Earticle

The purpose of this study is to introduce the science-play in the regular class, stimulate the student's curiosity, motivate them and take active part in their science class. To make an effective science class, we developed the science-play activity instead of experiments in the text, and applied it to the class. The experimental group has statistically meaningful results in the science process skills, expecially in subordinate elements such as observation, deduction, expectation, data analysis and assumption establishments(p<.01). However, the comparative group has no meaningful results in the science process skills. Though the average value of the science related attitude in the experimental group had only a little increase and had no statistically meaningful results, that in the comparative group has decreased during the same period. As for the experimental group, the science-play activities were repeated and their science related attitude has increased a little. Even though there were no meaningful statistic results(p>.05), the science-play activity was effective in the science related attitude. As a result of this research, it could be said that the science-play activity can improve the student's science process skills and the science related attitude, and the science-play program should be further developed and applied to make easy and effective science classes.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of an free inquiry method based on PBL(Problem-Based Learning: PBL) to improve students science process skills and self-directed learning characteristics. To verify this research, twenty-two third-grade students were selected from Chung-ryeol Elementary School located in Busan. They have received pre-test and post-test about their abilities in their science process skills and abilities for self-directed learning characteristics. Also, their self-reflection data was analyzed. The teaching and learning PBL process is to provide the information named 'I am the expert on Earth and Moon' which is recreated by analyzing the science curriculum and characteristics of students from Lesson 3 'Earth and Moon', and to make plans for solving the information with K/NK method. Then, to solve the information is gathered and investigated using the PBL workbook. Lastly, students present their finding using the free inquiry method in a group. The post-test showed following results : first, the free inquiry method based on PBL stimulates inquisitiveness in students about science learning and the research group shows improved science process skill. It shows us that using the free inquiry method based on PBL can be used effects to elevate science process skill. Second, the free inquiry method based on PBL has a positive effect on self-directed learning. The research tells us that using the free inquiry method based on PBL can improve a student self-directed learning characteristics.

본 연구는 우리나라 중학생의 자기조절학습능력의 수준을 측정하고, 자기조절학습능력과 과학의 탐구능력, 과학의 정의적 영역의 특징을 분석하는 데 목적을 두었다. 본 연구의 연구문제는 첫째, 중학생의 자기조절학습능력의 수준이 어떻게 되는가? 둘째, 자기조절학습능력과 과학의 탐구능력 간에 어떤 관계가 있는가? 셋째, 자기조절학습능력과 과학의 정의적 영역은 어떤 관계가 있는가? 이다. 연구방법은 첫째, 자기조절학습능력, 과학의 탐구능력, 과학의 정의적 영역의 이론적 배경을 조사하였다. 둘째, 자기조절학습능력, 과학의 탐구영역, 과학의 정의적 영역의 검사지를 다음과 같이 구성하였다. (1) 자기조절학습능력 검사(정현철 등, 2004) (2) 과학의 탐구능력검사 중 문제발견능력검사(정현철 등, 2004) (3) 과학의 정의적 영역설문(서혜애 등, 2008). 연구대상은 부산광역시, 울산광역시, 경상남도 소재의 7개 학교 3개 학년 재학생을 무작위로 선정하였으며, 총704명의 응답결과를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 자기조절학습능력의 수준은 3.02였으며, 둘째, 과학의 탐구능력이 높은 학생들은 자기조절학습능력도 높게 (p<.05)나타났다. 셋째, 과학의 정의적 영역의 특징은 남학생이 여학생보다 높은 자기 효능감을 나타냈다. 학년이 올라갈수록 과학의 정의적 영역은 감소(p=.048)하였다. 특히 자기 효능감에서 가장 큰 유의한(p=.002) 차이를 보였다. 넷째, 자기조절학습능력과 과학의 탐구능력, 과학의 정의적 영역 모두 통계적으로 유의한(p=.000) 상관이 있었다. 이는 자기조절학습능력이 높은 학생은 과학의 탐구능력이 높고, 과학의 정의적 영역도 높다고 볼 수 있다.

The study aims to investigate self-regulated learning ability (SRLA) of students and analyze its relationship to their science inquiry skill and affective domain of science in middle schools in Korea. For this end, the research questions include the followings: First, what level is SRLA of middle school students? Second, how does the relationship between SRLA and science inquiry skill look like? Third, how does the relationship between SRLA and affective domain of science look like? A research method employed in the study is the survey utilizing three questionnaires: a) a questionnaire of SRLA (Jung et al., 2004); b) a questionnaire of problem finding ability of the science inquiry skill (Jung et al., 2004); and c) a questionnaire of science affective domain (Seo et al., 2008, adopted from 2006 PISA Student Questionnaire). Responses to three questionnaires by 704 students from seven middle schools in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyeongnam in Korea were analyzed. The research findings were as follows: First,mean average scores of SRLA is 3.02 (±0.63) in 5 Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). Second,students with higher scores in science inquiry skill showed significantly (p<.05) higher scores in SRLA than others. Third, boys scored higher on self-efficacy scale than girls. As students advance their grade level, their affective domain levels of science significantly (p=.048) decreases, in particular, their self-efficacy level most significantly (p=.002) decreases. Fourth, SRLA was significantly (p=.000) correlated with science inquiry skill and affective domain of science. In conclusions, it appeared that the higher SRLA level of students in middle schools is, the higher level of science inquiry skill and affective domain of science is.

본 연구는 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 과학 수업이 초등학생의 과학 탐구 기능과 과학 태도 등 과학 학습에 미치는 효과를 분석하여 뇌친화적 학습 방법과 과학 학습의 효과에 대한 시사점을 제공하는 데 목적이 있다. 경상북도 소재 C초등학교 1개교, 5학년 2개 학급 학생 45명을 대상으로 6주간 ‘온도와 열’ 단원에 대해 실험반은 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 과학 수업을, 통제반은 전통적 교과서·지도서 기반 수업을 진행하였다. 과학 탐구 기능, 과학 태도에 대해 사전과 사후 검사를 실시하여 그 결과를 정량적·정성적 방법으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘온도와 열’ 단원에 해당하는 교육과정을 재구성한 후 학생들의 사고 과정과 학습 이해도를 평가할 수 있는 학생 과학 탐구 워크북 및 활동지를 활용하여, 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 과학 교수‧학습 프로그램 및 학습 자료를 개발하였다. 둘째, 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 과학 수업은 학생들의 기초 탐구 기능(관찰, 분류)과 통합 탐구 기능(변인통제)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타났다. 셋째, 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 과학 수업은 학생들의 과학 태도에 통계적으로 유의한 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 과학 태도의 하위영역인 호기심, 협동성 영역이 높게 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구 결과를 종합하면, ‘온도와 열’ 단원에 뇌기반 교수·학습모형을 적용한 수업은 전반적으로 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study were to examine the effects of brain-based science teaching and learning model on elementary students’ science learning such as scientific inquiry skills and science related attitudes; and to suggest positive effect on the brain-based science teaching and learning and learning of science. For this study, a total of 45 elementary students from two classes of the 5th grade in C elementary school in K province. In the experimental group, instruction using a brain-based science teaching and learning model was implemented on the unit of the Heat and Temperature and in the comparison group, a traditional instruction based on a textbook, textbook manual was implemented on the same unit. The major results of this study were as follows: First, analyzing the curriculum about the unit of the Temperature and Heat, the lesson goal and teaching-learning activities were reorganized from the science studies achievement For applying brain-based science teaching and learning model to the science learning, science teaching learning program and learning materials were developed. Second, the brain-based science teaching and learning failed to have significant influence upon the whole in the scientific inquiry skills of 5th grader for elementary school. However, it was indicated to have positive effect on the observation, classification function in the basic exploration function domain, on the controlling variables function in the integrated exploration function domain. Third, the brain-based science teaching and learning had a positive effect on the science related attitudes, especially curiosity, cooperativity in science related attitude domain. In conclusion, the brain-based science teaching and learning on the unit of Temperature and Heat was effective in the science learning.

This study analyzes both a scientific inquiry process required by the elementary 5th grade science textbook and students' current abilities on a scientific inquiry. The samples were 306 elementary school students(5th grade) in Seoul, and a questionnaire was used for this research. The results are as follows:1. There were total 151 elements of scientific inquiry in the 5th grade textbook. Elements of fundamental inquiry process were much more than those of integrated inquiry process. And the contents were consisted of observing, inferring, interpreting data, predicting, classifying, measuring, controlling variables, formulating hypotheses, generalizing and transforming data according to specific gravity. 2. The scores of fundamental inquiry were higher than those of integrated inquiry, and there was no significant difference between boys and girls. The students' abilities of scientific inquiry were good at predicting, measuring, classifying, observing, controlling variables, inferring, transforming data, generalizing, formulating hypotheses and interpreting data, in order. Among abilities of integrated inquiry, it is characteristic that controlling variable is very high. It is seemed that has been approving by observing, measuring and classifying experiments.3. Although there were few contents of measurement and expectation, students' abilities on them were better than expected. 4. Students' actual ability on interpreting data was the lowest despite its plenty in textbook, and more training is recommended accordingly.

This study analyzes both a scientific inquiry process required by the middle school 8th grade science textbook and students' current abilities on a scientific inquiry. The sample were 318 middle school students (8th grade) in Seoul, and a questionnaire used for this research was TSPS (The Test of Science Process Skill). The data were analyzed by SPSS statistical program. According to the results, the 8th grade science textbook puts focus on observing, inferring and interpreting data. A ratio of fundamental inquiry process was much more than that of integrated inquiry process. The 8th grade students' scores in basic inquiry skill were higher than those in integrated inquiry skill. Their abilities in scientific inquiry skills were good at classifying, predicting, observing, measuring, inferring, transforming data, controlling variables, interpreting data, generalizing, formulating hypotheses, in order. In the 8th grade science textbook, although there were few contents of classifying and expectation, students' abilities on them were better than expected. However, their abilities on inferring and interpreting data were low relatively despite its plenty in textbook. Also the contents about formulating hypotheses did not exist not at all, and students' abilities on that part were the lowest as well. Conclusively, learner' cognitive and understanding level should be considered in revising science curriculum and textbook in the future to improve a students' inquiry abilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of observation learning strategy based self- regulated learning to the unit of the science 'Life cycle of the animal' in the third grade of elementary science class, and as a result, it aims to find out what changes occur in elementary school students' scientific inquiry skill and self-regulated learning ability. The subjects of the study were arbitrarily selected as experimental and control groups in the third grade of elementary school in P-si, Gyeonggi- do. The control group suggested using the observation report presented in the teacher's guidebook. The experimental group presented to use an observation report applying an observation strategy based on self-regulated learning. As a result of this study, the observation strategy based on self-regulated learning in this study had a significant effect on improving students' self-regulated learning ability and scientific inquiry skill (p<.001). Therefore, it can be said that the observation strategy based on self-regulated learning in this study consists of a student-centered discovery observation class and helps elementary school students improve their self-regulated learning ability and scientific inquiry skill.

The present study was carried out to analyze the methods and skill elements of inquiry activity for the transpiration in the elementary and middle school science textbooks of the sixth and the seventh curricular. The results were summarized as follows. The total methods of inquiry activity for the transpiration appeared as nine categories such as observing stomata (28.3％), observing vapors in polyethylene bag or glass bottle (26.1％), measuring by meascylinder (19.6％), observing in test tube or Erlenmeyer flask (10.9％), environmental factors (4.3％), forming model (4.3％), observing by cobalt-test paper (2.2％), interpreting data (2.2％), and concept map (2.2％).In the case of the inquiry activities, the inquiry skill elements for the qualitative experiment of transpiration used in the elementary school level of the sixth curriculum as two kinds of observing (2.8%) and experimenting (2.8%), and the seventh curriculum as four kinds of observing (4.2%), predicting (2.8%), experimenting (2.8%) and discussion (2.8%). However in the middle school level both the quantitative and the qualitative experiments of transpiration were combined with. Compared with the sixth curriculum as three kinds of observing (16.7%), experimenting (11.1%) and measuring (5.5%), in the seventh curriculum the frequency of the inquiry skill elements was high as six categories of observing (19.4%), experimenting (11.1%), measuring (8.3%), manipulative skill (4.2%), controlling variables (1.4%), interpreting data (1.4%) and discussion (1.4%).

본 연구의 목적은, 2007년 개정 과학과 교육과정에서 강조되고 있는 자유탐구를 현장에 원활하게 적용하기 위한 구체적인 지도방안을 구안하여 그것에 따른 자유탐구 수업이 초등학생들의 과학적 태도와 과학탐구능력에 어떠한 영양을 미치는지 알아보고 또한 자유탐구를 지도한 교사들이 자유탐구에 대해 어떠한 인식을 가지고 있는지를 알아보는것이다. 연구대상은 부산광역시 소재의 동일한 급지에 속한 J 및 S 초등학교의 5학년 각각 1개 반이었다. 실험집단이 속한 J초등학교는 자유탐구 수업을, 비교집단이 속한 S초등학교는 전통적 방식으로 제7차 교육과정에 의한 수업을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 자유탐구 수업을 한 학생들은 전통적 방식의 수업을 학생들에 비해 과학적 태도에서의 평균 점수가 더 높게 나왔으나 유의미한 차이는 아니었다. 하지만 하위 요소별로 보았을 때 정직성과 비판성의 요소에서 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 자유탐구 수업을 한 학생들은 전통적 방식의 수업을 학생들에 비해서 과학탐구능력의 평균 점수도 높아졌을 뿐만이 아니라 그 차이는 p<.05의 수준에서 유의미한 것으로 나타났다. 특히 하위 영역에서 보았을 때 기초탐구능력에서 그러한 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 자유탐구를 지도한 교사들은 자유탐구에 대해‘학생들의 흥미를 높이고 과학탐구능력 향상을 위한 자기 주도적 문제 해결학습’이라 생각하였다. 교사들의자유탐구에 대한 부정적 인식척도는 환경 요인에 다소 높게 치우쳐 있어 환경 요인에 대한 요구가 많이 남아 있음을 보여준다. 그리고 교사들은 자유탐구의 장애요인으로서 주로 학생들의 경험이나 지식의 부족, 학급당 인원수 과다 등을 지적하였으며 자유탐구 정착을 위한 선행 조건으로는 자유탐구 지도를 위한 교육과정과 교재의 개발을 꼽았다.

The purpose of this study was to contrive the specific teaching plans based on the frame of 2007 revised science curriculum for applying open-inquiry lesson in real education situation and to research the effects of open-inquiry lesson on the student's science-related attitude, science process skill, and to investigate instructing teachers' cognition about open-inquiry. For this study, two fifth grade classes were chosen, one class was the experimental group, who were taught by open-inquiry based lesson, and another was the comparative group, who were taught by traditional method based lesson. The findings of this study were as follows: After open-inquiry lesson, the experimental group students came to enjoy open-inquiry learning and had the positive thought about it. After open-inquiry lesson, the experimental group marked higher mean score than the comparative group in science-related ttitude's field but didn't showed the meaningful difference. On the other hand, in science process skill's field, the experimental group showed the significant higher improvement than the comparative one, especially in the subordinate area of basic science process skill. Finally, teachers who instructed students open-inquiry lesson thought open-inquiry lesson is the self-directed problem solving learning which raise the student's science process skill and interest. And the teachers thought the obstacles to instruct open-inquiry lesson are the lack of the student's cognition about open-inquiry and the insufficient circumstance for open-inquiry lesson. Therefore the teachers argued that the prerequisite for settling open-inquiry lesson successfully is to develope open-inquiry lesson curricula and teaching materials.

본 연구의 목적은 과학 수업 시간에 비례, 보존, 변인 통제, 확률, 상관, 조합 논리 활동을 강화한 탐구 교수 전략을 개발하고 이를 적용함으로써 그 효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해서 논리적 사고력 강화 모형인 MCP(M: 동기 유발단계, C: 갈등 유발 단계, P: 문제 해결 단계)모형을 개발하였으며 이를 탐구 과정에 적용하여 논리적 사고력을 강화한 탐구 교수 모형을 개발하였다. 이 후 중학교 1학년 과학 교과서 내용에 있는 논리 사고 요소를 추출한 후에 이 논리 사고 요소들을 MCP 모형으로 변형하여 중학교 1학년용 탐구 과학 교수 전략들을 개발하였다. 대부분 구체적 조작 수준이거나 과도기 수준인 중학교 1학년 학생들을 대상으로 개발한 교수 전략을 2011년 5월부터 12월까지 60차시 동안 실시한 후 이 교수 전략이 논리적 사고력에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 그 결과 논리적 사고력은 유의미하게 향상되는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 특히 보존 논리, 변인 통제 논리, 조합 논리가 유의미하게 신장된 것으로 나타난 반면 비례 논리, 확률 논리, 상관 논리는 유의미한 향상이 없었다(p<.05). 이러한 교수 전략에 따른 논리적 사고력은 학생들의 인지 수준의 영향을 받고 있지 않은 것으로 나타났다(p<.05).

The purpose of this study was to develop teaching stratege focused on Conservational reasoning, Proportional reasoning, Variable-controlling reasoning, Probabilitic reasoning, Correlational reasoning, Combinational reasoning and investigate its effects on enhancing students' logical thinking skills through the science teaching on common education. And the teaching materials was implemented to 110 students in middle school over about six months. The results indicated that the experimental group presented statistically meaningful improvement in logical thinking skills (p<05). Especially, this teaching stratege was effective on Conservational reasoning, Variable-controlling reasoning, Combinational reasoning but was not effective on Proportional reasoning, Probabilitic reasoning, Correlational reasoning (p<.05). Logical thinking according to the teaching strategy skill was not affected by gender, cognitive level, academic achievement (p<.05).