Earticle

일제의 한국 병탄 이후, 수탈과 탄압으로 농민들의 상황은 더욱 악화되었다. 당시 한국 인구 80%가 농민인 상황에서 농촌경제의 회복은 무엇보다 중요하였다. 기독교인들은 1920년대 이후 기독교계 대내외적 비판과 반기독교운동의 대응 일환에서 농촌문제의 해결에 직접 나서기 시작했다.이것은 1920․30년대 일제의 자본주의경제 아래서 정치뿐만 아니라 경제적 약자가 된 한국인들이 피폐화된 농촌사회를 재건하고 일제의 자본주의적 침략에 대응할 일환에서 추진되었다. 자본주의경제 하에서 농민이 지주나 일본인 자본가들에게 대항할 수 있는 협동조합운동을 통해 농민의 단결과 일치, 협동을 바탕으로 직면한 경제문제를 타개하고자 했다. 이는 일제의 농업정책의 변경이나 농촌대책에 대한 기대를 접고 한국인 스스로가 직면한 경제문제를 해결하겠다는 자주적인 태도를 잘 보여준다.1920년대 중반 경부터 YMCA의 농촌사업 차원에서 협동조합의 조직운동이 시작되었다. 각 지방의 지방 YMCA를 통해 농촌에 협동조합의 조직을 추진하였다. 그 일환에서 협동조합 조직을 위한 규칙을 만들고 이를 운영하였다. 1928년 예루살렘대회 국제선교대회의 참석과 덴마크 농촌 시찰 이후, YMCA는 전국 각지에 지방청년회를 중심으로 협동조합운동이 큰 성과를 올렸다. 그러나 1930년대 초부터 전쟁준비를 위해 일제가 농촌의 안정을 추구할 목적으로 ‘농촌진흥운동’을 추진하면서 침체될 수밖에 없었다. 이후 1930년대 장로교 농촌부는 이를 주도하였는데, 자본주의제도의 이윤추구와 소유관계에 대한 강한 비판의식 속에서 복음주의의 철저한 실천을 요구했다. 이는 예수촌 건설이라는 종교적 정체성을 내세우며 사회주의세력의 공세와 일제의 농촌책에 맞서며 ‘자주적인’ 농촌재건을 지향하였다. 그러나 이런 협동조합운동은 1930년대 중반 이후 기독교계의 대내외적 어려움에 직면하였고, 결국 일제의 탄압을 받으며 그 막을 내리고 말았다. 따라서 이 운동은 식민지적 상황이란 한계에도 불구하고 기독교회와 기독교인들이 일제의 식민통치로 황폐화된 농촌을 살리고 민족을 다시 소생시키자고 추진했던 구체적인 농촌재건프로그램이었다는 점에서 그 의미가 있다. 이들은 민족적 위기를 타개하자는 구호에 그친 것이 아니라 실제적인 대안을 지닌 운동이었다는 점에서 그 역사적 성격을 볼 수 있다.

Since Japanese annexation of Korea, the life of contemporary peasantry was suffering from plunder and oppression. For this reason, reactivation of rural economy above all was important & necessary of which there is 80% peasantry of all population. In the midst of upheaval, especially since 1920s, in spite of many critics in & outside of the religions, Korean Christians voluntarily began to spearhead to give a countermeasure to respond peasantry problem including anti- Christianity movement. This movement was carried out not only to rebuild rural economy that was collapsed by Japanese imperialism on the one hand, but also to overcome their capitalistic invasion on the other. In this situation, Korean peasantry that consisted of farmers & landlords formed a trade union to stand against Japanese capitalists. This is typical example of autonomous attitude of Korean people who wanted to solve peasantry problem by themselves not leaning to external changes like mercy of Japanese policy to the Korean rural society.One of the results was YMCA movement that was organized in mid-1920s as reactivation project of agricultural business. Local branches of the institution came up with an idea to establish trade union in every villages. After participation of Jerusalem Convention for World Mission in 1928 and observational benchmarking about Danish example, YMCA activated local youth groups to make trade union in rural area. But unfortunately such a new movement was blocked by a regime bewaring of Korean peasant war against Japan that push forward rural promotion movement of their own.Back then, the movement was led by agricultural department of Presbyterian Church in 1930s asking for thorough practice of evangelicalism that stood against only-profit-seeking capitalism system and ownership greed. A fruit of it was ‘Jesus village’, that is a religious entity to cope with Socialistic forces on the one hand, and an autonomous rural community to stand against Japanese rural policy. However, it was faced with many adversities inside & outside of the Christendom at that time, especially since the mid-1930s, so it didn’t lasted long enough.Nevertheless this movement as a specific revival program of agricultural society has a profound significance in terms of Christian churches & laymen tried to restore a broken nationalism in the midst of colonized situation. It didn’t stay on verbal slogan, but gave a clue on which many similar movements came out. Here is a historical feature of the movement.

The purpose of this study is to investigate a possibility and need of the functional change of self-sufficiency promotion center in rural areas that is run based on job services for the poor. Firstly, by utilizing [2012 self-sufficiency program participants comparison survey data] which was conducted by Korea Self-Reliance Policy Institute, crosstabs was according to area type such as Rural type-urbanrural complex type-urban type was performed. As a result, it was found that Rural type self-sufficiency program participants showed lower characteristics of ‘human capital’ such as age, education, health, etc. than the others. Secondly, self-sufficiency promotion center's participants located in rural areas showed inadequate conditions. Thirdly, when it comes to operating Self-sufficient work team, Type of Social Service Job with low profitability was the most remarkable, and by industry, the self-sufficiency program through farming showed the highest proportion in type of industry. According to these results, in case of rural type self-sufficiency promotion center, operating it for the purpose of independence and self-sufficiency of the poor seems far from reality considering self-sufficiency program participants and characteristics of the local society. Based on this, there was a need of the functional change suggested in order for rural type self-sufficiency promotion center to expand the role including supplying local regeneration and social services.

본 연구는 농산어촌지역의 대표적인 지역개발사업인 일반농산어촌개발사업을 대상으로 언어 네트워크 분석을 활용하여 추진 동향을 파악하였다. 일반농산어촌개발사업의 세부사업에 대한 자료를 수집하여 빈도분석과 중심성 분석을 수행한 결과 5년 동안 유사한 결과가 나타났다. 주민, 교육, 마을 등 3개의 주제어가 가장 많은 빈도로 출현하였고 그 외 문화, 복지, 안전, 등의 주제어가 위세, 매개 중심성이 높게 나타났다. 이는 사업내용이 점차 변화하고 있지만 기존 틀에서 벗어나지 못하고 획일적이고 유사한 사업들이 진행되고 있음을 의미한다. 향후 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 매년 많은 예산이 투입되는 일반농산어촌개발사업이 지역주민이 주도하고 참여하는 상향식 개발이라는 취지에 맞고 지역주민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 기존 틀에서 벗어난 사업내용의 변화가 필요한 시점이라고 할 수 있다.

In this study, trends were identified by using language network method targeting rural development project, which are representative regional development project in rural areas. As a result of performing frequency analysis and centrality analysis by collecting data on detailed projects of rural development project, similar results were found for five years. The three main keywords such as resident, education, and village appeared with the highest frequency, and other keywords such as culture, welfare, and safety showed high betweenness and eigenvector centrality. This means that uniform and similar projects are being carried out without departing from the existing business contents. In the future, based on the results of this study, in order to achieve the goal of improving the quality of life of local residents, the rural development prject, which costs a lot of money every year, is a bottom-up development led and participated by local residents. It can be said that it is time to change the business contents out of the way.

In today's rural area, diverse community has formed with the progress of urbanization, congestion, underpopulation, and aging according to the change of socio-economic conditions. In this situation, local residents are cooperating to overcome many problems about rural society. That is, various counterplans are established to induce the forming of new ural society in the aim for the development of rural area and promotion project of rural area. In this text, the effects for events of rural society and future directions are suggested by studying the case of Pyongchang, Kangwon-Do.