Earticle

2021년 한 해 기준 Ksure가 비상위험으로 회수한 금액은 일본무역보험(NEXI)의 동 금액(모든 건이 파리클럽 채무재조정 대상)의 약 5%에 불과하여 양 기관의 회수금 등의 분석을 통해 시 사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 파리클럽에 대한 기본 원칙, 대상채무, 채무재조정 유형, 채무재조정 조건, 회의소집 절차, 다자/양자협상, IMF의 역할 및 파리클럽의 장단점, 우리나라 와 파키스탄과의 파리클럽 채무재조정 사례와 2021년 Ksure와 NEXI가 비상위험으로 지급·회 수한 금액 등을 비교·검토하였다. 그 결과, Ksure가 2022년 말까지 파키스탄과의 파리클럽 채 무재조정으로부터 회수한 금액이 4,750억 원 이상(약 30년간 1위 기록)이었음에도 불구하고 2021년 한 해 기준, Ksure가 비상위험으로 회수한 금액은 약 89억 원, NEXI의 경우 약 1,745억 원(약 20배)이고 비상위험으로 인한 보험금 지급액은 Ksure가 약 1,582억 원, NEXI가 약 3,654 억 원(2배 이상)인 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 같은 기간 양 기관의 인수실적을 비교해 보면, Ksure 가 NEXI의 2.8배 이상이다. 다른 말로 하면, Ksure가 NEXI보다 약 3배를 인수하고 있는데 비해 비상위험으로 인한 보험금 지급액은 절반이하인 셈이다. NEXI는 매년 거액의 회수금이 들어 오고 있는데 거의 대부분이 약 2~30년 전 일본이 쿠바, 파키스탄 등과의 파리클럽 채무재조정 을 통한 것이다. 우리나라도 2016년 파리클럽 정식 회원국으로 가입하였고 Ksure가 ECA인 만 큼 그 기능 및 역할 등을 고려하여 지금부터라도 NEXI처럼 민간보험사가 커버할 수 없는 위 험, 특히 파리클럽 대상이 되는 공적채권을 적극적으로 인수할 필요성이 있는 것으로 보인다.

Purpose : This study tries to draw insights by analyzing recoveries and other performances of both Ksure and NEXI after figuring out that in 2021, the former’s recoveries are only 5% of the latter’s from the claims paid due to political risks, all of which are related to the Paris Club’s rescheduling. Research design, data, methodology : This paper applies quantitative, qualitative and comparative analyses. It uses a qualitative analysis for basic principles of the Paris Club, debts concerned, methods of rescheduling, terms of rescheduling, convening procedures of the meetings, multilateral and bilateral negotiations, the roles of the IMF, pros and cons of the Club. It applies both quantitative and comparative analyses when researching rescheduling between Korea and Pakistan as well as claims paid, including recoveries from the claims paid due to political risks of the two ECAs. Results : As a result of the analyses, Ksure’s recoveries from the rescheduling for the last approximately 30 years have amounted to over 475 billion won topping others. However, during the entire year of 2021, Ksure’s recoveries and claims paid were 8.9 billion won and 158.2 billion won, respectively whereas NEXI’s were around 174.5 billion won (approximately 20 times those of Ksure) and 365.4 billion won (over twice that of Ksure). On the other hands, looking at business underwritten amount, Ksure’s performance was 2.8 times that of NEXI. In other words, compared with NEXI, Ksure underwrote approximately 3 times, but indemnified less than a half in 2021. NEXI sees a large amount of recoveries mostly from rescheduling with between Japan with Cuba/Pakistan, etc. through the Paris Club’s agreements concluded about 20 to 30 years ago. Conclusions : It seems that at least from now on, as an ECA, Ksure also needs to underwrite political risks that private insurers cannot cover, especially transactions belonging to the Paris Club more actively given that Korea became a permanent member in 2016 as well.

Grid use huge number of dynamic, distributed & heterogeneous resources under different organizations domain to executing user applications. Working with these resources, applications face problems due to occurrence of faults. There are number of different faults that occur due to many problems. Therefore grid computing needs an efficient fault tolerance mechanism. This fault tolerance makes the grid system capable to work correctly even in the presence of faults. In this paper we have study various kinds of faults and reasons for occurrence. With this, also study various kinds of existing fault tolerance techniques. We devise a strategy, based on proactive fault tolerance and take appropriate step, if any possibility for fault occurrence. Scheduling of task on available resources, which is provided by GIS consider previous history of these resources. This will decrease the probability of faults, execution time, and increase the execution rate. Proposed strategy also uses technique of check pointing to reduce execution cost. To implement proposed strategy GridSim toolkit is used for simulation

This paper presents a generation rescheduling method for the enhancement of transient stability in power systems. The priority and the candidate generators for rescheduling are calculated by using the energy margin sensitivity. The generation rescheduling formulates the Lagrangian function with the fuel cost and emission such as NO_x and SO_x from power plants. The generation rescheduling searches for the solution that minimizes the Lagrangian function by using the Newton’s approach. While the Pareto optimum in the fuel cost and emission minimization has a drawback of finding a number of non-dominated solutions, the proposed approach can explore the non-inferior solutions of the multiobjective optimization problem more efficiently. The method proposed is applied to a 4-machine 6-bus system to demonstrate its effectiveness.

This paper considers a single machine rescheduling problem whose original (efficiency related) objective is minimizing makespan. We assume that disruptions such as order cancelations and newly arrived orders occur after the initial scheduling, and we reschedule this disrupted schedule with the objective of minimizing a disruption related objective while preserving the original objective. The disruption related objective measures the impact of the disruptions as difference of completion times in the remaining (uncanceled) jobs before and after the disruptions. The artificial due dates for the remaining jobs are set to completion times in the original schedule while newly arrived jobs do not have due dates. Then, the objective of the rescheduling is minimizing the maximum earliness without tardiness. In order to preserve the optimality of the original objective, we assume that no-idle time and no tardiness are allowed while rescheduling. We first define this new problem and prove that the general version of the problem is unary NP-complete. Then, we develop three simple but intuitive heuristics. For each of the three heuristics, we find a tight bound on the measure called modified z-approximation ratio. The best theoretical bound is found to be 0.5 - ${\varepsilon}$ for some ${\varepsilon}$ > 0, and it implies that the solution value of the best heuristic is at most around a half of the worst possible solution value. Finally, we empirically evaluate the heuristics and demonstrate that the two best heuristics perform much better than the other one.

This paper provides an overview of Pakistan Railways scheduling and rescheduling. First of all, Pakistan Railways is introduced with its brief history and importance in this country. Assets of this network with passengers and freight using this are given. Current hope less situation is leading to privatization of this system as well as promoting short distance traveler to use road and Government efforts to retain is also presented. Train scheduling in Pakistan is being done manually, based on manual time distance graph preparation and resolution of conflicts based on manager's experience and ability. In Real-time management of this traffic Lahore head office is connected with six control stations in the Pakistan, decision for resolution of any disturbance is coordinated among them. It is recommended that computer aided tools must be developed for this system to help traffic managers and it is needed to invest on the segments to increase their speed limits which might attract passengers to use this mode of transportation with high priority.

This paper introduces a simulation study regarding the design for the installation of Color Rescheduling Storage (CRS) in an automobile factory. In the painting shop the colors of vehicles are changed frequently according to the assembly schedule. When the color of a vehicle is changed from one to another, the cleaning process of painting-gun is necessary and it generates costs. Therefore many of the automobile manufacturers equip the CRS in front of the Top Coat Booth of the painting shop. The major objective of CRS is to reduce the change over cost in the painting process by grouping vehicles having same color. In this paper the configuration of CRS and the input/output algorithms are explained. The suggested system is verified using simulation models and experiments are conducted. Finally the best alternative is suggested by sensitivity analysis and evaluation of investment feasibility.

The increasing need to improve transient security assessment of existing or forecasted operating conditions of networks by power system operators is major concern of the power system security monitoring problem at the Energy Management Systems. This paper proposes a preventive control of transient stability with generation rescheduling based on rotor trajectory index obtained using time domain simulations. This index may help power engineers in making operational decision and to obtain a generation configuration with better transient security dispatch. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated on IEEE 39-bus New England system for a three phase fault at different loading conditions with single and multiple line outage cases.

This paper presents a new method of Fuzzy Particle Swarm Optimization (FPSO)-based Congestion Management (CM) by optimal rescheduling of active powers of generators. In the proposed method, generators are selected based on their sensitivity to the congested line for efficient utilization. The task of optimally rescheduling the active powers of the participating generators to reduce congestion in the transmission line is attempted by FPSO, Fitness Distance Ratio PSO (FDR-PSO), and conventional PSO. The FPSO and FDR-PSO algorithms are tested on the IEEE 30-bus and Practical Indian 75-bus systems, after which the results are compared with conventional PSO to determine the effectiveness of CM. Compared with FDR-PSO and PSO, FPSO can better perform the optimal rescheduling of generators to relieve congestion in the transmission line.

Utilizing the d1tration ofnon-rescheduling vears data, this paper re-examines the debt rescheduling experi-ences ofLDCsduring the I970 - 1990 time period. Jn addition, it inlestigates the significance ofthe outcome ofdebt rescheduling negotiations in affecting a coLmtry s future debt servicing capacity. Our results indicate that the out- come ofdebt renegotiations during the 1980s did not appear to significantly qffect countries.fi1ture debt sen?icing capacity. instead, our results suggest that a countrys liquidity position and the global economic condition appear to be the most important factors in determining whether a count1y will be faced with additional debt servicing difP- culty.

ObjectiveThis study investigated the attitude of Korean physicians toward women’s access to emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)and the reclassification of ECP to a behind-the-counter (BTC) drug. MethodsThis study involved 946 physicians who had prescribed ECP in South Korea. The written questionnaires werecompleted by obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians, internal medicine doctors, and pediatricians. ResultsRegarding the barriers limiting women’s access to ECP, 24.8% of physicians responded that women lacked informationabout ECP and 22.5% felt that women were likely to be emotionally burdened by visits to clinics or hospitals to obtainECP prescriptions. Ninety-two percent of physicians responded that ECP should remain a prescription drug while6.1% stated preferences for a switch to a BTC drug. Physicians who opposed the switch were concerned about thepotential abuse of ECP. In order to prevent ECP abuse, the most important factor to be considered was education oncontraception. ConclusionA majority of Korean physicians opposed the reclassification of ECP to a BTC drug owing to their belief in increasingthe role of educational initiatives about contraception and contraceptive practices before improving the access to ECP. This study is also of the opinion that contraceptive education for youth and adults in Korea should be more realisticand active, with an emphasis on regular contraception use before reclassification. Furthermore, we believe thatefforts are needed to ensure accuracy of information on contraception to facilitate women’s access to ECP.

This paper deals with rescheduling on unrelated parallel-machines with compressible processing times, assuming that the arrival of a set of new jobs triggers rescheduling. It formulates this rescheduling problem as an assignment problem with a side constraint and proposes a heuristic to solve it. Computational tests evaluate the efficacy of the heuristic.

Dynamic scheduling is very important in constructing CIM and improving productivity of chemical processing systems. Computation at the scheduling level requires mostly a long time to generate an optimal schedule, so it is difficult to immediately respond to actual process events in real-time. To solve these problems, we developed dynamic scheduling algorithms such as DSMM(Dynamic Shift Modification Method), PUOM(Parallel Unit Operation Method) and UVVM(Unit Validity Verification Method). Their main functions are to minimize the effects of unexpected disturbances such as process time variations and unit failure, to predict a makespan of the updated dynamic schedule and to modify schedule desirably in real-time responding to process time variations. As a result, the algorithms generate a new pertinent schedule in real-time which is close to the original schedule but provides an efficient way of responding to the variation of process environment. Examples in a shampoo production batch process illustrate the efficiency of the algorithms.

과중채무는 당사자 개인의 문제만이 아니고 중요한 사회적 과제이다. 개인파산절차, 개인회생절차, 개인신용회복지원제도는 과중채무를 법적으로 정리하기 위한 제도인데 이러한 제도를 과중채무자들이 더 많이 이용하지 않는 이유를 규명하고 그 개선안을 제시하는 것이 이 논문의 목적이다. 이 논문은 모두 다섯 부분으로 이루어져 있다. ‘Ⅰ. 서언’ 에 이어 ‘II. 구조적인 진입장벽과 비용-편익’ 에서는 문헌 분석을 통해 개인파산, 개인회생, 개인신용회복지원제도에 내재된 진입장벽과 비용-편익을 규명하였다. ‘III. 과중채무자가 겪는 진입장벽과 비용-편익’ 에서는 인터넷 사이트(7개, 회원수 약 170,000명)에 게시된 과중채무자들의 질문이나 의견을 분석하여 실제로 겪고 있는 바를 정리하였다. ‘IV. 개선방안’ 에서는 진입장벽과 비용을 줄일 수 있는 개선안으로 과중채무정리제도에 대한 정확한 정보를 제공, 변호사 보수의 절차비용화, 생계비 현실화, 신용회복지원 조건의 개선, 법원 간 실무관행의 통일 및 전문성 제고 그리고 과중채무정리 후 금융 거래의 개선을 제시하였다. 마지막으로 ‘V. 결론’ 에서는 지난 5년 동안 과중채무정리제도가 빠른 속도로 정착되고 개선된 이유가 제도간의 경쟁에 있다는 점을 지적하고 앞으로도 그런 방향으로 제도를 운영할 필요가 있음을 주장하였다.

Over-indebtedness is a crucial matter not only of a debtor but also of a society. This paper aims to identify the reasons why the debtors favor less the legal remedies such as the individual bankruptcy proceeding, the individual rehabilitation proceeding and the individual credit recovery proceeding (so called “individual workout”) and suggest some improvements. This paper consists of five parts. ‘1. Introduction’ shows mechanisms to reschedule over-indebtedness in Korea and explains the methodology adopted in the study. ‘2. Structural Entry Barrier and Cost-benefit’ identifies entry barriers and costs-benefits that are intrinsic in rescheduling mechanisms. ‘3. Entry barrier and Cost-benefit Experienced by Debtors’ is the assessment of questions and opinions posted on the seven internet websites regarding the over-indebtedness, whose members amount to 170,000. ‘4. Proposal for Improvements’ suggests followings: provision of correct information on rescheduling mechanisms, recognition of attorney’s fee as administrative expenses, allowance of increased living expenses, mitigation of requirements for credit recovery support, standardization of bankruptcy practice among courts, and financial transaction after rescheduling. In ‘5. Conclusion,’ the author argues that it is thanks to the competition among rescheduling mechanisms that these mechanisms have been rapidly settled and improved although these proceedings were alien to Korea so that such competition is the key to the improvement.

This paper studies on effective rescheduling of generation when the single line contingency has occurred in power system with wind farm. The suggested method is formulated to minimize the rescheduling cost of conventional and wind generators to alleviate congestion. The generator rescheduling method has been used with incorporation of wind farms in the power system. Since all sensitivity is different about congestion line, Line Outage Distribution Factor(LODF) and Generator Sensitivity Factor(GSF) is used to alleviate congestion. The formulation have been proccessed using linear programming(LP) optimization techniques to alleviate transmission congestion. The effectiveness of the proposed rescheduling of generation method has been analyzed on revised IEEE 30-bus systems.

Real-time monitoring and controlling manufacturing process is important because of the unexpected events. When unexpected event like mechanical trouble occurs, prior plan becomes unacceptable and a new schedule must be generated though manufacturing schedule is already decided for order. Regenerating the whole schedule, however, spends much time and cost. Thus automated system which monitors and controls manufacturing process is required. In this paper, we present a system which uses radio-frequency identification and computer vision system. The system collect real-time information about manufacturing conditions and generates new schedule quickly with those information.

This paper describes preventive control for transient stability. Preventive control encompasses in general a twofold problem : Severity assessment of a instability originating from the occurrence of a dangerous contingency, and Choice of an action able to stabilize it. In this paper we assess contingencies in a power systems using PASF(Power Angle Shape Filtering) and control power systems by a generation rescheduling. The proposed method is applied to prevent loss of synchronism of all the generators at a site, KEPCO Systems.

본 논문은 상정사고에 기인한 선로의 과부하 해소 대책을 수립함에 있어서 가능한 한 부하차단없이 발전력재배분만으로 과부하해소를 시도하는 새로운 앨고리즘을 제시한다. 신속한 발전력 변화분을 계산하기 위하여 선로 과부하량과 상태변수($\Delta$$\theta$) 및 상태변수($\Delta$$\theta$)와 발전력 사이의 선형적인 관계를 이용하여 우선 과부하선로 양단모선 전압의 위상각 변화분을 계산하고 이에 대한 발전력 변화분을 계산하였다. 이 때 모든 Jacobian요소를 계산하지 아니하고 과부하선로 양단 모선번호에 해당하는 2열의 요소중 발전기 모선(slack 모선 제외)번호에 해당하는 행의 요소만 구함으로써 최소한의 요소를 이용하여 신속하게 계산토록 하였다.