Earticle

This paper presents the analysis and experiment results on the electrical and thermal characteristics of metal insulation (MI) REBCO racetrack coil, which was wound with stainless steel (SS) tape between turn–to–turn layers, under rotating magnetic field and conduction cooling system. Although the field windings of superconducting rotating machine are designed to operate on a direct current, they may be subjected to external magnetic field due to the unsynchronized armature windings during electrical or mechanical load fluctuations. The field windings show the voltage and magnetic field fluctuations and the critical current reduction when they are exposed to an external magnetic field. Moreover, the cryogenic cooling conditions are also identified as the factors that affect the electrical and thermal characteristics of the HTS coil because the characteristic resistance changes according to the cryogenic cooling conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effect of external magnetic field on the electrical and thermal characteristics of MI–SS racetrack coil for further development reliable HTS field windings of superconducting rotating machine. First, the major components of the experiment test (i.e., HTS racetrack coil construction, armature winding of 75 kW class induction motor, and conduction cooling system) were fabricated and assembled. Then, the MI racetrack coil was performed under liquid nitrogen bath and conduction cooling conditions to estimate the key parameters (i.e., critical current, time constant, and characteristic resistance) for the test coil in the steady state operation. Further, the test coil was charged to the target value under conduction cooling of 35 K then exposed to the rotating magnetic field, which was generated by three phrase armature windings of 75 kW class induction motor, to investigate the electrical and thermal characteristics during the transient state.

In order to find out the musical features of the Ci Yue works of women writers in the Song Dynasty, this paper confirms all the wo rks of women writers in the Song Dynasty that have survived as c i collections and music scores, and interprets the music features of women writers in the Song Dynasty. This manuscript identifies the features of the Song Dynasty femal e writers’ Ci Yue works, identifies all recorded Song Dynasty femal e Ci Yue(詞樂) writers and their works, and analyzes the musical features of Song Dynasty female Ci Yue. All kinds of word sets and music sets of Ci Yue were statisticall y sorted out, and the development process of Ci Yue was sorted ou t. 〈Song of Bai Shi Dao Ren〉by Jiang Kui in Song Dynasty is t he only Song Dynasty ci score that has been preserved, but it does not include female works. In the collection of Poems in the Grass Hall, there are many female works, and many female works were a dded in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Based on the female ci recor ded in 〈Cao Tang Shi Yu〉 and the study of various ancient music scores, it can be confirmed that there are four kinds of music score s for recording female Ci Yue, which are left over in China and Jap an in the 17th century, 〈Wei’s Music〉, 〈Jiugong Dacheng North-S outh Ci Gong Music〉 and 〈Sui Jin Ci Music〉, 23 female Ci Yue works of the Song Dynasty, 16 writers and 25 scores can be seen. In order to understand the meaning of lyrics and music in the wo rks of female writers, the authors were first divided into upper clas s, common class, and lower class according to their identities, and t he worldview of the lyrics in the works of each class was observe d. Taking advantage of the education and social environment of the ruling class, women of the upper class left a relatively large numbe r of works, as well as many works with themes of love and patriot ism. The works of common women, based on the education they received in their families, generally express the personal emotions of men and women in love and family life. In addition, the lower-class female writers who used to be geisha or maidservants mainly expre ss their resistance to fate and longing for free love in their works d ue to the particularity of their status and occupation. In order to grasp the characteristics of female ci music works, th e composition, rhythm, rhythm and music category are observed. Th e result shows that the female works mainly use the FanZi(凡字)k ey (1=e) and the XiaoGong(小工) key (1=d). The works of the uppe r class women are mainly in seven-tone mode, with the most “Ling” and the second most “Man”. The Meter(節拍) are mainly 2/4 and 4/4. The works of civilian women are mainly in pentatonic mode, a nd the Meter(節拍) are mostly in 2/4 time and Senza Misura(自由節 奏). The number of “Ling” and “Yin or Jin” is more. The works of lower-class women are mainly in pentatonic mode, and the Meter is Senza Misura(自由節奏). There are a large amount of “Ling” and “Y in” in the works. As mentioned above, this manuscript is a translation and musical analysis of ancient music scores from the 17th century, and attempt s to reinterpret the results in the development of Song Ci Yue. The result proves that female Ci Yue in Song Dynasty developed in vari ous forms, and its musical characteristics were developed to the extent that it was clearly distinguished by class. Through this study, we got rid of the previous research on female ci music and proved that it is possible to study music. This paper puts forward the nece ssity of changing the perspective and method of Chinese women’s music research in the future.

This study presents the experiment and simulation results on the magnetic field response and electrical stability behaviors of noinsulation (NI) and metal insulation with stainless steel tape (MI-SS) which wound in form of racetrack type coils. First of all, the structural design of the racetrack type bobbin was shown along with its parameters. Then, the current-voltage tests were carried out to measure the critical current of both test coils. Also, the sudden discharging and charging tests were performed in the steady state to estimate the decay field time and magnetic field response, respectively. Finally, the overcurrent tests were conducted in the transient state to investigate the electrical stability of these test coils. Based on the experimental results, the contact surface resistances were calculated and applied to the field coils (FCs) of 10-MW-class second generation high temperature superconducting generator (2G HTSG) used in wind offshore environment. The charging delay time and electrical stability for NI and MI-SS HTS FCs of 10-MW-class 2G HTSG are analyzed by the equivalent circuit model and the key parameters which were obtained from the electromagnetic finite element analysis results.

Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) injury is a severe complication associated with mandibular third molar (MM3) extraction. Consequently, the likelihood of IAN injury must be assessed before performing such an extraction. However, existing deep learning methods for classifying the likelihood of IAN injury that rely on mask images often suffer from limited accuracy and lack of interpretability. In this paper, we propose an automated system based on panoramic radiographs, featuring a novel segmentation model SS-TransUnet and classification algorithm CD-IAN injury class. Our objective was to enhance the precision of segmentation of MM3 and the mandibular canal (MC) and classification accuracy of the likelihood of IAN injury, ultimately reducing the occurrence of IAN injuries and providing a certain degree of interpretable foundation for diagnosis. The proposed classification algorithm achieved an accuracy of 0.846, surpassing deep learningbased models by 3.8 %, confirming the effectiveness of our system.

이 연구는 12주간 배드민턴교실에 참여하는 지체장애인들의 여가만족과 운동지속을 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 A시, B장애인스포츠센터에서 운영하는 배드민턴교실에 참여를 희망하는 남자 지체장애인들 20명을 대상 으로 실험집단 10명과 통제집단 10명으로 구성하여 여가만족과 운동지속을 측정하였다. 모든 자료는 SPSS 21.0 프로 그램을 이용하여, 이원반복측정 분산분석(2-way[2] RM ANOVA)으로 실시하였으며, 모든 유의 수준은 .05로 설정 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 배드민턴교실 참여에 따른 지체장애인의 여가만족에 있어서 집단 간에는 환경적, 신체적 요 인에서 차이가 나타났고, 측정시점에 있어서는 모든 하위요인에서 차이가 나타났다. 또한 모든 하위요인의 집단과 측정 시점의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 둘째, 배드민턴교실 참여에 따른 지체장애인의 운동지속에 있어서 집단 간에는 모든 하위요인인 경향성과 가능성에서 차이가 나타났고, 측정시점에 있어서는 가능성에서 차이가 나타났다. 또한 모든 하위 요인의 집단과 측정시점의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate leisure satisfaction and exercise duration of disabled people participating in badminton classroom for 12 weeks. The subjects of this study consisted of 10 experimental group and 10 control group of 20 male handicapped people who want to participate in the badminton classroom operated by the A and B disabled sports center. All data were analyzed using SS 21.0 and 2-way [2] RM ANOVA. All significance levels were set to .05. The results of this study are as follows: First, leisure and leisure satisfaction of disabled people due to participation in badminton class showed differences in environmental and physical factors. Also found an interaction effect of group and time measurement for all sub-factors. Second, there were differences in tendency and possibility among all sub - factors in the persistence of the physical disability people 's participation in the badminton classroom. Also found an interaction effect of group and time measurement for all sub-factors.

트랜스포머 모델의 핵심 요소인 토크나이저는 숫자 형태의 데이터를 제대로 이해하지 못한다. 따라서 패킷 페이로드 를 문장처럼 학습하여 실제 네트워크에서 동작 가능한 트랜스포머 기반의 침입탐지 모델을 구축하기 위해서는 16진수 형태의 패킷 페이로드를 문자 형태로 변환하는 것이 필요하다. 이러한 문제 인식 하에 본 연구에서는 3종의 문자 인코 딩 방식을 적용하여 패킷 페이로드를 숫자 및 문자 형태로 변환한 후 트랜스포머 모델에 학습시키면서 모델의 탐지성 능이 어떻게 달라지는지를 분석하였다. 성능 분석 실험을 위한 데이터세트는 UNSW-NB15 데이터세트에 포함된 PCAP 파일에서 패킷 페이로드를 추출하여 구성하였으며, 학습 모델은 RoBERTa를 사용하였다. 실험 결과, ISO-8859-1 인코딩이 이진분류 및 다중분류에서 가장 우수한 성능을 달성하는 것으로 확인되었으며, 토큰의 수를 512 개로 설정하고 최대 에포크를 15회로 증가한 경우에 다중분류 정확도가 88.77%까지 향상되었다.

A tokenizer, which is a key component of the Transformer model, lacks the ability to effectively comprehend nu merical data. Therefore, to develop a Transformer-based intrusion detection model that can operate within a real-w orld network environment by training packet payloads as sentences, it is necessary to convert the hexadecimal pack et payloads into a character-based format. In this study, we applied three character encoding methods to convert pa cket payloads into numeric or character format and analyzed how detection performance changes when training the m on transformer architecture. The experimental dataset was generated by extracting packet payloads from PCAP fi les included in the UNSW-NB15 dataset, and the RoBERTa was used as the training model. The experimental resul ts demonstrate that the ISO-8859-1 encoding scheme achieves the highest performance in both binary and multi-cla ss classification. In addition, when the number of tokens is set to 512 and the maximum number of epochs is set to 15, the multi-class classification accuracy is improved to 88.77%.

최근 디자인영역에서 사회가 가지고 있는 문제나 이슈를 협업으로 해결해가는 소셜디자인 프로젝트가 주목되고 있다. 연구의 목적은 사회적 문제를 디자인비즈니스 관점에서 해결 하는 실행과정 속에 학습적 만족도를 높이는 것이다. 본 연구 는 교양교육과정인 ʻ디자인비즈니스ʼ 강좌로 문제기반학습(P BL)을 적용하여 진행되었다. 첫 번째 설계 단계에서는 PBL 수업의 가장 큰 특징인 ‘좋은 문제’를 제시하기 위해 프로젝 트 기획 단계에서 전문가 집단의 점검을 실시하였고, 학습자 에게 ‘푸드트럭 생산 및 판매’ 와 ‘푸드트럭 운영’ 등 2가지 프 로젝트를 제시하였다. 학습자는 2가지 프로젝트 중 관심 있는 주제를 선택하여 팀을 구성하였다. 실행단계에서는 문제해결 을 위한 방법으로 문제 탐색, 문제 공감, 문제 재확인 등 과정 별로 제시하였다. 문제 해결안 생성 과정에서는 전략분석, 이 미지분석, 경영분석의 등의 순서로 진행하였다. 이러한 문제 해결 과정 속에서 학습자는 팀 내에서의 역할분담과 문제에 대한 토론 및 협의의 과정들을 반복 학습함으로써 자기성찰 과 실행이 가능하였다. 마지막 평가 단계에서는 프로젝트의 실행단계평가와 학습자만족도 평가를 통해 디자인교육 프로 그램을 검증할 수 있었다. 그 결과 PBL수업을 적용한 디자인 교육 프로그램 개발은 사회 문제를 해결할 수있는 중추적 역 할로써 디자인 분야임을 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 PBL수업 을 경험한 학습자들은 변화하는 사회의 다양한 문제를 인식 하고 해결하는데 도움이 될 것으로 기대한다.

Recently, In the field of design, there is a growing focus on social design projects that address societal problems and issues through collaborative efforts, garnering signifi cant attention. The purpose of the study is to increase lea rning satisfaction in the implementation process of solvin g social problems from the perspective of design busines s through teamwork in the liberal arts course. This study was conducted by applying problem-based learning to th e 'Design Business' class, a liberal arts course. First, ‘go od problems' were presented to learners through a group of experts to select topics, which are the biggest characte ristics of PBL classes. It is two projects -'Production and Sales of Food Trucks' and 'Operation of Food Trucks'. The learner formed a team by selecting a topic of interest among the two projects. In the implementation stage, it was possible to find solutions for problem solving by pro cess, such as problem exploration, problem empathy, and problem identification for problem solving by team. In the process of preparing the problem-solving plan, it was co nducted in the order of strategic analysis, image analysis, and management analysis. In this problem-solving proce ss, learners were able to self-reflect and implement by re peatedly learning the process of role-sharing and discuss ion and consultation on problems within the team. In the final evaluation stage, the design education program coul d be verified through evaluation of the execution stage of the project and evaluation of learner satisfaction. As the result, development of design education programs with P BL applied is confirmed as a field of design, as a pivotal roles in solving social problems. PBL class experience wi ll help the learners recognize and solve various problems in a changing society.

Dirty water is the world's biggest health risk. When water from rain roads into rivers, it picks up toxic chemicals, dirt, trash and disease-carrying organisms along the way. Many of our water resources lack basic protections, making them vulnerable to pollution from factory farms and industrial plants. Due to that, a classification model is needed to present the quality of the water environment. In this paper, the data mining techniques are used in this research by applying the classification method for water quality application. Various classifiers were studied in order to find the most accurate classifier for the dataset. This paper presents the comparison of accuracies for the five classifiers (NB, MLP, J48, SMO, and IBk) based on a 10-fold cross validation as a test method with respect to water quality from the datasets of Kinta River, Perak Malaysia. This study also explores which classifier is suitable to classify the dataset. The selected attributes used in this study were: DO Sat, DO Mgl, BOD Mgl, COD Mgl, TS Mgl, DO Index, AN Index, SS Index, Class, and Degree of pollution. The data consisted of 166 instances and obtained from the East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI) of Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA). The result of MLP and IBk performed better than other classifiers for Kinta River dataset because these classifiers showed the highest accuracy with the same percentage of 91.57%. In the future, we will propose the multiclassifier approach by introducing a fusion at a classification level between these classifiers to get a higher accuracy of classification.

COVID-19로 인하여 우리 사회 전반에 걸쳐 변화가 요구 됨에 따라 비대면 온라인수업은 교육 분야의 핵심 화두가 되 었다. 본 연구는 비대면 수업을 위한 플립러닝 수업모형을 개 발, 이를 대학의 디자인 전공자에게 적용하여 동기 유발 요인 과 수업 만족도에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 것을 목적으로 수 행되었다. 연구 방법은 디자인 전공자 40명을 대상으로 플립 러닝 수업을 진행한 후, 동기 유발 요인과 수업 만족도에 대 한 설문을 통해 그 결과를 분석하였다. 플립러닝의 설문문항 은 선행연구자들의 학습 동기 유발 영향요인을 토대로 만족 감요인, 주의력요인, 수업의 편의성요인, 상호작용요인으로 구분하여 조사 · 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 수업 만족도 향 상을 위해 디자인씽킹 프로세스를 접목한 ADDIE 모형을 기 반으로 설계된 교육모형을 제안하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 첫 째, 디자인 프로젝트 기반의 플립러닝 수업이 학습자의 ‘동기 유발’에 효과가 있음이 검증되었다. 특히 동기 유발요인 중에 는 ‘상호작용’에 유의미한 결과가 나타났다. 둘째, 학습자의 ‘수업 만족도’에 있어서도 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나 타났다. 결론적으로 프로젝트 기반의 플립러닝은 디자인 전 공의 대학생들의 학습 동기가 상호작용을 통해 수업 만족도 향상에 효과적임을 시사한다. 본 연구는 플립러닝 교육 수업 모형 개발을 통해 교수-학습자의 이해를 돕고, 교육 현장에 서 실제로 활용할 수 있도록 하는 데 의의가 있으며, 플립러 닝이 교육 현장에 활성화될 수 있기를 기대한다.

With rapid social changes due to the spread of COVID 19, Non-face-to-face online class has become one of the major topics in the field of education. This study was car ried out to develop the instructional model of aiming to look into the learning motivation and instruction satisfact ion in university students. Thus, this study analyzed the learning motivation and instruction satisfaction an experi mental group of 40 students in which case the flipped lea rning was applied. The questionnaire items of the flipped learning were classified such as satisfaction factor, attent ion factor, convenience factor and interaction factor base d on the influential factors of the learning motivation by precedent researchers. In order to improve the instruction satisfaction, this study suggested the instructional model based on ADDIE incorporating the design thinking proce ss. The results were the following: First, the design class based on project that applied flipped learning has been eff ective in improving the learning motivation and instructio n satisfaction. Considering the learning motivation sub-v ariables, it was particularly significant results were found in the improvement of interaction. Second, in the course for design majors, the flipped learning appeared to have a great effect on lesson satisfaction. In particular, there was a significant difference in the interaction, which is a sub-variable of lesson satisfaction. In conclusion, design project-based flip learning suggests that students' learni ng motivation is effective in improving class satisfaction through interaction. This study is meaningful to help the understanding of professors-learners through the develop ment of flipped learning model and make it practical to us e in the education field. In addition, it is hoped that Flippe d learning education will successfully settle into the educ ation field.

Unpaired image-to-image translation is widely used for simulation-to-real (sim2real)adaptation in autonomous driving, robotics, and infrared sensing, where both structural fidelityand task relevance are essential. Contrastive GAN frameworks such as CUT preserve geometryefficiently, and gradient-domain extensions further reduce distortions, but these methods remaintask-agnostic. In contrast, task-aware pipelines using pseudo-paired learning and GradCAMsupervision improve semantic alignment at the cost of added stages and modality-specific design. This work introduces a single-stage, unpaired, semantic and structure-aware framework thataugments a CUT-style generator with gradient-domain constraints and classifier-driven semanticattention, without pseudo-pairs or pixel-level supervision. A ResNet-based generator andPatchGAN discriminator are trained with adversarial and PatchNCE losses, a Sobel-based edge losson luminance to preserve multi-scale gradient magnitude and orientation, and a GradCAM-basedsemantic consistency loss computed from a frozen target-domain classifier to alignclass-discriminative activations. On MWIR sim2real (AirSim→FLIR), SSIM improves from 0.364 to0.493, classifier accuracy from 62.3% to 71.8%, and FID from 251.02 to 239.07. On Cityscapes,mIoU reaches 29.42 (+4.72 over CUT), with 72.1% pixel accuracy and 42.3% class accuracy,demonstrating consistent structural and task-aware gains in a lightweight architecture.

Despite evidence that bacteria-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated in salivary gland tissues of Sjogren syndrome (SS) patients, the role of oral bacteria in SS etiopathogenesis is unclear. We previously reported that two SS-associated oral bacteria, Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) and Rothia mucilagenosa (Rm), oppositely regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in human salivary gland (HSG) cells. Here, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying the differential regulation of MHC I expression by these bacteria. The ability of Pm and Rm to activate TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 was examined using TLR reporter cells. HSG cells were stimulated by the TLR ligands, Pm, and Rm. The levels of MHC I expression, bacterial invasion, and viability of HSG cells were examined by flow cytometry. The hypoxic status of HSG cells was examined using Hypoxia Green. HSG cells upregulated MHC I expression in response to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 activation. Both Pm and Rm activated TLR2 and TLR9 but not TLR4. Rm-induced downregulation of MHC I strongly correlated with bacterial invasion and cell death. Rm-induced cell death was not rescued by inhibitors of the diverse cell death pathways but was associated with hypoxia. In conclusion, Pm upregulated MHC I likely through TLR2 and TLR9 activation, while Rm-induced hypoxia-associated cell death and the downregulation of MHC I, despite its ability to activate TLR2 and TLR9. These findings may provide new insight into how oral dysbiosis can contribute to salivary gland tissue damage in SS.

Despite evidence that bacteria-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated in salivary gland tissues of Sjogren syndrome (SS) patients, the role of oral bacteria in SS etiopathogenesis is unclear. We previously reported that two SS-associated oral bacteria, Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) and Rothia mucilagenosa (Rm), oppositely regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in human salivary gland (HSG) cells. Here, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying the differential regulation of MHC I expression by these bacteria. The ability of Pm and Rm to activate TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 was examined using TLR reporter cells. HSG cells were stimulated by the TLR ligands, Pm, and Rm. The levels of MHC I expression, bacterial invasion, and viability of HSG cells were examined by flow cytometry. The hypoxic status of HSG cells was examined using Hypoxia Green. HSG cells upregulated MHC I expression in response to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 activation. Both Pm and Rm activated TLR2 and TLR9 but not TLR4. Rm-induced downregulation of MHC I strongly correlated with bacterial invasion and cell death. Rm-induced cell death was not rescued by inhibitors of the diverse cell death pathways but was associated with hypoxia. In conclusion, Pm upregulated MHC I likely through TLR2 and TLR9 activation, while Rm-induced hypoxia-associated cell death and the downregulation of MHC I, despite its ability to activate TLR2 and TLR9. These findings may provide new insight into how oral dysbiosis can contribute to salivary gland tissue damage in SS.

A bandwidth and power efficient high speed ubiquitous sensor network(USN) for realizing a ubiquitous society is a great challenge for researcher community. In this paper we incorporate a cooperative transmission protocol within a special type of multi-code modulation to meet these requirements. Multi-code(Mc) modulation has been developed for high-speed data transmission over wireless channels. We proposed a new class of orthogonal codes for multi-code modulation which is an orthogonal subset of orthogonal codes(OSOC). Our proposed OSOC structure allows us to use only one relay to cooperate M nodes that effectively reduces the bandwidth and power requirement. This protocol is similar to spread-spectrum(SS) technique that can reduce both broad and narrow band jamming.

본 연구는 1급 복합레진 수복물에서 할로겐 광조사기를 이용한 4가지 중합방법이 상아질의 결합강도에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여 시행하였다. 발거된 상 하악 대구치 20개의 교합면측 법랑질을 Diamond Wheel Saw를 이용하여 제거한 후 1급 와동을 형성하였다. 중합방법에 따라 파동지연 중합방법 (PD) 군, 연성 중합방법 (SS) 군, 파동 중합방법 (PC) 군, 지속 중합방법 (CC) 군의 4개 군으로 분류하고, Z250 복합레진을 각 군의 와동에 충전한 후 광조사하였다. 각 군의 시편을 주수하에 접착계면의 단면적이 $1mm^2$가 되도록 절단하여 막대모양의 시편을 제작하였고, 각 군당 20개의 시편을 사용하여 미세인장 결합강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. PD 군은 PC 군과 CC 군보다 통계학적으로 더 높은 미세인장 결합강도를 나타내었다. 2. SS군의 미세인장 결합강도는 PC 군과 CC 군보다 높게 나타났으나, 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로, 1급 복합레진 수복물을 중합할 때 파동지연 중합방법과 연성 중합방법을 사용하여 중합속도를 조절함으로써 상아질과 복합레진의 결합강도를 개선할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength in Class I cavities associated with different light curing modes of same light energy density. Occlusal enamel was removed to expose a flat dentin surface and twenty box-shaped Class I cavities were prepared in dentin. Single Bond (3M Dental product) was applied and Z 250 was inserted using bulk technique. The composite was light-cured using one of four techniques, pulse delay (PD group), soft-start (SS group), pulse cure (PC group) and standard continuous cure (CC group). The light-curing unit capable of adjusting time and intensity (VIP, Bisco Dental product) was selected and the light energy density for all curing modes was fixed at $16J/cm^2$. After storage for 24 hours, specimens were sectioned into beams with a rectangular cross-sectional area of approximately $1mm^2$ Microtensile bond strength $({\mu}TBS)$ test was per- formed using a univel·sal testing machine (EZ Test, Shimadzu Co.). The results were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and Tukey's test at significance level 0.05. The ${\mu}TBS$ of PD group and SS group was higher than that of PC group and CC group. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, modification of curing modes such as pulse delay and soft start polymerization can improve resin/dentin bond strength in Class I cavities by controlling polymerization velocity of composite resin.

BWA(Broadband Wireless Access) 시스템 대표적인 시스템 중 하나인 IEEE 802.16/WiBro시스템은 효율적인 QoS를 제공하기 위하여 기지국(BS)과 단말(SS)간의 QoS 협상 과정 및 서비스 클래스를 정의하고 있다 정의하고 있는 서비스 클래스는 UGS, ertPS, rtPS, nrtPS, 그리고 BE 이지만, 표준에서는 서비스 클래스에 어떻게 서비스를 제공할지에 대한 정확한 정의가 없다. 따라서, 효율적인 활용을 위해 기지국측의 전반적인 스케줄러 구조 제시에 초점을 맞추어서 많은 연구가 진행되어 왔으며, 세부적인 서비스 클래스에 관해서는 기존의 패킷 스케줄링 알고리즘을 그대로 적용하는 방식으로 진행되었다. 하지만, IEEE 802.16/WiBro 시스템의 대역폭 할당 방식이 각 서비스 클래스마다 다르기 때문에 세부적인 서비스 클래스의 QoS를 위해서는 스케줄링 알고리즘에서도 이 점이 고려되어야 한다. 특히, 폴링(polling) 을 통해 서비스를 제공받는 rtPS 클래스의 경우 스케줄링 시에 이 점을 고려 할 필요가 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 지금까지의 연구 결과인 스케줄러 구조를 기반으로 해서 지연에 민감한 특성을 가지고 있는 rtPS 클래스에 대한 두 단계 드롭 기법을 제시함으로써 효율적인 서비스 전송 및 대역폭의 낭비를 줄이고자 한다

IEEE 802.16/WiBro, one of the representative Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) systems, defines QoS negotiation between BS and SS and five service classes to guarantee QoS for flows. The five service classes are UGS, ertPS, rtPS, nrtPS, and BE, but the standard does not define how to provide services to flows according to the service classes. Existing research works have been studied about the scheduler architecture to effectively utilize the IEEE 802.16/WiBro systems. These works use the original packet scheduling algorithm for service classes. However, it is necessary to consider bandwidth allocation mechanisms in scheduling algorithms since bandwidth allocation mechanisms are different according to service classes. Especially, bandwidth allocation mechanisms should be considered for the scheduling of rtPS class since rtPS class uses the polling mechanism that takes time to allocate bandwidth and has the minimum latency constraint. Therefore, we propose two stage dropping scheme for rtPS class that is sensitive to latency, and thus it reduces the wasted resources and provides efficient service to rtPS class.

상품 분류체계는 상품 데이터베이스를 설계하는 토대이며 전자상거래에서 상품 정보의 관리 및 활용에 관한 거의 모든 면에서 중심적 역할을 한다. 상품 정보의 효율적이고 편리한 활용을 위해 각 사용자의 관점에 따른 다양한 뷰를 제공할 필요가 있다. 새로운 상품이 출현하고 기존 상품이 사라짐에 따라 분류체계도 이에 따라 일관성을 유지하면서 변경 및 진화해야 한다. 또한 이질적인 다른 분류체계와 매핑되거나 병합될 필요가 있으며, 이 때 정보의 손실을 줄이는 것이 중요하다. 이들 요구사항에 대해, 분류체계는 제한된 시간 및 비용 내에서 수용할 수 있도록 충분히 동적이어야 한다. 그러나, UNSPSC 및 eCl@ss와 같이 현재 널리 사용중인 분류체계는 이러한 동적인 특성에 대한 요구사항을 만족시키지 못한다. 상품 정보는 재료, 시간, 장소 통의 속성과 무결성 조건과 같은 많은 의미를 지니고 있다. 이 논문에서는 상품 데이터베이스의 동적 특성 및 이에 대한 기존 코드 기반 분류 체계의 한계점을 분석하고, [1]에서 제안된 의미적 분류 모형이 상품 데이터베이스의 동적 특성에 관한 요구사항을 만족시킨다는 것을 설명한다. 이 모형은 상품 클래스를 명시적이고 형식적으로 정의할 수 있는 수단을 제공하며, 상품 클래스 간의 관계를 그래프로 구성한다.

A product classification scheme is the foundation on which product databases are designed, and plays a central role in almost all aspects of management and use of product information. It needs to meet diverse user views to support efficient and convenient use of product information. It needs to be changed and evolved very often without breaking consistency in the cases of introduction of new products, extinction of existing products, class reorganization, and class specialization. It also needs to be merged and mapped with other classification schemes without information loss when B2B transactions occur. For these requirements, a classification scheme should be so dynamic that it takes in them within right time and cost. The existing classification schemes widely used today such as UNSPSC and eCl@ss, however, have a lot of limitations to meet these requirements for dynamic features of classification. Product information implies a plenty of semantics such as class attributes like material, time, place, etc., and integrity constraints. In this Paper, we analyze the dynamic features of product databases and the limitation of existing code based classification schemes, and describe the semantic classification model proposed in [1], which satisfies the requirements for dynamic features of product databases. It provides a means to explicitly and formally express more semantics for product classes and organizes class relationships into a graph.

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 미세 유체 흐름 측정장치를 이용해서 각 상아질 지각과민 처치제의 적용 과정 중 발생하는 상아 세관액 흐름의 유동을 관찰하고, 상아질 지각과민 처치제 간 적용 후 투과도 감소의 차이를 비교하고자 하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: CEJ 5 mm 하방에서 절단한 소구치를 미세 흐름 측정장치에 연결하여 20 cm $H_2O$의 정수압을 가하였다. 치경부에 상하 3 mm, 근원심 4 mm, 깊이 2 mm의 V자 형태의 5급 와동을 형성하고 smear layer를 제거하기 위해 15초 동안 산 부식한 후 상아질 지각과민 처치제를 적용하였다. 사용된 상아질 지각과민 처치제는 Seal&Protect (SP), SuperSeal (SS), BisBlock (BB), Gluma desensitizer (GL), Bifluoride 12 (BF) 이다. 상아세관액의 흐름은 지각과민 처치제 도포 전부터 도포 후 5분까지 실시간으로 측정되었다. 결과: 실험에 사용한 모든 상아질 지각과민 처치제는 적용 후의 상아세관액 흐름율이 적용 전에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다(p < 0.05). SP는 GL과 BF에 비해 유의하게 투과도 감소가 나타났다 (p < 0.05). SS와 BB는 BF에 비해 유의하게 투과도 감소를 보였다 (p < 0.05). 결론: 지각과민 처치제의 도포 과정 동안 각 처치제의 특징적인 상아세관액의 유동을 미세 유체 흐름 측정장치를 통해 관찰 할 수 있었다.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine changes in the dentinal fluid flow (DFF) during desensitizing agent application and to compare permeability after application among the agents. Materials and Methods: A Class 5 cavity was prepared to exposure cervical dentin on an extracted human premolar which was connected to a sub-nanoliter fluid flow measuring device (NFMD) under 20 cm water pressure. DFF was measured from before application of desensitizing agent (Seal&Protect, SP; SuperSeal, SS; BisBlock, BB; Gluma desensitizer, GL; Bi-Fluoride 12, BF) through application procedure to 5 min after application. Results: DFF rate after each desensitizing agent application was significantly reduced when compared to initial DFF rate before application (p < 0.05). SP showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than GL and BF did (p < 0.05). SS and BB showed a greater reduction in DFF rate than BF did (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Characteristic DFF aspect of each desensitizing agent was shown in NFMD during the application procedure.

제주도 연안해역 4개 지역(한림, 애월, 신촌, 함덕) 해수의 온도, 염분농도, 용존산소량(DO), 화학적 산소요구량(COD), 부유물질(SS), 암모니아성 질소($NH_3-N$), 질산성 질소($NO_3-N$) 및 아질산성 질소($NO_2-N$)와 같이 다양한 이화학적 특성을 확인하였다. 해수의 평균 온도는 $26.23{\sim}28.6^{\circ}C$, 염분농도는 31.4~32.88‰, pH는 8.15~8.35, COD는 0.48~0.91 mg $L^{-1}$, DO는 6.78~6.87 mg $L^{-1}$로 나타났다. 해수에서 분리된 해양방선균은 총 52종으로 제주시 동부지역(A, B)에서는 24균주, 서부지역(C, D)은 28균주가 분리되었다. 분리된 해양방선균은 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석을 이용하여 최종적으로 동정되었으며, 염기서열 정보를 기초로하여 유사도(similarity)를 조사하였다. 분리된 방선균의 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석을 통하여 계통 분류학적으로 어떤 division에 속하는지를 확인하여 본 결과 제주도 제주시 동부지역(Site A, B) 해양에서 분리된 방선균 24균주는 Gram positive bacteria (division)/Actinobacteria (class)/Actinomycetales (order)/Streptomy-cineae (suborder)/Streptomycataceae (family)/Streptomyces(genus)에 22 균주, Actinomycetales (order)/Streptosporangineae (suborder)/Nocardiopsaceae (family)/Nocardiopsis (genus)에 2 균주가 분리되었다. 제주시 서부지역(Site C, D) 해양에서 분리된 방선균 28균주는 Gram positive bacteria (division)/Actinobacteria (class)/Actinomycetales (order)/Streptomycineae (suborder)/Streptomycataceae (family)/Streptomyces (genus)에 27균주, Actinomycetales (order)/Streptosporangineae (suborder)/Nocardiopsaceae (family)/Nocardiopsis (genus)에 1균주가 분리되었다.

To investigate the variations of physico-chemical factors in four stations (Hanlim, Aewol, Sinchon, Hamdeok) at Jeju coastal area, Water temperature, Salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solid (SS), ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_4-N$), nitrite-nitrogen ($NO_3-N$), nitrate-nitrogen ($NO_2-N$) were analysed. The ranges of water temperature were from 26.23 to $28.6^{\circ}C$, the salinity were from 31.4 to 32.88‰, the pH were from 8.15 to 8.35, the chemical oxygen were from 0.48 to 0.91 mg $L^{-1}$. A total of 52 strains of marine actinomycetes was isolated from Jeju Island coastal area. They were characterized by determining morphological and physio-biochemical properties, the API kit and confirmed by molecular methods including partial sequencing of 16S rRNA. A neighbor-joining tree of partial 16S rRNA sequences divided the 52 isolates in 2 major groups, 22 strains of Gram positive bacteria/Actinobacteria (division)/Actinomycetales (order)/Streptomycineae (suborder)/Streptomycetaceae (family)/Streptomyces (93.1%) and 2 strains of Streptospotangineae (suborder)/Nocardiopsaceae (family)/Nocardiopsis (6.9%).

본 연구는 하구호 수질개선을 위한 유입하천정화 시설의 기초설계 자료를 마련하기 위한 일환으로 시작되었다. 조사대상 하천은 삽교호 유입 국가하천으로 도시관통 하천(곡교)과 농경지 관통하천(무한, 삽교)이었다. 3년 동안의 장기적인 수질관측결과 시기적으로 큰 변화를 나타내었다. 도시지역이나 농경지를 관통하는 하천에서 유량이 증가할수록 질소농도는 뚜렷이 감소하였다. 인 농도는 도시하천의 경우에는 질소와 마찬가지의 변화특성을 나타내었으나 반면에 농경지 유역하천의 경우에는 유량이 영향이 상대적으로 적었지만 유량이 크게 증가할 경우 오히려 크게 증가하였다. 그 이유는 강우에 따른 유량증가시 도시지역이나 농경지를 흐르는 하천수의 부유물질 농도는 크게 증가하지만 유출되는 부유물질의 화학적 특성이 전혀 다르기 때문으로 판단된다. 용존성 질소(dissolved-TN)는 대상하천에서 총질소의 약 $40{\sim}60%$를 차지하였으며 총인의 경우는 약 35% 가량이 용존성 인(dissolved-TP) 상태로 존재하였다. 하구호인 삽교호의 3개 유입하천에 대한 대표수질은 건기와 우기로 구분하여 결정하는 것이 타당하며, 대표수질 항목으로는 측정오차가 적고 유량변동에 따른 수질변화 특성을 가장 잘 표현하고 있는 TDS와 SS를 이용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. TDS는 건기의 총질소 농도 증가를 반영하며, SS는 우기의 총인 농도 증가를 설명하는데 효과적이다. 본 논문에서 제시된 누적확률그래프는 하천정화시설의 설계목적으로 다른 유역의 하천수질을 비교 평가하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study was undertaken to obtain design concentrations for the natural system treating stream water flowing into estuarine lake(Sapgyo). This lake has three major, so called, national-class streams: one is Gokgyo flowing through two medium-size municipal areas and the others are Muhan and Sapgyo placed in mostly rural area nested with some small towns. The results of three year's investigation showed big changes in water quality during the period between dry and wet seasons. Nitrogen concentration usually decreases as the flow rate increases. The change of phosphorus concentration in Gokgyo was the same pattern as nitrogen, but in other two streams it was inversely related with flow rates. This is probably due to the chemical property of the particles washed out from the different stream basins during wet season. It was found that about 40 to 60% of the total nitrogen are in soluble form and on average, 35% of the total phosphorus consists of dissolved-P. Representative concentration of these streams has to be separately determined based on dry and wet season. TDS and SS could be indicating parameters useful to depict and characterize a change of water quality with respect to flow rate because their measurement is easy and also includes a small analytical error. TDS values measured during dry season are related with high nitrogen concentration while during wet season, SS values effectively reflect a high concentration of phosphorus. For design purpose, cumulative concentration distribution graph presented in this paper can be directly or indirectly applied to other streams through a brief comparative and verificative study.

화포천 습지의 어류 군집 특성을 밝히기 위해 2020년 5월부터 9월까지 3회 조사를 실시하였다. 조사기간 동안 8개 지점에서 채집된 어류는 7과 21종 735개체였다. 우점종은 치리(Hemiculter eigenmanni, 23.8%), 아우점종은 배스(Micropterus salmoides, 10.3%), 그 다음으로 피라미(Zacco platypus, 9.5%), 붕어(Carassius auratus, 9.4%), 참붕어(Pseudorasbora parva, 9.0%), 참몰개(Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae, 6.7%), 큰납지리(Acheilognathus macropterus, 5.4%), 블루길(Lepomis macrochirus, 5.2%), 모래무지(Pseudogobio esocinus, 4.1%), 끄리(Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, 3.7%), 떡붕어(Carassius cuvieri, 3.3%) 등의 순으로 우세하였다. 법정보호종은 환경부지정 멸종위기 야생생물 II급의 백조어(Culter brevicauda) 1종이 확인되었고, 한국고유종은 참몰개 1종(4.8%)이 출현하였다. 외래종은 배스, 블루길, 떡붕어 3종이, 육봉형 어류는 밀어 1종이 채집되었다. 선행연구 결과와 비교하면, 유수역에 서식하는 어류의 비율은 감소하고 정수역에 서식하는 어류의 비율은 증가하는 경향을 보였는데, 특히 생태계교란 야생생물로 지정된 배스와 블루길은 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 어류 군집분석 결과, 본류 지점들(St. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8)은 우점도는 낮으나 다양도와 풍부도는 높았고, 지류(St. 2, 7) 등의 지점들은 우점도는 높으나 다양도와 풍부도는 낮았다. 어류를 이용한 하천 건강성은 나쁨(6개 지점), 보통(1개 지점), 매우 나쁨(1개 지점)으로 평가되었다. 수질 등급은 화학적산소요구량(COD)과 총유기물질(TOC), 부유물질(SS), 총대장균군수(TC) 등으로 인해 약간 나쁨으로 평가되었으며, 연도별 수질은 생물학적산소요구량(BOD), 화학적산소요구량, 부유물질, 클로로필-a(Chl-a) 등이 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 화포천 습지의 안정적인 어류 서식 및 하천 건강성을 향상시키기 위해서는 수질개선 및 생태계교란종(배스, 블루길)의 체계적인 관리가 요구된다.

This study surveyed the characteristics of fish communities in Hwapocheon Wetland, Korea, from May to September 2020. The survey collected 735 objects in 21 species belonging to 7 families from 8 survey stations. The dominant and subdominant species were Hemiculter eigenmanni(23.8%) and Micropterus salmoides(10.3%), respectively. The next most abundant species were Zacco platypus(9.5%), Carassius auratus(9.4%), Pseudorasbora parva(9.0%), Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae(6.7%), Acheilognathus macropterus(5.4%), Lepomis macrochirus(5.2%), Pseudogobio esocinus(4.1%), Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis(3.7%), and Carassius cuvieri(3.3%). Among the fish species collected, one species, Culter brevicauda, was class II endangered wildlife designated by the Ministry of Environment, and one species,S. c. tsuchigae(4.8%), was endemic to Korea.Additionally, three exotic species (M. salmoides, L. macrochirus, and C. cuvieri) and one landlocked species (Rhinogobius brunneus) were collected. Compared to previous studies, the proportion of fish living in the running water area tended to decrease, the proportion of fish living in the water purification area tended to increase, and ecosystem-disturbing species (M. salmoides and L. macrochirus) tended to increase gradually. Results of fish community analysis showed that the mainstream stations (St. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8) had low dominance, but high diversity and richness, and other stations (St. 2 and 7) had high dominance but low diversity and richness. The river health (index of biological integrity) evaluated using fish was assessed as bad (6 stations), normal (1 station), and very bad (1 station). The water quality grade was assessed as slightly bad due to the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic content (TOC), suspended solid (SS), and total coliforms (TC). The annual water quality showed a gradually increasing trend of biological oxygen demand (BOD), COD, SS, and chlorophyll-a. The stable life of fish and the improvement of river health in Hwapocheon Wetland require water quality improvement and the systematic management of ecosystem-disturbing species (M. salmoidesand L. macrochirus).