Earticle

공사 중 발생되는 일부 콘크리트 폐수는 작업자, 관리자, 사용자가 인지하지 못하는 비점오염원의 형태로 우수/오수 관를 통해 유입되어 관리가 쉽지 않고 콘크리트 철거시 물과 결합되어 나오는 건설오니들은 일시적으로 소량 유출된 다. 이러한 특성 때문에 건설오니는 관리가 되지 않는 상태로 비점오염원의 형태로 하천 및 우수/오수관에 유입되고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 도로상 기설치된 콘크리트 옹벽 철거공법에 D.W.S공법(Diamond Wire Saw)을 적용하였 고, 이로 인해 발생된 콘크리트 오폐수를 이동식 오수처리 시설을 통해 물리/화학적 처리를 실시하고 제거효율 및 유 출수의 폐수배출 허용기준에 만족하는지를 검토하였다. 이에 공사중 이동식 오수처리 시설을 통해 물리/화학적 처리 로 BOD 73.5%, SS 89.1%제거를 통한 공사중 오폐수의 유출수 농도 기준을 만족하고자 한다. 또한 공사진행시 이동 식 오수처리 시설을 통한 물리화학적 처리 및 공사중 발생되는 오폐수 처리에 대한 환경보전비 산정의 적정성 및 경 제성 분석에 대해 검토하고자 한다.

Some concrete wastewater generated during construction is in the form of non-point pollution sources that workers, managers, and users are unaware of, and it is not easy to manage as it flows through sewage pipes. Due to these characteristics, construction sludge is inflow into rivers and sewage pipes in the form of non-point pollution sources in an unmanaged state. This study applied the D.W.S method to the concrete retaining wall removal method installed on the road, and the resulting concrete wastewater was physically and chemically treated through a mobile sewage treatment facility, and it was examined whether it met the removal efficiency and wastewater discharge acceptance standards. Accordingly, it is intended to meet the standards for effluent concentration of wastewater during construction by removing 73.5% of BOD and 89.1% of SS through physical and chemical treatment through portable sewage treatment facilities during construction. In addition, we would like to review the adequacy and economic analysis of calculating environmental conservation costs for physicochemical treatment through portable sewage treatment facilities and sewage treatment generated during construction.

본 연구에서는 침지형 MF평막을 적용한 MBR 파일럿 플랜트를 구성하여 현장실험을 통해 하수처리특성을 분석하고, 분리막의 플럭스와 막간차압을 측정하여 물리적 세정에 의한 파울링 저감효과와 운전특성을 분석하고자 하였다. 분리막 파울링을 저감하고자 처리수를 역세척 펌프를 통해 여과역방향으로 투과시키고 동시에 조대기포를 이용하여 분리막 표 면에 부착된 슬러지가 탈리되도록 물리적 세정방식을 적용하였다. 파일럿 플랜트 현장실험 기간 중 수질항목별 처리효율 은 평균값으로 SS 99.6%, BOD 97.8%, CODcr 96.3%, TN 78.5%, TP 95.7%로 나타났다. 현장실험을 통해 분리막의 막 간차압과 플러스를 측정한 결과, 막간차압은 초기 0.13 -bar에서 0.15 -bar로 증가하였으며, 플럭스는 1.35~1.66 m3/ m2·day(평균 1.50 m3/m2·day) 범위로 나타나 운전기간 경과에 따라 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 현재 적용된 MF분리막 의 수명증가와 안정적인 처리수량 및 운전압력을 확보하기 위해서는 물리적 세정방법 이외 추가적인 공정적용에 대한 검 토가 필요하며, 본 연구결과는 추가적인 공정적용 검토에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant with submerged microfiltration (MF) membrane was constructed and the characteristics of sewage treatment were analyzed through field test. Flux and TMP of membranes were measured to analyze the fouling reduction effect and operation characteristics by physical cleaning. In order to reduce membrane fouling, a physical cleaning method was applied to permeate the treated water through the backwash pump in the reverse direction of filtration and at the same time remove the sludge attached to the surface of the membrane by using coarse bubbles. The average treatment efficiency of water quality items during pilot plant field test was 99.6% for SS, 97.8% for BOD, 96.3% for CODcr, 78.5% for TN and 95.7% for TP. The TMP of the membrane were increased to 0.15 -bar at the initial 0.13 -bar, flux ranged from 1.35 to 1.66 (mean 1.50 m3/m2·day) and showed a tendency to decrease with the passage of time. In order to increase the lifetime of the MF membrane and to secure the stable treatment volume and operating pressure, it is necessary to examine the additional application process in addition to the physical cleaning method applied in this study. The results of this study can be used as basic data for further process application review.

본 연구는 전통 옻칠 기법을 이용하여 금속표면을 코팅하고, 물성을 평가하여 옻칠의 금속코팅 적용성 여부를 알아보고자 했다. 이를 위해 SS275 금속 시편(60*60 mm)과 원주 생칠을 이용하였다. 또한 칠 횟수(1, 2, 3)와 가열온도(120℃, 150℃)를 변이조건으로 설정하여 총 6개의 시편을 제작하였다. 분석은 색도측정, 접촉각 및 표면에너지 측정, 내약품성 시험, Cross-cut 시험 을 이용하였다. 분석결과 부식성이 개선되고 금속표면에 대한 옻칠의 밀착력이 우수함을 확인 하였다. 접촉각 및 표면에너지는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 또한 색도 역시 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 금속 표면에 옻칠이 진행되면 방수성 및 방식성이 좋아짐을 확인하였으 며, 적정한 옻칠 횟수와 가열온도를 확인하였다. 차후 경도와 마모율과 같은 물리적인 특성 연구 와 일정한 두께로 옻을 칠하는 방안을 연구하여 금속의 적용 가능성을 확인하고자 한다.

This study uses traditional lacquer techniques to coat the metal surface and evaluates its physical properties to check the applicability of the lacquer coating. For this purpose, a total of six specimens were produced by setting the variation conditions for the number of times (1, 2, 3) and the heating temperature (120℃, 150℃) using SS275 metal(60*60 mm) and ‘Wonju lacquer’. For analysis, chromaticity measurements, contact angle/surface energy measurements, Chemical Resistance, and cross-cut tests were used. The analysis showed that the corrosivity was improved and the adhesion of lacquer to the metal surface was excellent. There was no significant change in contact angle/surface energy. Also, there was no significant difference in color. Through this study, it was confirmed that lacquer on metal surfaces improves waterproofing and has a anticorrosion effect. We could also check the proper number of lacquer and heating temperature. Additional physical characteristics such as hardness and wear rate should be studied. It is also necessary to study how lacquer can be painted with a certain thickness.

이 연구에서는 석조문화재 강화제의 처리 효과를 정량적으로 규명하기 위해 화강석분과 포틀랜드시멘트를 이용하여 강도가 낮은 인공 다공질 시료를 제작하고, 여기에 4종의 알콕시실란계 강화제와 아크릴수지, 에폭시수지 등 상업화 된 6종의 강화제를 적용하여 처리 전과 후의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과, Silres BS OH 100은 밀도 및 표면 경도 향상에 효과적이며, 발수성의 SS-101과 친수성의 Site SX-RO는 염풍화에 대해 향상된 내구성을 보였다. Araldite 2020은 물리적 기능 향상에 가장 효과적이나, Syton HT-50 및 Paraloid B72는 낮은 침투율로 인해 표면 일부에 처리효과가 집중되어 전체적으로는 풍화에 취약한 것으로 나타났다.

In order to clarify the effect of consolidant, the artificial porous material with low intensity was manufactured using granite powder and Portland cement. We have prepared four kinds of alkoxysilane system consolidants, a acrylic resin and a epoxy resin and investigated about characteristics before and after consolidation. As a result of the research, Silres BS OH 100 was effective for density and surface hardness. SS-101 with hydrophobicity and Site SX-RO with hydrophilicity had the good durability over salts weathering. On the other hand, Syton HT-50 and Paraloid B72 were easily destructed by salt weathering because they were concentrated on surface area by the low penetration depth. Araldite 2020 was the most effective consolidant for improvement of physical properties.

뇌졸중 환자는 신체활동 저하로 삶의 질이 저하 된다. 뇌졸중 환자에게 신체활동 증진과 삶의 질 회복에 재활견과 걷기가 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구는 재활견과 걷기가 뇌졸중 환자의 삶의 질과 신체활동에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 본 연구를 위해 24명의 뇌졸중 환자가 모집되었다. 24명의 뇌졸중 환자를 모집하여 두 그룹으로 1:1 무작위 배정하였다. 결과측정에는 삶의 질 평가, 6분 보행, 악력평가를 수행하였다. 연구군은 주 1회, 8주 동안 재활견과 함께 걷기를 하였다. 연구 결과 연구군은 중재 후 뇌졸중 삶의 질, 6분 보행, 마비측 악력에 유의한 증가 가 있었다. 더하여 연구군은 대조군보다 삶의 질, 6분 보행, 마비측 악력에 유의한 개선을 보였다. 재활견과 걷기는 뇌졸중 후 삶의 질과 신체활동을 개선할 수 있는 하나의 좋은 중재 방법이 될 수 있다.

Rehabilitation dog-walking can be used to improve physical activity and restore QOL in stroke patients. This study investigated the effect of rehabilitation dog-walking on the QOL and physical activity of stroke patients. Twenty-four stroke patients were recruited for this study. Twenty-four stroke patients were randomized 1:1 into two groups. The evaluator measured stroke specific-quality of life (SS-QOL), six minute walk test, and maximal grip strength on the affected and non-affected side. The experimental group received gait training with a rehabilitation dog for 30 minutes once a week for 8 weeks. As a result of the study, there was a significant increase in SS-QOL, six minute walk test, and maximal grip strength on the affected side in the experimental group after the intervention. In addition, the experimental group showed significant improvement in SS-QOL, six minute walk test, and maximal grip strength on the affected side than the control group. Rehabilitation dog-walking may be an intervention method that can improve QOL and physical activity after stroke.

이 연구는 12주간 배드민턴교실에 참여하는 지체장애인들의 여가만족과 운동지속을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 A시, B장애인스포츠센터에서 운영하는 배드민턴교실에 참여를 희망하는 남자 지체장애인들 20명을 대상 으로 실험집단 10명과 통제집단 10명으로 구성하여 여가만족과 운동지속을 측정하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로 그램을 이용하여, 이원반복측정 분산분석(2-way[2] RM ANOVA)으로 실시하였으며, 모든 유의 수준은 .05로 설정 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 배드민턴교실 참여에 따른 지체장애인의 여가만족에 있어서 집단 간에는 환경적, 신체적 요 인에서 차이가 나타났고, 측정시점에 있어서는 모든 하위요인에서 차이가 나타났다. 또한 모든 하위요인의 집단과 측정 시점의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 배드민턴교실 참여에 따른 지체장애인의 운동지속에 있어서 집단 간에는 모든 하위요인인 경향성과 가능성에서 차이가 나타났고, 측정시점에 있어서는 가능성에서 차이가 나타났다. 또한 모든 하위 요인의 집단과 측정시점의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate leisure satisfaction and exercise duration of disabled people participating in badminton classroom for 12 weeks. The subjects of this study consisted of 10 experimental group and 10 control group of 20 male handicapped people who want to participate in the badminton classroom operated by the A and B disabled sports center. All data were analyzed using SS 21.0 and 2-way [2] RM ANOVA. All significance levels were set to .05. The results of this study are as follows: First, leisure and leisure satisfaction of disabled people due to participation in badminton class showed differences in environmental and physical factors. Also found an interaction effect of group and time measurement for all sub-factors. Second, there were differences in tendency and possibility among all sub - factors in the persistence of the physical disability people 's participation in the badminton classroom. Also found an interaction effect of group and time measurement for all sub-factors.

본 연구는 저학년 간호대학생의 우울 영향 요인을 탐색하기 위한 서술적 조사연구이다. 본 연구를 위해 S와 G지역의 종합대학 저학년 간호대학생 144명에게 신체증상, 수면의 질, 스트레스, 대학생활 적응, 우울로 구성된 자가보 고식 설문지로 자료를 수집하였다. 저학년 간호대학생의 우울은 평균 18.89점이며, 58.3%가 임상치료가 필요한 우울 증상을 경험하고 있었다. 우울 영향 요인으로 대학생활 적응(β=-.503, p =.000), 신체증상(β=.263, p =.000)순으로 나타 났고, 우울의 설명력은 58.9%로 나타났다. 이에 저학년 간호대학생의 우울을 조절하기 위해서 입학초기부터 기초학습 능력을 진단하고, 학습능력향상을 위한 수준별 맞춤형 프로그램 제공을 통해 학문적 적응을 돕는 지도관리 방안이 마련 되어야 할 것이다. 또한 다빈도로 경험하는 피로감/기운없음과 같은 신체증상을 완화하기 위한 다양한 중재프로그램의 개발 및 적용이 필요하다.

This study was conducted to identify factors affecting depression in junior nursing students(JNS). The number of the participants was 144 at a college in S and G city. The data were collected using questionnaires about somatic symptoms(SS), sleep quality, stress, adaptation to college life(AC), depression. Mean score of depression was 18.89, 58.3% are experiencing depression that requires clinical treatment. The significant predictors of JNS were levels of depression AC(β=-.503, p =.000) and SS(β=.263, p =.000) respectively, explaining 58.9% of variance. In order to control the depressive symptoms of JNS, it is necessary to diagnose basic learning ability from the beginning of admission and provide guidance management plans to help students adapt to academic activities by providing customized programs for each level to improve learning ability. It is necessary to develop and apply various intervention programs to alleviate physical symptoms such as fatigue/low energy experienced by JNS.

본 연구에서는 최근 새롭게 개정된 K-WAIS-IV를 통해 만성 조현병 환자 집단의 인지기능과 심리-사회적 기능 간 관련성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 만성 조현병 환자 40명을 대상으로 한국판 웩슬러 성인용 지능 검사(K-WAIS-IV), 간편 정신장애 평정 척도(BPRS), 독립생활기술 척도(ILSS), 사회적 행동 척도(SBS), 한국판 세계보건기구 삶의 질 단축형 척도(WHOQOL-BREF)를 사용하여 측정한 결과를 토대로 인지기능과 심리-사회적 기능의 관련성을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 성별, 연령과 같은 인구통계학적 특성 및 정신병리의 증상 심각도를통제한 경우에도 K-WAIS-IV의 토막짜기 소검사는 독립생활 기술의 집안정리 영역, 산수와 이해 소검사는 교통 활용 영역과 상관이 유의하였다. 또한 공통성, 이해, 순서화 소검사 및 처리속도 지표는 사회적 행동의 언어 영역, 어휘, 산수, 순서화 소검사는 대화내용 영역과 상관이 유의하였다. 나아가 동형찾기 소검사는 신체 영역에 대한 삶의 질과 상관이 유의하였다. 이러한 결과는 신경인지기능이 인구통계학적특성이나 정신병리의 증상 심각도를 통제하더라도 심리사회적 기능과 밀접한 관련이 있으며 개별적인 심리사회적 기능과 관련이 있는 인지기능에 차이가 있음을 시사한다.

The current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between cognitive function and psycho-social function in chronic schizophrenia patients using the recently revised K-WAIS-IV. K-WAIS-IV, BPRS, ILSS, SBS and WHOQOL-BREF was administered to 40 patients diagnosed with chronic schizophrenia. All scores were analyzed. In a partial correlation analysis, the results showed that even controlling for sex, age, and severity of psychopathology, the Block Design (BD) subtest was significantly correlated with the care of personal possessions in independent living skills and Arithmetic(AR) and Comprehension (CO) subtests were significantly correlated with the transportation in independent living skills. In addition, Similarity (SI), CO, and Letter-Number sequencing (LN) subtests, as well as Processing Speed Index (PSI) were significantly correlated with the language ability in social behavior. Moreover Vocabulary (VC), AR and LN subtests were significantly correlated with the contents of conversation in social behavior. In addition, Symbol Search (SS) were significantly correlated with the physical domain of quality of life. These findings suggest that there is a strong association between each cognitive function and psychosocial function, regardless of the severity of psychopathology or demographic characteristics.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between depression and cognitive-behavioral characteristics of caregivers using social problem solving inventory (SPSI), social support or conflict scale (SSS or SCS) and somatic symptoms (SS). Method: Fifty five couples of brain-injured patients and caregivers participated in this study. We conducted a questionnaire survey of caregivers with Beck depression index (BDI), SPSI, SSS, SCS and SS for cognitive-behavioral characteristics. And also we studied demographic factors of patients and caregivers, clinical features of brain-injured patients, care- giving duration and time per day through interview and review of medical records. The statistical analyses were performed by independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation test and linear regression analysis-stepwise method. Results: BDI of the caregivers showed a negative correlation with SPSI, SSS, patients’ MMSE and caregivers’ education level, also a positive correlation with SCS, SS and patients’ GDS (p＜0.05). And married caregivers showed more depressive mood (p＜0.05). Of these factors, the most influencing factors on BDI were GDS and SCS through linear regression analysis (p＜0.01). Conclusion: MMSE, GDS and education level as cognitive- mental factors rather than physical and economic strain had a statistical correlation with depression of caregivers. Especially, SPSI, SSS and SCS as cognitive-behavioral characteristics should be considered on evaluation of depression of caregivers and will be helpful for successful rehabilitation for patients and caregivers.

This study compared the effects of two dynamic stretching techniques, namely the contract- relax (C-R) method of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) and the mobilization with movement (MWM) technique with Mulligan movement, with static stretching (SS) on the gastrocnemius muscle in healthy adult males and females. The average age of the participants was 22.21 years (with a standard deviation of 2.11 years), and a total of 33 participants (14 males and 19 females) voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were divided into three groups: SS, C-R, and MWM, each group consisting of 11 individuals. Outcomes were evaluated through ultrasound, hand-held dynamometer, gastrocnemius muscle pennation angle, muscle tone, and ankle joint dorsiflexion strength and range of motion (ROM) measurements. Measurements were taken before and after applying the SS, C-R, and MWM techniques. Significant differences were observed in gastrocnemius muscle pennation angle, muscle tone, ankle dorsiflexion strength, and ROM before and after the interventions (p < 0.05). When comparing the results between groups, significant differences were found in muscle tone, ankle dorsiflexion strength, and ROM (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the pennation angle (p > 0.05). Therefore, based on the results of this study, it is recommended that for increasing ankle joint strength and ROM while reducing gastrocnemius muscle tone, the application of dynamic stretching techniques such as C-R and MWM is more advisable over using SS as a stretching method.

법과학자들은 범죄현장 증거물의 동정, 개별화 및 사건 재구성을 하기 위해 증거물을 기록, 인식, 분석 및 해석 능력이 요구되므로 응용과학 분야 실무 교육과 연계된 지식을 필요로 한다. New York에 위치하고 1964년에 설립된 John Jay 대학의 Criminal Justice는 지방, 주와 연방법 집행인을 위한 교육시설의 선두자로써 국제적으로 인정받고 있으며 그 중 Forensic science(법과학)학과는 800명 이상의 학부생과 석사과정의 학생이 범죄학, 분자생물학, 독성학의 세 분야에서 전공교육을 받을 수 있다. 법과학 전 공의 졸업생들은 FBI, DEA, ATF, USPS, SS, CIA, DOJ, 군대와 United States fish and Wildlife Services 와 같은 연방, 주, 지방 정부기관과 법과학, 독성학 실험실, 검시관/coroner offices, 병원, 대학, 경찰서에 서 활동하고 있다. 특수지인 감열, 감압지에 유류된 지문에 1,2-indanedione으로 현출하고 PCR-STR DNA profiles를 위한 추출방법이 확립되었다. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorohism (AFLP) profiles의 방법으로 40 Acerrubrum trees 개별화에 의한 식물 증거물의 종을 결정하기 위한 방법으로의 이용 가능성 을 확인하였으며 법곤충학에서의 응용가능성 및 앞으로의 연구과제 등에 대해 소개하였다.

Every crime leaves traces. This physical record is used by Forensic Scientists for identification, individualization, and reconstruction of the sequence of events. John Jay College of Criminal Justice is the only liberal arts college with a criminal justice focus in the United States. Founded in 1964 John Jay College is internationally recognized as a leader in forensic science and research. The faculty in the Department of Sciences at John Jay College specialize in various areas in the physical and biological sciences. Nationally recognized experts in the field of Forensic Science are housed at John Jay College. Graduates of John Jay College are well equipped to take advantage of the many opportunities available in forensic science and related fields. The research environment at John Jay is diverse and stimulating. Student and faculty present their research at local, national, and international conferences and publish in top-tier journals in the field. The effect of 1,2- indanedione on the ability to generate PCR-STR profiles from fingerprints deposited on thermal and carbonless paper was discussed. The development of genetic markers for botanical material using AFLP was presented.

In the digital era, news consumption is not confined in geological boundaries. Technological advances bring the instant dissemination of news into life and allow news audience to consume events that occur far away almost in real time. The transmission has blurred the boundary between traditional media and new media, and the one between physical and virtual world. That is, what if a journalist applies news framing to the news translation process? This paper aims to investigate the gap between the ST and the TT created when the source news texts undergo a translation process. To achieve this aim, the appraisal theory developed by White (2003) is employed to identify a difference between the ST and the TT. Furthermore, we have attempted to identify differences between soft news stories and hard news stories while the STs from both news stories are translated into the TTs. Two time-sensitive events, Hugh Grant’s marriage and a U.S. and North Korea summit, were selected. The former (a soft news story) is extracted from the Telegraph and the latter (a hard news story) is from the Washington post. As a result, it was found that such strategies as attitude, engagement, and judgment were used when the source news texts from the hard news story are translated into the target news texts. Under the appraisal theory, the strategies involve evaluative language which refers to positive or negative language that judges the worth of entities. In general, it is said that a journalist frames the SS (especially from the hard news story) to convey his ideology to news consumers. Hypothetically, we assume that a similar framing process takes place in deriving the TT from the SS of the hard news story. Thus, we could conclude that the TT from the hard news story differs from the TT from the soft news story and that the difference can be explained within the framework of White’s appraisal theory.

The performance analysis of wireless geolocation in a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environment is a very important issue. Since Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) determines the physical impossibility of the variance of an unbiased estimator being less than the bound, many studies presented the performance analysis in terms of CRLB. Several CRLBs for time-of-arrival (TOA), pseudo-range TOA, angle-of-arrival (AOA), and signal strength (SS) based positioning methods have been derived for NLOS environment. However, the performance analysis of time difference of arrival (TDOA) and TDOA/SS based geolocation techniques in a NLOS environment is still an opening issue. This paper derives the CRLBs of TDOA and TDOA/SS based positioning methods for NLOS environment. In addition, theoretical analysis proves that the derived CRLB for TDOA is the same as that of pseudo-range TOA and the TDOA/SS scheme has a lower CRLB than the TDOA (or SS) scheme.

The effects of annealing on the physical properties of poly(1-oxotrimethylene) (POTM) fibers were investigated in terms of draw ratio (DR). Annealing increased the degree of orientation with increasing DR. Analysis of wide angle X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra suggested that annealing caused crystal structure transition from the ${\beta}$-form to the ${\alpha}$-form, which had a denser and more perfect crystal structure. The ${\beta}$-form and ${\alpha}$-form crystals were favorably formed for as-spun fibers and DR 13 fibers, respectively. In the fiber of DR 4, a combination of both ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-form crystals was observed. Once the fiber was melted, no melt crystallization took place during cooling. Infrared spectra revealed that the melting process changed the chemical composition of POTM fibers by thermal decomposition, resulting in disappearance of the melt crystallization. In the stress-strain (SS) curve, the as-spun fibers exhibited yield behavior and a plateau region, while the drawn fibers gave a typical SS curve of brittle material without a plateau region. POTM fibers of DR 13 exhibited a significant increase in tensile modulus compared with as-spun and DR 4 fibers.

본 논문에서는 셀룰러 방송(cellular broadcast)을 위한 LTE (long term evolution) 기반 5G (fifth-generation) MBMS (multimedia broadcast and multicast services)와 5G NR (new radio)의 PBCH (physical broadcast channel) 검출 성능을 평가하고 5G NR의 PBCH 검출 성능을 향상시키는 방법을 제시한다. 시간 영역에서 수신 신호와 모든 가능한 PSS (primary synchronization signal)의 상관(correlation)을 계산하고, 상관 값을 결합(combining)하여 SS/PBCH 블록의 시작 위치와 프레임 동기를 획득한다. 또한, PBCH 검출 성능 향상을 위해 프레임 내에 존재하는 모든 SS/PBCH 블록에 포함된 PBCH 신호를 결합하는 방법을 제시한다. 본 논문에서 적용한 PBCH 결합 방법에 대한 성능을 평가하고 기존 LTE 기반 5G MBMS의 PBCH 검출 성능과 비교한다. 전산 실험 결과는 가산 백색 가우시안 잡음(additive white Gaussian noise: AWGN) 환경과 고정 및 이동 환경에서 5G NR의 PBCH를 결합함으로써 검출 성능이 향상되고 기존 LTE 기반 5G MBMS 보다 우수한 성능을 보여준다.

This paper presents an improved scheme for detection of the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) in long-term evolution (LTE)-based fifth-generation (5G) multimedia broadcast and multicast services (MBMS) and 5G new radio (NR) for cellular broadcast. In the time domain, by combining the correlations between the received signal and primary synchronization signal (PSS) within all SS/PBCH blocks, the frame synchronization and the start position of the SS/PBCH blocks can be obtained. In this paper, to improve the detection performance of PBCH for 5G NR, a combining scheme of PBCH signals within a frame is proposed. In addition, the performance of the proposed detection scheme is evaluated and the performance is compared with the conventional scheme for PBCH detection of LTE-based 5G MBMS. The simulation results show that the detection performance of PBCH for 5G NR is improved by combining the PBCH signals and outperforms LTE-based 5G MBMS under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), fixed, and mobile environments.

본 연구에서는 수용액에서 Pb(II)를 흡착 제거하기 위하여 커피찌꺼기(spent coffee grounds; SCG)와 점토광물인 견운모(sericite)를 혼합하여 복합흡착제(SS)를 제조하였다. FT-IR 분석결과 SS의 주요 관능기는 O-H, C=O와 C-N 그룹이었다. SS의 비표면적, 기공직경 그리고 양이온 치환 용량은 SCG와 sericite보다 크고, 높았다. SS 흡착제 제조를 위한 최적의 조건은 소성온도 $300^{\circ}C$, SCG : sericite 비율 8 : 2, 입자의 크기는 0.3 mm이었다. SS 흡착제를 이용하여 Pb(II)를 제거하기 위한 실험에서는 Langmuir 흡착식이 Freundlich보다 적합하였으며, Langmuir 등온흡착식에 의한 Pb(II)의 최대 흡착용량은 44.42 mg/g이었다. 또한, 열역학 분석에 의하면 SS 흡착제를 이용한 Pb(II)의 흡착 공정은 물리적인 흡착이었으며, 자연적인 발열반응이었다. SS 흡착제의 흡착-탈착 실험에서는 88-92%를 회수할 수 있었으나, 탈착 횟수가 증가할수록 SS 흡착제의 활성사이트는 감소하였다. 위의 실험결과 SS 흡착제는 전처리 없이 저렴하고, 효율적으로 Pb(II)를 수용액에서 흡착 제거할 수 있다.

In this study, hybrid adsorbents (SS) were prepared by mixing spent coffee grounds (SCG) and sericite, a kind of clay minerals, to adsorb Pb(II) from an aqueous solution. In FT-IR analyses, the main functional groups of SS adsorbents were O-H, C=O and C-N groups. The specific surface area, cation exchange capacity and the pore diameter of SS were larger than those of using SCG and sericite. Formation conditions of the SS adsorbent were the optimum pyrolysis temperature of $300^{\circ}C$, SCG : sericite ratio of 8 : 2, and particle size of 0.3 mm. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was more suitable than Freundlich one, and the maximum adsorption capacity was reached 44.42 mg/g. As a result of the adsorption thermodynamic analysis, the adsorption of Pb(II) onto SS was the physical adsorption and exothermic process in nature. The regeneration of SS adsorbent using distilled water showed 88~92% recovery and the active site of SS adsorbent decreased with increasing the reuse cycle time. As a result, SS adsorbent showed that it can be used to remove Pb(II) easily, inexpensively and efficiently without any pre-treatment from aqueous solutions.

2007년 4월부터 2008년 10월까지 갑천의 자연형 구간 가운데 7개 지점을 선정하여 각 서식처별 어류군집의 생태적 특성을 연구하였다. 조사지점은 폐쇄형 웅덩이(Closed pool), 평여울(Runs), 급여울(Riffles), 내만형 웅덩이(Opened pool), 소(Pool), 징검여울(Rock-scattered riffles), 댐형 웅덩이(D-type pool)등으로 구분하였다. 채집된 어류는 총 8과 29종이 출현하였으며, 서식처를 대표하는 표징종은 붕어 (Corassius ouratus, St. 1), 쉬리 (Coreoleuciscus splendidus, St. 3), 납자루(Acheilognathus lanceolatus, St. 4), 피라미 (Zacco platypus St. 2, 5, 6, 7) 정도로 구분하였다. 붕어(C. auratus)는 폐쇄형 웅덩이(St. 1)와 같이 하상구조가 대부분 모래로 구성되고 수심은 65$\sim$90 cm 정도로 다소 깊으며 유속이 거의 정체된 수역을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 쉬리 (C. splendidus)는 급여울(St. 3)과 같이 수심이 8$\sim$38cm정도, 유속 $0.14\sim0.85\;m\;sec^{-1}$ 정도, 그리고 하상구조는 작은돌과 조약돌이 산재된 곳에 주로 서식하며 유속이 빠르기 때문에 BOD, COD, TN, TP, SS의 농도는 낮으며 DO는 높게 나타나는 곳을 선호하였다. 납자루(A. lanceolatus)는 개방형 웅덩이 (St. 4)와 같이 수심이 3$\sim$44cm정도,유속은 $0.01\sim0.02\;m\;sec^{-1}$로 낮은 수심과 느린 유속을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 피라미 (Z. platypus)는 평 여울(St. 2), 소(St. 5), 징검 여울(St. 6)댐형 웅덩이(St. 7)등 여러 서식처에서 우점하였는데 주로 유량이 풍부하고 하상구조가 다양한 지점을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 징검여울(St. 6)에서 미호종개(Iksookimia choii)가 4개체 출현하였는데 본 연구에서 출현한 미호종개(I. choii)의 서식지는 하폭 24 m 정도, 수심 이 3$\sim$35 cm 정도, 유속은 $0.01\sim0.49\;m\;sec^{-1}$ 정도를 나타내며 하상구조는 큰돌부터 모래까지 다양한 구조를 이루고 있었다. 또한 수질측정 결과 수온, EC, BOD, COD, TN, TP의 농도가 비교적 낮게 나타났고 DO, SS의 농도가 비교적 높은 범위를 나타내어 이와 비슷한 물리, 화학적인 서식 환경이 조성되어야만 미호종개(I. choii)가 서식할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The natural type section of Gap Stream was divided into 7 sites, such as, closed pool, runs, riffle, opened pool, pool, reek-scattered riffle, and Dam-type pool. The ecological characteristics of fish community at each site was examined from April, 2007 to October, 2008. During the survey period, 29 species belonging to 8 families were collected, and Carassius auratus (St. 1), Coreoleuciscus splendidus (St. 3), Acheilognathus lanceolatus (St. 4) and Zacco platypus (St. 2, 5, 6, 7) were characteristic species that represent each habitat. The species of C. auratus preferred physical habitat with sand-bottom pool, moderate depth of 65$\sim$90 cm, and stagnant water. The species of C. splendidus mainly preferred physical habitat with cobbles and pebbles are scattered riffles (St. 3), moderate depth of 65$\sim$90 cm, and flow velocity is 0.14$\sim$0.85 m $sec^{-1}$. It also preferred where concentration of BOD, COD, TN, TP and SS is low and DO's value is high, because the flow velocity is fast. A. lanceolatus preferred where the depth of water is low (3$\sim$44 cm) like an opened pool (St. 4) and the flow velocity is slow (0.01$\sim$0.02 m $sec^{-1}$). Z. platypus dominated in a variety of habitats such as runs (St. 2), pool (St. 5), rock-scattered riffles (St. 6) and D-type pool (St. 7), and it preferred places where flow is abundant and riverbed structure is diverse. On the other hand, 4 individuals of Iksookimia choii appeared at reek-scattered riffles (St. 6). I. choii appeared in this research lived in where the width of river is 24 m, the depth of water is 3$\sim$35 cm and the flow velocity is 0.01$\sim$0.49 m $sec^{-1}$, and riverbed structure was diversely formed with boulder to sand. Also, water temperature, EC, BOD, COD, TN and TP was low, but concentrations of DO and SS were high comparatively. Therefore, it seems that I. choii can live only in physical and chemical environment with similar conditions.

본 연구에서는 계면활성제인 수크로오스스테아릭애씨드(sucrose stearate, SS)의 비율(0.25 ~ 1 mg/mL)을 변화시켜 노르빅신을 함유한 탄성 리포좀(norbixin loaded elastic liposomes, NELs)을 제조하여 물리적 특성, 피부 투과성, 광안정성 및 항산화 활성 변화를 평가하였다. NELs의 평균 직경은 80.6 ~ 113.8 nm, 제타 전위 -22.2 ~ -33.9 mV, 가변형성 7.3 ~ 16.1 및 포집 효율 40.5 ~ 58.6%로 측정되었다. 0.05% 노르빅신이 함유된 NEL은 1 mg/mL의 SS (NEL-5)가 존재할 때 가장 높은 포집 효율, 제타 전위 및 가변형성이 관찰되었으며, 이후 경피 투과에 사용하였다. Blue LED (10 W/m²) 조사 하에서 NEL은 담지되지 않은 노르빅신에 비해 높은 광안정성과 항산화 활성이 측정되었다. NEL-5는 일반 리포좀 및 부틸렌글라이콜 용액보다 피부 각질층에 더 많이 유지되었다. 이러한 결과는 계면활성제로서 SS를 이용하면 NEL의 물리화학적 특성을 안정화시키고 활성 성분의 각질층 전달을 효율적으로 할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, norbixin loaded elastic liposomes (NELs) containing norbixin were prepared by changing the ratio (0.25 to 1 mg/mL) of sucrose stearate (SS), a surfactant, to evaluate changes in physical properties, skin permeability, light stability, and antioxidant activity. The average diameter of the NELs ranged from 80.6 to 113.8 nm, with zeta potential from 22.2 to 33.9 mV, deformability from 7.3 to 16.1, and loading efficiency from 40.5 to 58.6%. In the 0.05% norbixin-loaded elastic liposome, the highest loading efficiency, zeta potential, and deformability were observed in 1 mg/mL of SS (NEL-5). Under blue LED (10 W/m²), NEL showed higher photostability and antioxidant activity compared to unencapsulated norbixin. Due to its high stability and encapsulation efficiency, NEL-5 formulation was subsequently used for transdermal permeation. Furthermore, the NEL-5 has been shown to retain more in the stratum corneum of the skin than general liposome and 1,3-butylene glycol solution. These results confirm that the use of SS as a surfactant can stabilize the physicochemical properties of NELs and efficiently deliver active ingredients to the stratum corneum.

3D 프린팅 FDM방식의 재료인 필라멘트 중 차폐성능을 지닌 필라멘트는 국내에 판매되지 않고 있으며 관련 연구도 미비하다. 이에 본 연구는 금속 입자가 함유된 필라멘트의 물성과 방사선의 차폐능력을 평가하여 3D 프린트를 이용한 방사선 차폐체 개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 금속입자 강화재가 함유된 금속 필라멘트 5가지를 선정 후 ASTM의 평가방법을 이용하여 인장강도, 밀도, XRD, 무게측정 등 물성을 평가하고 방사선 차폐능력을 알아보기 위하여 한국산업표준의 방호용구류 시험방법에 따라서 방사선 차폐율을 구하였다. 인장강도는 PLA + SS가 가장 높았고 ABS + W가 가장 낮았으며 밀도는 ABS + W 가 3.13 g/cm3으로 가장 높게 나타났다. XRD결과 시편의 표면의 입자의 XRD peak 패턴이 각 입자 강화재 분말 금속의 패턴과 일치함을 확인 할 수 있어 프린트된 시편이 분말금속이 함유 되었음을 확인하였다. 3D 프린트 복합 필라멘트별 차폐효과는 ABS + W, ABS + Bi, PLA + SS, PLA + Cu, PLA + Al의 순서로 실효원자번호와 밀도에 비례하여 차폐율이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 강화재로 금속 분말이 함유된 금속입자 복합 필라멘트는 방사선의 차폐능력을 가지는 것이 확인되었으며 향후 방사선 차폐용 필라멘트의 사용가능성을 확인하였다.

It is hard to get Filaments which are materials of the 3D printing Fused Deposition Modeling(FDM) method as radiation shielding in Korea. and also related research is insufficient. This study aims to provide basic data for the development of radiation shields using 3D printing by evaluating the physical properties and radiation shielding capabilities of filaments containing metal particles. after selecting five metal filaments containing metal particle reinforcement materials, the radiation shielding rate was calculated according to the Korean Industrial Standard's protective equipment test method to evaluate physical properties such as tensile strength, density, X-ray Diffraction(XRD), and weight measurement using ASTM's evaluation method. In the tensile strength evaluation, PLA + SS was the highest, ABS + W was the lowest, and ABS + W is 3.13 g/cm³ which value was the highest among the composite filaments in the density evaluation. As a result of the XRD, it may be confirmed that the XRD peak pattern of the particles on the surface of the specimen coincides with the pattern of each particle reinforcing material powder metal, and thus it was confirmed that the printed specimen contained powder metal. The shielding effect for each 3D printed composite filament was found to have a high shielding rate in proportion to the effective atomic number and density in the order of ABS + W, ABS + Bi, PLA+SS, PLA + Cu, and PLA + Al. In this study, it was confirmed that the metal particle composite filament containing metal powder as a reinforcing material has radiation shielding ability, and the possibility of using a radiation shielding filament in the future.

본 연구에서는 전기방사를 통해 제조되는 dope solution의 원료인 다양한 Polymer [PAN (Polyacrylonitrile), PU (Polyuretane), PSU (Polysulfone)]와 용매[NMP (N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone), DMF (Dimethylformamide)]를 이용하여 다양한 물성의 나노섬유 물질을 구현하고, 이의 flux 특성과 SS (Suspended Solids) 분리 성능을 평가하여 제조된 섬유의 수처리 분리막으로서의 적용성을 확인하였다. 또한 SEM 분석을 통해 제조된 소재의 표면 분석을 수행하여, 섬유의 직경, 균일성 및 직진성 확인을 통해 flux, SS 분리 성능의 원인을 확인하였다. 추후 나노섬유 수처리 분리막 제조공정에서의 첨가제 투입을 통해 막 파울링, 기계적 강도 등의 문제를 해결할 수 있을 것으로 예상되며, 촉매 기능이 첨가된 수처리용 분리막 제조를 위한 기초 인자로써 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In this study, nano fibers with various physical properties were materialized by using a variety of polymers [PAN (Polyacrylonitrile), PU (Polyuretane), PSU (Polysulfone)] which are raw materials of dope solution manufactured for electrospinning and solvents [NMP (N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone), DMF (Dimethylformamide)] and evaluated characteristics of their flux and SS (Suspended Solids) separation and then ascertained application of manufactured fibers as separation membrane for water treatment. In this study, analysis of surface of manufactured material was carried out through SEM analysis to ascertain the cause of flux and SS separation performance by checking diameter, uniformity and straightness of fiber. If additive is used in manufacturing nano fiber water treatment separation membrane, it is expected to solve problems such as membrane fouling and mechanical strength and to be used as basic factor for manufacturing separation membrane with catalyst function added.