Earticle

With an increasing potential to realize quantum computer, it has recently been an important issue to extend the capabilities of RF cavities to maintain longer coherent quantum system. Using superconductors instead of normal metals allows the quantum system to have a substantially enhanced quality factor. In this paper, surface impedances of superconducting cavities are calculated by the Mattis-Bardeen theory with Python & MATLAB programs. With a simulation of electromagnetic field distribution, the sensitivity to dielectric and surface losses of the superconducting cavities are determined. Then calculations of the resonance frequency and quality factor of three-dimensional superconducting resonators made of Al or Nb are discussed.

Artificial intelligence algorithms and quantum computing have become core computational methodologies for the applications of artificial intelligence techniques in smart and sustainable cities. In development and sustainability. Artificial intelligence technologies have faced numerous challenges in natural, social, and cultural aspects. The scientific dialogue on artificial intelligence has been significantly extended to understand and cover sustainability as the practice of living enclosed by resources into the distant future. Quantum computing can improve environmental management, applications of artificial intelligence technologies, big data analytics, and utilization of blockchain in smart and sustainable cities. Policy decision-makers may need to consider the introduction of quantum computing technologies for applications of artificial intelligence in their smart cities for urban growth in order to lower barriers to utilizing quantum artificial intelligence.

This paper reviews the literature that has been published since 1980s related to cryogenic refrigeration systems for quantum computing. The reason why such a temperature level of 10-20 mK is necessary for quantum computing is that the superconducting qubit is sensitive to even very small thermal disturbances. The entanglement of the qubits may not be sustained due to thermal fluctuations and mechanical vibrations beyond their thresholds. This phenomenon is referred to as decoherence, and it causes an computation error in operation. For the stable operation of the quantum computer, a low-vibration cryogenic refrigeration system is imperative as an enabling technology. Conventional dilution refrigerators (DR), so called ‘wet’ DR, are precooled by liquid helium, but a more convenient and economical precooling method can be achieved by using a mechanical refrigerator instead of liquid cryogen. These ‘dry’ DRs typically equip pulse-tube refrigerators (PTR) for precooling the DRs around 4 K because of its particular advantage of low vibration characteristic. In this review paper, we have focused on the development status of 4 K PTRs and further potential development issues will be also discussed. A quiet 4 K refrigerator not only serves as an indispensable precooler of DR but also immediately enhances the characteristics of low noise amplifiers (LNA) or other cryo-electronics of various type quantum computers.

Improved performance of quantum computer has consistently been researched in mathematics and computer science aspects of quantum algorithms. In addition, quantum processors that make up the operation state of the quantum physics by a number of methodical, have been studied using the electronic engineering. In this paper, we introduce the latest trends related to quantum computing.

본 연구는 양자역학과 프리드리히 셸링(F. W. J. Schelling)의 자연철학을 비교․분석 함으로써, 현대 과학과 고전 철학의 접점에서 도출될 수 있는 철학적 통찰을 탐구하였다. 양자역학의 주요 개념인 관찰자의 역할, 중첩과 얽힘의 존재론, 비결정론은 19세기 셸링이 제시한 자연철학적 사유와 다각적으로 접점을 형성한다. 양자역학은 관찰자와 피관찰계의 경계를 허물며, 실재가 독립적 개체들의 총합이 아니라 상호작용 속에서 형성됨을 시사한 다. 이는 셸링이 자연과 인간을 분리된 실재가 아니라 동일한 근원에서 비롯된 존재로 간주 한 관점으로 총체론적 자연관을 다시 한번 공유한다. 양자얽힘이 보여주는 관계 중심적 세 계관은 셸링이 주장한 유기적 총체성과 밀접한 연관이 있다. 셸링은 자연을 단순한 개별 사 물의 집합이 아니라, 지속적으로 생성과 변화를 거듭하는 하나의 유기적 총체로 보았다. 양 자역학은 확률적 세계관을 제시하며, 미시 세계에서 발생하는 사건들은 전통적 인과율에 의해 엄격하게 결정되지 않는다. 셸링 또한 자연을 단순한 기계적 질서로 보지 않고, 창조 적 자율성이 내재된 실재로 간주하였으며, 인간 인식을 자연의 자기인식 과정으로 보았다.

This study explores the philosophical insights that emerge at the intersection of modern quantum physics and classical philosophy by comparing and analyzing quantum mechanics and the philosophy of nature developed by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. Key concepts in quantum mechanics-such as the role of the observer, the ontology of superposition and entanglement, and indeterminism-establish multiple points of convergence with Schelling’s nineteenth-century natural philosophy. Quantum mechanics blurs the boundary between the observer and the observed system, suggesting that reality is not a sum of independent entities but is constituted through interaction. This resonates with Schelling’s view that nature and humanity are not separate substances but share a common origin, reflecting his holistic view of nature. The relational worldview implied by quantum entanglement aligns closely with Schelling’s notion of nature as an organic totality. Schelling did not consider nature as a mere collection of discrete objects, but as a living, dynamic whole that undergoes continual generation and transformation. Quantum mechanics, by proposing a probabilistic worldview, shows that events in the microscopic realm are not strictly determined by classical causality. Similarly, Schelling regarded nature not as a rigid mechanical order but as a creative and autonomous entity, interpreting human cognition as part of nature’s process of self-recognition.

양자 컴퓨터는 양자 역학적 원리를 적용하여 고전 컴퓨터로 해결할 수 없는 문제를 처리하는 혁신적인 컴퓨팅 패러 다임이다. 한국은 현재 개발 초기 단계에 있으며, 특허 분석을 통해 기술 동향과 기술 수준을 파악하고, 이를 바탕으 로 향후 연구 방향을 설정할 필요성이 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 기술의 분류 체계와 특허 검색식을 제시하였 으며, 한국과 미국의 특허를 대상으로 국가별 기술별 기업별 분석을 수행하였다. 양자 컴퓨팅 특허는 2015년 이후 꾸준히 증가하고 있으며, 2019년 출원 규모가 확장되어 이후 가속될 전망이다. 분석 결과, 미국은 제어 및 응용 단 계까지 확장되어 있으나, 한국은 구현 단계에 머물러 있다. 주요 출원인 중 대부분이 초전도 회로 방식을 채택하였 으며, 이온 포획 방식 또한 빠른 성장을 보여 유망한 기술로 평가된다. 한국의 경우, 경쟁보다는 국내 강점 기술과 접목이 가능한 공백 영역을 공략하는 것이 유망한 전략이 될 수 있다.

Quantum computers apply the principles of quantum mechanics to address problems that classical computers cannot solve, representing an innovative computing paradigm. Korea remains in the early stage of development, and it is necessary to identify technology trends and levels through patent analysis to establish future research directions. Accordingly, this study proposes a classification framework and patent search strategy, and conducts a comparative analysis of patents in Korea and the United States by country, technology and company. Since 2015, quantum computing patents have steadily increased, with a notable expansion in 2019, suggesting accelerated growth in the future. The analysis shows that while the United States has advanced to the stages of control and application, Korea remains at the implementation stage. Most leading applicants have adopted superconducting circuits, while ion-trap approaches are also demonstrating rapid growth and are regarded as promising technologies. For Korea, rather than direct competition, a more viable strategy is to target underdeveloped areas that can be integrated with domestic strengths.

최근 프로세서의 집적도는 급속도로 발전하고 있으나 클락 스피드는 증가하지 않는 대신에 프로세서 내의 코어 수가 늘어나고 있는 실정으로 프로그래밍 속도 향상을 위한 방법에 대한 연구가 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 현재 연산 가속화를 위해 사용되는 매니 코어 프로세서의 대표적인 인텔 제온 파이의 성능 분석을 위하여 퀀텀 에스프레소를 활용하였다. 또한 제온 파이에서 MPI 실행시 랭크의 수를 변화시키면서 성능 벤치마킹 을 수행하여 하드웨어적인 성능 특성을 연구하였다. 그 결과 물리 코어가 57개인 제온파이 프로세서의 하나의 코어 당 4개의 작업을 처리할 때 가장 좋은 성능을 나타내고 있으며, 물리 코어 하나에 MPI 랭크수를 4개 이상 확장하면 성능향상이 거의 일어나지 않는다. 이러한 융합 기술을 통하여 퀀텀 에스프레소의 성능 향상과 제온 파이의 하드웨 어적인 특성을 확인할 수 있다.

Recently the degree of integration of processor and developed rapidly. However, clock speed is not increased, a situation that increases the number of cores in the processor. In this paper, we analyze the performance of a typical Intel Xeon Phi of many core process used for the current operation accelerate. Utilizing the Quantum ESPRESSO, which was calculated using the FFTW library. By varying the number of ranks in MPI when running the benchmarks the performance Xeon Phi. The result shows a good performance in the handling of four job on one physical core. However, four or more to expand the number of MPI Rank is degraded. Through this convergence it was found to improve the performance of Quantum ESPRESSO. It is possible to check the hardware characteristics of the Xeon Phi.

The advent of quantum computing raises concerns about data security, a core feature of blockchain technology. This study refines and extends existing analyses by separating the encapsulation mechanism (KEM) and the digital signature algorithm (DSA), thereby conceptualizing correctness. Using the Open Quantum Safe (OQS) library, this study benchmarked Kyber (KEM), Dilithium, FALCON, and SPHINCS+ (DSA), quantifying on-chain impacts such as signature size, gas costs, and verification latency on an Ethereumcompatible testnet. The results of this study demonstrate that Dilithium offers a balanced tradeoff between security and throughput, while SPHINCS+ remains impractical in high-transaction-per-second environments. Kyber demonstrates superior KEM efficiency, making it suitable for session key distribution in hybrid blockchain architectures.

This paper is written to explicate the working of Quantum Computing and its mechanics. Quantum Computing is basically a minute field from Nanotechnology. The main purpose of this paper is to explain an inexperienced user about the technology and principles used while designing the architect of a quantum computer. This paper is sectioned into 7 parts. Part 1 is a brief introduction to Quantum Computing i.e. basic working principle of a Qubit. Part 2 covers Qubit and the architect of the whole system. It also tells us about the Qubit in more detail like how data is represented and other principles like superposition and state of composite system. Part 3 tells us how quantum Computing can be built using Qubits and applies the above mentioned principles. Part 4 deals with the basic introduction to Quantum Mechanics and some principles of like Dual nature of light, and Uncertainty Principle. Part 5 narrates us about the Advantages of Quantum Computer over present computing systems. Part 6 discusses the overheads of Quantum Computing. Part 7 describes about the implementation of Quantum Computing in today’s world. Finally this paper offers a insight about how and by when we will be able to design a full time Quantum Computer what are the probable consideration to be taken in to account.

For competitive hotel business, the hotel must have a sound prediction capability to balance the demand and supply of hospitality products. To have a sound prediction capability in the hotel, it should be prepared to be equipped with a new technology such as quantum computing. The quantum computing is a brand new cutting-edge technology. It will change hotel business and even the whole world too. Therefore, we study the impact of quantum computing on supply chain management (SCM) and hotel performance. Toward the goal we have developed the research model including six constructs: quantum (computing) prediction, communication, supplier relationship, service quality, non-financial performance, and financial performance. The result of the study shows a significant influence of quantum (computing) prediction on hotel performance through the mediating role of SCM in the hotel. Quantum prediction is highly significant in enhancing the SCM in the hotel. However, the direct effect between the quantum prediction and hotel performance is not significant. The finding indicates that hotels which would install the quantum computing technology and utilize the quantum prediction could hugely benefit from the performance improvement.

In this paper, an ultra-wide range CMOS temperature sensor is designed for applications in cryogenic and room temperature environments, particularly targeting quantum computing systems where control circuits are integrated into the cryogenic domain. A beta multiplier structure is employed as the sensing element to generate a temperature-proportional current. By leveraging the temperature coefficient (TC) of MOSFET mobility and resistor characteristics, the sensor ensures a stable TC. The generated current serves as the bias for a relaxation oscillator, which facilitates temperature-to-frequency conversion. The relaxation oscillator operates with a lower TC than the beta multiplier, with its frequency variation determined by the bias current. The resulting frequency is then digitized using a 16-bit counter. The sensor is designed to operate over a temperature range of -270°C to 30°C. Simulation results indicate that the oscillator produces 20.6 KHz at -250°C with a TC of 0.75 KHz/°C.

본 논문에서는 양자컴퓨팅 기술을 활용해 유의미한 수준의 현실 문제를 해결하는 데 있어서 응용을 어렵게 하는 요인이 무엇인지 도출하고, 관련 연구 동향과 방향성을 제시한다. 이를 위해, 양자컴퓨팅 기술을 응용하는 일의 어려움을 이해하는 데 필요한 양자 역학의 기본 지식을 컴퓨터공학의 관점에서 정리하고, 현재 상용화된 양자 컴퓨터와 양자 프로그래밍 계층을 문헌을 통해 분석한다. 또한 클라우드 기반 상용 양자컴퓨팅 서비스의 현황과 활용 방안에 대한 분석과정을 통해, 현시점에서 양자컴퓨팅의 실용적 응용을 어렵게 하는 요인으로 양자 컴퓨터 프로그래밍에 대한 진입장벽과 노이즈가 존재하는 중규모 양자 컴퓨터에 대한 제약사항, 아직 성장 중인 오픈소스 생태계, 현실 문제 크기에 대한 시뮬레이션의 어려움의 네 가지 요인을 도출하고 관련 연구에 대한 동향과 방향성을 제시한다. 이를 통해, 양자컴퓨팅 기술의 실용적 응용을 위한 토대를 마련하는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

In this paper, we identify the factors that hinder the application of quantum computing technology to solve meaningful real-world problems, and suggest related research trends and directions. To this end, we summarize the basic knowledge of quantum mechanics from the perspective of computer science, which is necessary to understand the difficulties in applying quantum computing technology, and analyze the currently commercialized quantum computers and quantum programming layers from the literature. Through an analysis of the current status and utilization of cloud-based commercial quantum computing services, we identify four factors that currently hinder the practical application of quantum computing: high barriers to entry for quantum computer programming, constraints on noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers, a still-growing open source ecosystem, and difficulties in simulating realistic problem sizes, and suggest trends and directions for related research. In doing so, it is expected to contribute to laying the groundwork for practical applications of quantum computing technology.

This paper presents the design of a cryo-CMOS parametric amplifier suitable for operation at 4K and mK temperatures within the readout chain of quantum computers. It was experimentally verified that thermal noise introduced through the LO input path degrades the noise performance of the circuit. A parametric amplifier design capable of functioning with low local oscillator (LO) pumping power was proposed to mitigate this problem, providing a significant attenuation margin to safeguard against external noise. By optimizing the core parasitic resistance and adjusting the matching point, the parametric amplifier was measured 0 dB gain with 20 dBm LO power at 300K, and 15.2 dB gain with 0dBm LO power at 4K.

Quantum error correction is a key technology for achieving fault-tolerant quantum computation. Finding the best decoding solution to a single error syndrome pattern counteracting multiple errors is an NP-hard problem. Consequently, error decoding is one of the most expensive processes to protect the information in a logical qubit. Recent research on quantum error decoding has been focused on developing conventional and neural-network-based decoding algorithms to satisfy accuracy, speed, and scalability requirements. Although conventional decoding methods have notably improved accuracy in short codes, they face many challenges regarding speed and scalability in long codes. To overcome such problems, machine learning has been extensively applied to neural-network-based error decoding with meaningful results. Nevertheless, when using neural-network-based decoders alone, the learning cost grows exponentially with the code size. To prevent this problem, hierarchical error decoding has been devised by combining conventional and neural-network-based decoders. In addition, research on quantum error decoding is aimed at reducing the spacetime decoding cost and solving the backlog problem caused by decoding delays when using hardware-implemented decoders in cryogenic environments. We review the latest research trends in decoders for quantum error correction with high accuracy, neural-network-based quantum error decoders with high speed and scalability, and hardware-based quantum error decoders implemented in real qubit operating environments.

본 연구는 양자 이론과 양자컴퓨팅의 원리를 이해하고 양자컴퓨팅 기술을 활용한 융복합 예술작품들의 특성을 분석함으로써 양자컴퓨팅 기술을 활용한 예술작품 속 양자 현상의 예술적 의미를 고찰한다. 20세기 초양자역학의 태동은 물리학을 결정론적 시스템에서 확률론적 시스템에 대한 탐구로 나아가게 했다. 그리고 양자역학의 불확실성은 예술에서 확실성의 파괴 및 변화의 수용, 그리고 추상적 시도로 나타났다. 이는 현대미술에서 형이상학적이면서도 심리학적인 내면 세계의 반영으로 표현되었고, 미니멀리즘, 행위예술, 미디어아트 등 포스트모더니즘 예술로도 이어지게 되었다. 흥미롭게도, 양자역학의 핵심 내용인 양자중첩과 양자얽힘은 이제 양자컴퓨팅의 원리로 작동하며 미디어아트의영역으로까지 들어와 예술가들의 호기심을 자극했고 예술 실천으로 이어졌다. 레픽 아나돌(Refik Anadol)과 러셀 허프만(Russell Huffman) 같은 예술가들은 양자컴퓨팅을 자신들의 작품을 만들기 위한 예술적 도구로 활용하면서 작품 속 예술시스템의 한 축으로 까지 확장시킨다. 특히, 양자중첩과 양자얽힘으로 대표되는 기묘한 양자역학적 원리는 그와 같은 예술 실천 속에서 관찰자 효과를 만나 예술 정신으로 드러난다

This study examines the artistic meaning of quantum phenomena in artworks that utilize quantum computing technology by understanding the principles of quantum theory and quantum computing and analyzing the characteristics of interdisciplinary artworks that utilize quantum computing technology. The dawn of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century pushed physics from deterministic systems to the exploration of probabilistic systems, and the uncertainty of quantum mechanics manifested itself in art as the destruction of certainty, the acceptance of change, and attempts at abstraction. This was expressed in modern art as a reflection of the inner world, both metaphysical and psychological, and led to postmodern art, including minimalism, performance art, and media art. Interestingly, quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, the core content of quantum mechanics, now operates as the principle of quantum computing, and has entered the realm of media art, which has stimulated artists' curiosity and led to artistic practice. Artists such as Refik Anadol and Russell Huffman utilize quantum computing as an artistic tool to create their works and extend it to become a part of the art system in their works. In particular, the bizarre quantum mechanical principles represented by quantum superposition and quantum entanglement meet the observer effect in such artistic practices, manifesting themselves in the spirit of art.

본 연구에서는 스마트 기기에 내장된 가속도계와 자이로스코프 센서 데이터 처리를 기반으로 다중 동작 패턴 인식을 동시에 수행하기 위한 양자컴퓨팅 기반 하이브리드 데이터 처리 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존 순차적 패턴 인식 방식은 패턴 수 증가에 따라 계산 복잡도와 처리 시간이 증가하는 한계를 가지며, 이를 해결하기 위해 본 연구에서는 양자 연산의 병렬성을 활용하여 다수의 행동 패턴을 단일 처리 구조 내에서 동시에 평가하도록 설계하였다. 제안된 알고리즘은 양자 푸리에 변환(QFT)과 위상 추정을 통해 센서 신호의 주파수 특성을 분석하고, 이를 고전적 시계열 분석 점수와 결합하여 후보 집합 기반 다중 패턴 인식 구조를 구현한다. 실험 결과, 단일 결정 방식 대비 정답 패턴 포함률이 향상되었으며, 병렬 처리 구조를 통해 시뮬레이션 환경에서 기존 고전적 순차 처리 방식 대비 실행 시간 감소가 확인되었다. 본 연구는 센서 신호 중첩과 불확실성이 존재하는 상황 인식 문제에서 다중 패턴을 동시에 고려하는 새로운 인식 접근을 제시한다.

This paper proposes a quantum computing-based hybrid sensor data processing algorithm for simultaneous motion pattern recognition using accelerometer and gyroscope data embedded in smart devices. Conventional sequential pattern recognition approaches suffer from increased computational complexity and processing time as the number of patterns grows. To address this limitation, the proposed method exploits the parallelism of quantum operations to evaluate multiple motion patterns concurrently within a unified framework. The algorithm analyzes the frequency characteristics of sensor signals through the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) and phase estimation, and combines the resulting features with classical time-series analysis scores to construct a candidate-set-based multi-pattern recognition scheme. Experimental results demonstrate an improvement in correct pattern inclusion compared to deterministic single-decision approaches, along with reduced execution time in simulation environments due to the parallelizable processing structure. The proposed approach presents a new recognition paradigm for realistic sensor-based scenarios with signal overlap and uncertainty.

In this research, policies, and technology trends associated with quantum computers were examined, and through this, implications for domestic methods were derived. It is not a guarantee that developing quantum computing technology suited for domestic use would be successful to emulate the success stories of technology-leading nations. Technology leaders like the United States, China, and Europe are putting together strategic technology blocks to compete for technological hegemony. Adapting to and exploiting this trend will help us develop future technologies and secure market competitiveness. The dominant technology in the area of quantum computing has not yet been established. In the future, there will be fair competition in every specific technology area. At this point, it may be claimed that making audacious decisions will still lead to technological superiority.