of the identity based cryptosystem (ID-PKC). In this article, we propose a certificateless blind signature protocol which is based on elliptic curve cryptography (CLB-ECC). The scheme is suitable for the wireless communication environment because of smaller parameter size. The proposed scheme is proven to be secure against attacks by two different kinds of adversaries. CLB-ECC is efficient in terms of computation compared to the other existing conventional schemes. CLB-ECC can withstand forgery attack, key only attack, and known message attack. An e-cash framework, which is based on CLB-ECC, has also been proposed. As a result, the proposed CLB-ECC scheme seems to be more effective for applying to real life applications like e-shopping, e-voting, etc., in handheld devices.

Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis and survival. Autophagy is induced in tumor cells under stress conditions such as treatment with chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy (RT), causing resistance to therapy. Thus, we analyzed autophagy-related genes using public databases to investigate a novel prognostic autophagy signature for glioblastoma patients who received temozolomide (TMZ) and RT. The TCGA and CGGA RNA sequencing datasets were classified for TMZ/RT-treated patient groups, and autophagy-related genes were obtained from Human Autophagy Database (HADb). Through sequential analyses of the datasets using univariate Cox regression analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis, and log-rank test, four genes (ATG9B, HSPA5, ITGA3, and RAC1) were selected to construct a prognostic risk score model. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of the risk score of these genes in the TCGA dataset demonstrated that TMZ/RT-treated patients with high-risk scores had significantly poorer overall survival and progression-free survival. Most patients designated as a high-risk group were also identified as IDH wild-type and mesenchymal subtypes. The autophagy signature was also validated in the CGGA RNA sequencing dataset and TCGA microarray dataset. Functional analysis of the autophagy signature through gene set enrichment and gene ontology analyses revealed enrichment of cellular responses to stress and the unfolded protein response. We also validated the higher expression of these genes and autophagy flux in TMZ-resistant glioblastoma cells than in TMZ-sensitive cells. Therefore, the autophagy-related gene set could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker for predicting the response to standard therapy in glioblastoma patients.

Certificateless aggregate signature (CLAS) schemes enable multiple vehicles to combine their individual signatures into a single compact authenticator, significantly reducing transmission and verification overhead in bandwidth-constrained vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). This efficiency makes CLAS particularly attractive for real-time authentication in large-scale intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, we show that two representative CLAS-based conditional privacy-preserving authentication schemes, proposed by Zhu?Guan and Chen?Guan, are vulnerable to a Type I adversary capable of replacing a vehicle’s public key. Such an adversary can forge valid signatures on arbitrary messages without obtaining the vehicle’s partial private key due to the lack of cryptographic binding between public keys and ephemeral randomness, which allows algebraic elimination of the master public key during verification. We analyze the root causes of this flaw and propose hash-based countermeasures that enforce strong binding among all public components. Our results further reveal that conventional linear hash-dependent CLAS constructions face inherent limitations in balancing security, ultra-low latency, and scalability. Thus, a next-generation CLAS design paradigm is required one that moves beyond traditional linear architectures to achieve deployment-level performance in current 5G-V2X environments while being inherently scalable toward future 6G-enabled intelligent transportation systems.

일반적으로 시그니처와 파일 메타정보가 없는 파편화된 파일은 복구가 어렵다. 특히 멀티미디어 파일은 파편화 가능성이 크고 높은 엔트로피를 가지고 있으므로 현재 시그니처 기반의 카빙으로는 복구하는 것이 거의 불가능하다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 파편화된 파일에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있지만 멀티미디어 파일에 대한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문은 시그니처(Signature)와 파일 메타정보가 없는 파편화된 멀티미디어 파일의 타입을 분류하는 연구이다. 파일 타입에 따라 특정 바이트 값의 빈도 차이를 통해 각 파일 타입의 특징값을 추출하며, 그에 맞는 Gray-Scale 테이블을 설계하고 CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks) 모델을 이용하여 JPG, PNG, H.264, WAV 총 4가지 멀티미디어의 파일 타입을 분류하는 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문을 통해 시그니처와 파일 메타정보가 없는 파편화된 파일 타입의 분류 연구를 촉진하여 다양한 파일의 복구 가능성을 높일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In general, fragmented files without signatures and file meta-information are difficult to recover. Multimedia files, in particular, are highly fragmented and have high entropy, making it almost impossible to recover with signature-based carving at present. To solve this problem, research on fragmented files is underway, but research on multimedia files is lacking. This paper is a study that classifies the types of fragmented multimedia files without signature and file meta-information. Extracts the characteristic values of each file type through the frequency differences of specific byte values according to the file type, and presents a method of designing the corresponding Gray-Scale table and classifying the file types of a total of four multimedia types, JPG, PNG, H.264 and WAV, using the CNN (Convolutional Natural Networks) model. It is expected that this paper will promote the study of classification of fragmented file types without signature and file meta-information, thereby increasing the possibility of recovery of various files.

A designated verifier signature is a special type of digital signature, which convinces a designated verifier that she has signed a message in such a way that the designated verifier cannot transfer the signature to a third party. A strong designated verifier signature scheme enhances the privacy of the signer such that no one but the designated verifier can verify the signer's signatures. In this paper we present two generic frame works for constructing strong designated verifier signature schemes from any secure ring signature scheme and any deniable one-pass authenticated key exchange protocol, respectively. Compared with similar protocols, the instantiations of our construction achieve improved efficiency.

In this article we review the ID Based Proxy-Blind signature scheme proposed by Zhang et al. and we give an attack on the scheme revealing the master secret key used in the construction of their scheme.

In 2004, Yang et al. proposed a threshold proxy signature scheme that efficiently reduced the computational complexity of previous schemes. In 2009, Hu and Zhang presented some security leakages of Yang's scheme and proposed an improvement to eliminate the security leakages that had been pointed out. In this paper, we will point out that both Yang and Hu's schemes still have some security weaknesses, which cannot resist warrant attacks where an adversary can forge valid proxy signatures by changing the warrant $m_w$. We also propose two secure improvements for these schemes.

I cryptanalyze the pairing-free digital signature scheme of Islam et al. which is proven secure against “adaptive chosen message attacks”. I introduce this type of forgery to analyze their scheme. Furthermore, I comment on general security issues that should be considered when making improvements on their scheme. My security analysis is also applicable to other digital signatures designed in a similar manner.

In general, to send out natural gas via a pipeline network across the nation in LNG terminal, high-pressure cryogenic pump supply highly compressed LNG to high-pressure vaporization facilities. The Number of cryogenic pumps determined the send-out amount in LNG receiving terminal. So it is main equipment at LNG production process and should be maintained on best conditions. In this paper, to find out the cause of high vibration at cryogenic pumps-motor system in LNG terminal, vibration spectrum analysis and motor current signature analysis have been performed together. Through the analysis, motor rotor bar problems are estimated by the vibration analysis and confirmed by the current analysis. So, it is demonstrated through the case study in this paper, how performing vibration analysis and current signature analysis together can reliable diagnosis rotor bar problems in pump-motor system.