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This study aims to measure the impact of these two variables on consumers' 'click-through' rates (the number of users that click on the ad compared to the number of times the ad is delivered). The result is as follows. First, search ads play a critical role in drawing consumers to advertisers' websites. Once search ads are placed, the number of visitors increased tenfold. Secondly, when search ads are keyed to highly-involved words such as 'IDC', 'hosting' and 'co-location', click-through rates significantly fluctuate according to the type of advertising message. In this case, consumers respond much more positively to ads highlighting credibility and product quality than to ads with emphasis on sales and events. Thirdly, the placement of search ads also matters. The ad placed first in the search list overpowers ads in the third or fifth place in terms of click-through rates. However, there was no significant difference of click-through rates between ads in the third place and ads in fifth. Lastly, when estimating which variable plays the bigger role in bringing traffic to advertisers' websites, consumers are more receptive to the substance of the advertising message than to its placement, under the circumstances of high involvement.

Objective To investigate risk factors for diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy and their correlation with the quantified severity of nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods A total of 187 diabetic patients with clinically suspected polyneuropathy (PN) were subclassified into 2 groups according to electrodiagnostic testing: a DM-PN group of 153 diabetic patients without electrophysiological abnormality and a DM+PN group of 34 diabetic patients with polyneuropathy. For all patients, age, sex, height, weight, duration of DM, and plasma glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level were comparatively investigated. A composite score was introduced to quantitatively analyze the results of the nerve conduction studies. Logistic regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate correlations between significant risk factors and severity of diabetic polyneuropathy.Results The DM+PN group showed a significantly higher HbA1c level and composite score, as compared with the DM-PN group. Increased HbA1c level and old age were significant predictive factors for polyneuropathy in diabetic patients (odds ratio=5.233 and 4.745, respectively). In the multiple linear regression model, HbA1c and age showed a significant positive association with composite score, in order (β=1.560 and 0.253, respectively). Conclusion Increased HbA1c level indicative of a state of chronic hyperglycemia was a risk factor for polyneuropathy in diabetic patients and a quantitative measure of its severity.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of digital device use on the relationship between social exclusion and depression among older adults. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Data from 5,656 young-old adults (aged 65~74 years) and 4,274 old-old adults (aged≥75 years) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were employed. Results: Social exclusion was positively associated with depression in both age groups. Digital device use significantly moderated this relationship in the old-old group (β=-.06, p=.001), attenuating the effect of social exclusion on depression. Conclusion: These findings indicate that digital device use may serve as an effective means of alleviating and preventing depression among older adults. The results support the development of policies aimed at enhancing digital literacy for this population.

Purpose: The aim of this study is to identify the factors associated with work engagement among home-visit care workers in South Korea, the Job Demands?Resources (JD-R) model was used as a guiding theoretical framework. Methods: This descriptive correlational study used secondary data from the 2020 Survey on the Service Environment of Home Care Workers by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs. Participants were 509 certified home-visit care workers from Seoul and Chungcheong, each caring for one recipient. Measures included emotional labor, self-rated health, relationship quality with care recipients, and work engagement. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Work engagement was negatively associated with emotional labor and positively associated with self-rated health, relationship quality with care recipient, and satisfaction with the care environment. Emotional labor remained a significant negative relationship, while self-rated health and relationship quality with care recipients emerged as key positive relationships. The final model explained 17.0% of the variance. Conclusions: These findings support the applicability of the JD-R model in understanding work engagement among home-visit care workers. Although job demands such as emotional labor may hinder engagement, individual and relational resources play protective and motivating roles. The diminished influence of physical and environmental factors in the presence of strong personal resources highlights the importance of a balanced approach that strengthens the emotional, physical, and relational capacities to support sustainable engagement.

Objective To determine the possibility of a new measurement tool using electromyography and ultrasonography for quantitative spasticity assessment in post-stroke patients. Methods Eight hemiplegic stroke patients with ankle plantarflexor spasticity confirmed by a Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) were enrolled. Spasticity was evaluated using the MAS and Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). Each subject underwent surface electromyography (sEMG) using the Brain Motor Control Assessment (BMCA) protocol and was compared with a healthy control group. Using ultrasonography, muscle architecture and elasticity index were measured from the medial gastrocnemius muscle (GCM) on the affected and unaffected sides. Results MAS and MTS revealed significant correlation with sEMG activity. The fascicle length and pennation angle were significantly decreased in the medial GCM on the hemiplegic side compared with the unaffected side. The elasticity index of the spastic medial GCM was significantly increased compared with the unaffected side. The MTS X and R2?R1 values were significantly correlated with the elasticity index in the hemiplegic GCM. The relationship between clinical evaluation tools and both BMCA and sonoelastography was linear, but not statistically significant in the multiple regression analysis. Conclusion The BMCA protocol and ultrasonographic evaluation provide objective assessment of post-stroke spasticity. Further studies are necessary to conduct accurate assessment and treatment of spasticity.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of a knee proprioception evaluation using a dynamometer as a tool for evaluating proprioception of the lower extremities in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), and to explore its usefulness in predicting the ambulatory outcome. Methods A total of 14 SCI patients (10 tetraplegic, 4 paraplegic; all AIS D) were included in this study. The passive repositioning error (PRE) and active repositioning error (ARE) were measured with a dynamometer, along with tibial somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) and abductor hallucis motor-evoked potential (MEP). Ambulatory capacity was assessed with the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI-II), both at the time of the proprioception test (WISCI_i) and at least 6 months after the test (WISCI_6mo). Results The PRE showed a negative correlation with WISCI_i (r=-0.440, p=0.034) and WISCI_6mo (r=-0.568, p=0.010). Linear multiple regression showed the type of injury, lower extremities motor score, MEP, and PRE accounted for 75.4% of the WISCI_6mo variance (p=0.080). Conclusion Proprioception of the knee can be measured quantitatively with a dynamometer in patients with incomplete SCI, and PRE was related to the outcome of the ambulatory capacity. Along with the neurological and electrophysiological examinations, a proprioception test using a dynamometer may have supplementary value in predicting the ambulatory capacity in patients with incomplete SCI.

Objective To predict the probability of lymphedema development in breast cancer patients in the early post-operation stage, we investigated the ability of quantitative lymphoscintigraphic assessment.Methods This retrospective study included 201 patients without lymphedema after unilateral breast cancer surgery. Lymphoscintigraphy was performed between 4 and 8 weeks after surgery to evaluate the lymphatic system in the early postoperative stage. Quantitative lymphoscintigraphy was performed using four methods: ratio of radiopharmaceutical clearance rate of the affected to normal hand; ratio of radioactivity of the affected to normal hand; ratio of radiopharmaceutical uptake rate of the affected to normal axilla (RUA); and ratio of radioactivity of the affected to normal axilla (RRA). During a 1-year follow-up, patients with a circumferential interlimb difference of 2 cm at any measurement location and a 200-mL interlimb volume difference were diagnosed with lymphedema. We investigated the difference in quantitative lymphoscintigraphic assessment between the non-lymphedema and lymphedema groups.Results Quantitative lymphoscintigraphic assessment revealed that the RUA and RRA were significantly lower in the lymphedema group than in the non-lymphedema group. After adjusting the model for all significant variables (body mass index, N-stage, T-stage, type of surgery, and type of lymph node surgery), RRA was associated with lymphedema (odds ratio=0.14; 95% confidence interval, 0.04?0.46; p=0.001).Conclusion In patients in the early postoperative stage after unilateral breast cancer surgery, quantitative lymphoscintigraphic assessment can be used to predict the probability of developing lymphedema.

This paper investigates the compounding propensity in Maritime English under the theoretical framework of Synergetic Linguistics. It focuses on the dependence of compound number on the properties of length, frequency and polylexy of word stems. A maritime English corpus was used and a set of Visual Foxpro programs were specifically written for processing the corpus and obtaining the data automatically. The results confirm the respective hypotheses of dependence and show that the more frequent and polysemous a word stem is, the more compounds it produces, but the shorter a word stem is, the more frequently it occurs in compounds. The Köhler’s model y=αχb captures this propensity.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important signaling protein involved in angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels. Consequently, blocking of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2) by small molecule inhibitors leads to the inhibition of cancer induced angiogenesis. In this study, we performed a two dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship (2D-QSAR) study of 38 N-Phenyl-N’-{4-(4- quinolyloxy) phenyl} urea derivatives as VEGFR-2 inhibitors based on hologram quantitative structure−activity (HQSAR). The model developed showed reasonable q 2=0.521 and r 2=0.932 values indicating good predictive ability and reliability. The atomic contribution map analysis of most active compound (compound 7) indicates that hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the side chain of ring A and oxygen atom in side chain of ring C contributes positively to the activity of the compounds. The HQSAR model developed and the atomic contribution map can serve as a guideline in designing new compounds for VEGFR-2 inhibition.

Holographic quantitative structure-activity relationships (HQSAR) is a useful tool to correlates structures with their biological activities. HQSAR is a two dimensional (2D) QSAR methodology, which generates QSAR equations through 2D fingerprint and correlates it with biological activity. Here, we report a 2D-QSAR model for a series of fifty-one 3,4-dihydroxychalcones derivatives utilizing HQSAR methodology. We developed HQSAR model with 6 optimum numbers of components (ONC), which resulted in cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.855 with 0.283 standard error of estimate (SEE). The non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r2) with 0.966 indicates the model is predictive enough for analysis. Developed HQSAR model was binned in to a hologram length of 257. Atomic contribution map revealed the importance of dihydroxy substitution on phenyl ring.

기상청에서 기상현상 발생에 대한 기존의 기상예보 방식에서 벗어나 기상재해가 사회와 인간생활에 끼치는 영향을 함께 제공하는 영향예보를 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 여러 기상현상 중 호우에 대한 영향예보를 실시하기 위해 필요한 정량적 기준 설정을 위해 기상청 AWS 를 통해 측정한 강우자료와 NDMS의 호우에 의한 피해 자료를 바탕으로 단계설정의 기준을 설정하 였다. 특히, 기존의 기상예보에서 활용하고 있는 주의보와 경보 단계를 영향예보의 주의와 경고단계 로 하고, k-means 군집분석을 통해 기존에 없던 관심과 위험단계의 정량적 기준을 설정하였다. 결과 를 확인하면 관심단계는 3시간 동안 30mm 이상 혹은 12시간 50mm 이상일 때, 위험단계는 3시간 140mm 이상 혹은 12시간 80mm 이상일 때로 설정하였다. 이를 통해 향후 시행하게 될 호우영향예보 의 인식개선과 더불어 단계설정을 위해 필요한 정량적 기준 설정 안을 제언한다.

It is necessary for the Korea Meteorological Administration(KMA) to provide an impact forecast that provides a combination of the effects of weather disasters on society and human life, breaking away from the existing weather forecast methods for weather phenomena. For this purpose, the criteria for setting the stage setting were set based on the rainfall data measured by the KMA’s AWS and the damage data caused by the heavy rain of NDMS for setting the quantitative standards necessary to conduct the impact forecast for heavy rain among various weather phenomena. In particular, the alert and alarm stages used in the existing weather forecasts were set as the advisory and warning stages for impact-based forecasting, and the quantitative standards for minimal and severe levels were established through a cluster analysis of k-means. Through this, it is proposed to improve awareness of future heavy rain impact-based forecasting, as well as to establish quantitative standards necessary for establishing stages.

AlphaGo’s landmark victory over Lee Sedol in March 2016 triggered an unprecedented paradigm shift in the game of Go, prompting widespread revaluation of joseki sequences—locally optimal opening patterns refined over centuries of human tradition. Despite this upheaval, systematic quantitative research into precisely how inefficient traditional joseki are—measured in concrete point (目) differentials—remains scarce in the academic literature. Most existing discourse has operated at the level of qualitative judgment (“this move is good/bad”) without rigorously measuring the numerical stakes. This study addresses that gap by extracting approximately 70 key moves from 20 fuseki patterns widely used in the pre-AlphaGo era and quantifying the efficiency difference between traditional sequences and AI-recommended moves using KataGo’s Expected Score metric. A central contribution is the independent design and development of Joseki Analyzer—a purpose-built program integrating a FastAPI backend with the KataGo engine—enabling automated, large-scale, reproducible analysis under standardized conditions (1,000 visits, Chinese rule set, komi 7.5). The core metric Δ Score is defined as the Score Lead of the AI’s top-recommended move minus the Score Lead of the traditional move at the same position; a negative value indicates that the traditional move is less efficient by the corresponding number of points. Results show an overall mean Δ Score of approximately −0.28 points across 20 patterns, indicating that traditional moves incur an expected-score loss of roughly this magnitude per move relative to AI recommendations. The largest divergences occur in the Komoku Approach–Pincer Response (Ⅱ) (−1.20 pts), Komoku Approach–Aggressive Response (−0.68), Hoshi One- Space Pincer–3-3 Invasion (−0.60), and Komoku Corner Enclosure Fuseki and Komoku Approach–High Extension (both −0.53). The single largest move-level loss is −2.59 points. Conversely, four patterns achieve Δ Score = 0—Hoshi Approach–Knight’s-Move Response, Komoku Enclosure–Development Variation, Hoshi Approach–Contact-Play Joseki, and Komoku Approach– Contact Play (Ⅱ)—indicating perfect alignment with AI evaluation. A consistent typological finding emerges: corner-enclosure and extension patterns show the largest divergence from AI, while contact-play (붙임수) patterns show the smallest. Across all patterns, KataGo systematically prioritizes claiming empty corners over reinforcing one’s own established positions—a finding that runs counter to a core axiom of classical Go strategy. This study represents the first systematic, tool-assisted effort to quantify the inefficiency of traditional fuseki joseki in point-based terms, offering both empirical findings and a replicable methodological framework for evaluating classical Go theory against modern AI computation.

Spatial heterogeneous characteristics of solar radiation energy from Climate Change gives rise to energy imbalance in the general ecological system including water resources. This study is to estimate the $CO_2$ flux of South Korea using Terra MODIS image and to assess the reliability of MODIS data from the ground measured $CO_2$ flux by eddy covariance flux tower data at 3 locations (two at mixed forest area and one at rice paddy area). The MODIS Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) product (MOD17A2), 8-day composite at 1-km spatial resolution was adopted for the spatial $CO_2$ flux generation. The MOD17A2 data by noise like cloud and snow in a day were tried to fill by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method from valid pixels and the damping effect of MOD17A2 data were corrected by Quality Control (QC) flag. The MODIS $CO_2$ flux was estimated as the sum of GPP and Re (ecosystem respiration) by Lloyd and Taylor method (1994). The determination coefficient ($R^2$) between MODIS $CO_2$ and flux tower $CO_2$ for 3 years (2011~2013) showed 0.55 and 0.60 in 2 mixed forests and 0.56 in rice paddy respectively. The $CO_2$ flux generally fluctuated showing minus values during summer rainy season (from July to August) and maintaining plus values for other periods. The MODIS $CO_2$ flux can be a useful information for extensive area, for example, as a reliable indicator on ecological circulation system.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of temperature control by a shade tree and the lawn area. In this investigation, we find out that artificial-lawn, concerte, and exposed soil are more higher temperature than covered with plant materials. The results of the measurement may to summerized as follows; 1) Low-temperature effects of zoysia japonica is more controlled by condition of growth than leaf length of grass. Surface temperature make 0.7$^{\circ}C$ difference between long grass (15cm), and short grass (5cm), but make 5$^{\circ}C$ difference between good growth grass (230/10$\textrm{cm}^2$) and bad growth grass (80/10$\textrm{cm}^2$). 2) The surface temperature of the lawn area is 40.5$^{\circ}C$ lower on a maxinum than that of the artificial lawn (July 28, 1985). During the day of summer, shade area under the shade tree is 0.9$^{\circ}C$ lower then lawn area surface temperature, 6.9$^{\circ}C$ lower than bad growth lawn, 10.3$^{\circ}C$ lower than exposed soil, and 18$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete surface temperature. 3) Natural irrigation effect on the surface temperature fluctuation. But this effect is changed by compositions of ground materials and time-lapse. 4) Sunny day is more effective than cloud day. 5) In summer season, surface temperature make a difference compare to temperature of 0.5-1.5m height from ground : Surface temperature is 3.4$^{\circ}C$ lower at the lawn area (11 a.m.), 4.2$^{\circ}C$ lower at the shade area the shade tree, 12.7$^{\circ}C$ higher at the concrete area (3p.m.), 38.8$^{\circ}C$ higher at the artificial lawn (2p.m.) 6) According to compositions of ground materials and season have specific vertical temperature distribution curve. 7) In summer season, temperature distribution of 0.5-1.5m hight at the shade tree is 4.8-5.7$^{\circ}C$ lower than concrete area (noon-3p.m.)

본 연구는 신명에 대한 질적 연구(한민, 한성열, 2007b)에서 도출된 신명경험의 과정과 구조를 양적인 방법으로 검증하기 위한 목적에서 수행되었다. 우선, 신명경험 전반을 측정하는 총 68문항의 척도를 제작하였고, 구성된 척도를 바탕으로 경로모형을 사용하여 신명경험의 구조를 확인하였다. 모형 검증 결과, 신명의 인과조건인 ‘자기(혹은 집단)가치의 재발견’이 1차적 쾌감과 자기(혹은 집단)개입적인 2차적 쾌감 및 주위 사람들과의 공감을 포괄하는 ‘신명의 감정’에 정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 주변 분위기 등의 외부적 조건은 ‘신명 행동’에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 ‘신명의 감정’과 ‘신명 행동’은 서로에게 정적인 영향을 미치는 쌍방향적 관계임이 확인되었으며, 신명의 감정과 행동은 각각 ‘신명의 기능 및 결과’에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 개인이 신명을 경험한 빈도와 신명 경험의 정도(감정+행동)와 기타 긍정적 의미를 갖는 변인들과의 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 신명을 경험한 빈도와 신명 경험의 정도가 자아존중감 등의 긍정적 자기가치감과 일상적 생활만족도 등에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 신명경험에 대한 질적인 분석 내용이 양적으로 검증되었으며, 신명의 원인과 현상, 그리고 결과에 대한 각 구성요소들의 상호작용의 양상을 실증적으로 증명할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 의의는, 이론적 차원에 머물고 있던 신명에 대한 논의를 과학적이고 실증적인 영역으로 확대하였다는 데 있다.

Present research was planned for validating the concept of Shinmyeong. Three studies were conducted to achieve those purposes. First, study 1, the Shinmyeong experience scale was developed by factor analysis with data of 333 participants. The scale was made of 68 items(16 items for causal conditions, 9 items for contextual conditions, 15 items for emotion, 7 items for behavior, 21 items for effects). Second, study 2, the structural equation model of Shinmyeong was verified by path analysis with data of 230 participants. All path coefficients except for one(from ‘feeling of departure from everyday life’ to ‘behavior’) were significant, so hypothetical relations of variables which derived from qualitative analysis were verified by quantitative analysis. Third, correlation analyses were conducted to validate the concept of Shinmyeong by relations between positive variables and Shinmyeong experience. Shinmyeong experience has positive correlations with self esteem, self resiliency, subjective wellbeing, and satisfaction of life.

The purpose of this study was to report the level of suicidal attempts in Korean older adults in a community and identify the factors associated with suicidal attempts. Methods: A total of 73,326 older adults were selected and analyzed using the 2021 Community Health Survey. The Rao-Scott χ2 test was conducted to evaluate the differences between demographic characteristics, health status, and mental health according to suicide attempts. Logistic regression was performed using the SAS 9.4 program. Results: Among older adults, 0.3% had suicidal attempts. Factors influencing suicidal attempts were level of education (odds ratio [OR]=0.34, p=.006), region (OR=1.22, p=.011), life satisfaction (OR=2.13, p=.035), depression experiences (OR=3.03, p<.001), and suicidal ideation (OR=15.34, p<.001). Conclusion: To prevent suicide attempts among older adults, it is necessary to consider their suicidal ideation, level of education, and region, and to screen for depression experiences and suicidal ideation. Additionally, nursing interventions should be developed to improve the life satisfaction of the older adults and reduce depression and suicide attempts.

Purpose: Aging societies worldwide face the significant challenge of retaining skilled personal care workers (PCWs). In September 2017, the South Korean government launched a financial incentive program, offering a long-service allowance (LSA) to PCWs in nursing homes. This allowance is designated for those who have consistently worked over 120 hours per month for over 36 months. This study evaluates the impact of this publicly funded LSA on the job tenure of PCWs in nursing homes, using claim data from the National Health Insurance Service. Methods: Utilizing a difference-in-difference approach, this research compares the tenure changes among LSA-eligible and non-eligible PCWs before and after the implementation of the LSA. It analyzes 2,095,503 cases from January 2016 to April 2019, employing regression-based panel data analysis. Results: Despite a general trend of decreasing PCWs’ job tenure and rising minimum wages, the LSA seems to affect LSA-eligible PCWs’ tenure positively. After adjusting for socio-demographic, job-related, and organizational factors, the study found that the tenure of LSA-eligible PCWs extended by 85 days within the 20-month observation period, in contrast to a decrease among their non-eligible counterparts. Conclusion: The LSA is considered to be effective in retaining mid-level PCWs, indicating its potential as a measure for workforce retention. However, its effectiveness in substantially increasing the overall supply of the PCW workforce is somewhat constrained.