Earticle

이 글은 법조(法照)의 정토 사상과 문수 신앙의 관계를 탐구하기 위한 것이다. 중국불교 정토신앙에 있어서 법조는 매우 중요한 지위를 점유하고 있다. 1900년 둔황 장경동이 세상에 알려지자 법조 관한 문헌도 발견되었 다. 예를 들어 『정토오회염불송경관행의(淨土五會念佛誦經觀行儀)』와 『정토오회염불약법사의찬(淨土五會念佛略法事儀讚)』 등이다. 법조 수행에서 감응은 중요한 요소라고 할 수 있다. 그는 두 번째 감응 에서 아미타불을 친견하였다. 아미타불은 그에게 오회염불(五會念佛)법을 전수하여 이 염불방법을 널리 알려달라고 당부하였다. 왜냐하면 이 법문은 세상의 중생들에게 매우 적합하기 때문이다. 그리고 그는 세 번째 감응에 서 오대산을 보았기 때문에 나중에 오대산으로 갔다. 네 번째 감응은 오대 산에서 발생하였고 문수보살을 친견하였다. 법조의 오회염불은 그가 평생 스스로 자신을 다스려 온 주요 법문이자 그의 불교 사상의 중추라고 할 수 있다. 오회 염불이라는 법문은 오음으로 곡을 만들고 염불한 것이다. 한편으로는 중생 염불의 흥취를 유도할 수 있 다. 다른 한편으로는 염불자들이 오로지 불호만을 집중하는 것으로 염불 삼매에 이르게 할 수도 있다. 법조의 오회염불은 오대산문수신앙과 중요한 관련이 있다. 법조는 자신 의 수행 감응에 따라 오대산에 이르러 대죽림사를 창건하였다. 오대산은 그 당시에 이미 천하에 알려진 문수보살이 주석하는 성지였다. 법조는 오 대산문수신앙의 신성함을 통하여 자신이 개시한 오회염불을 현세 최고의 수행방법으로 만들었다. 그리하여 그가 오회 염불의 기틀을 마련해 주었다.

This article aims to explore the relationship between Fazhao’s pure land thought and Manjusri belief. In the history of Chinese Pure Land, Fazhao has a very important position. With the discovery of the Dunhuang Buddhist scripture hole in 1900, documents related to Fazhao also appeared in front of the world. Such as Fazhao’s "jingtu wuhuinianfo songjing guanxingyi" "jingtu wuhuinianfo lvfashiyizan", etc. Throughout the life of Fazhao, induction is an important factor in his practice. During the second induction, he saw Amitabha Buddha, taught him the five confessions of Buddhism, and asked him to promote this method, because this method is very suitable for all beings in this world. For the third time, he saw Wutai Mountain, so he went to Wutai Mountain to spread the teachings and save the people. The fourth induction took place in Mount Wutai, and he saw Manjushri Bodhisattva appear. Fazhao proposed wuhui nianfo. This method is the main method for Fazhao to transform him in his life, and it can also be said to be the center of his Buddhist thought. Wuhui nianfo, that is, reciting the Buddha with five notes of music. On the one hand, it can induce the interest of all living beings to recite the Buddha, and on the other hand, it can enable the chanting of the Buddha to achieve the samādhi of the Buddha with one mind and the title of Buddha. The Wuhui nianfo of Fazhao is closely related to the belief in Manjushri of Mount Wutai. Fazhao came to Mount Wutai and built Dazhulin Temple based on the induction of his own practice. Mount Wutai was already the famous Manjushri dojo at the time. Through the sacredness of the Wutai Mountain Manjusri belief, Fazhao transforms the Wuhui nianfo into the world's best practice, it laid a solid foundation for him to promote this method.

Background: Mycobacterial identification in active pulmonary tuberculosis (APTB) is confirmative, even though successful rates using self-expectorated sputum are limited. Sputum specimens collected by hypertonic saline nebulization showed higher bacteriologic diagnostic sensitivities over those of self-expectoration, mostly studied in smear-negative or sputum-scarce patients. The efficacy of induced sputum was rarely assessed in real clinical settings. Methods: A prospective randomized case-control study was performed in one hospital. The subjects highly suspicious of APTB were asked to provide 3 pairs of sputum specimens in 3 consecutive days. The first pairs of the specimens were obtained either by self-expectoration (ES) from the next day of the visit or sputum induction with 7% saline nebulization in clinic (SI), and the other specimens were collected in the same way. The samples were tested in microscopy, culture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The outcomes of the bacteriological diagnosis were compared. Results: Seventy six patients were assigned to either ES (38 subjects, median age of 51, 65.8% male) or SI (38 subjects, median age of 55, 52.6% male). APTB was clinically confirmed in 51 patients (70.8%), 27 in ES and 24 in SI. Among the APTB, more adequate specimens were collected from SI (41/65, 63.1%) than ES (34/80, 42.5%) (p=0.01). Bacteriological confirmation was achieved in 14 (58.3%) patients in SI, and 13 (48.1%) in ES (p=0.46). In the same-day bacteriological diagnosis with microscopy and PCR, there were positive results for 9 patients (37.5%) in SI and 7 patients (25.9%) in ES (p=0.37). Conclusion: Sputum induction improves sputum specimen adequacy. It may be useful for the same-day bacteriological diagnosis with microscopic examination and PCR.