Earticle

Hybrid transmissions are a component being researched and developed by major automakers to reduce fuel consumption and emissions. Power-split hybrid transmissions utilize two or more motors to enable continuously variable gear shifting and control the operating points of the engine and motor, thereby reducing engine fuel consumption and emissions. This study proposes a systematic design method for a two-mode hybrid system that minimizes power circulation. To achieve this, we design a two-mode hybrid system that combines three-axis and four-axis systems using two planetary gears and two clutches. We also propose a structure that operates only in modes where power circulation does not occur, thereby improving transmission efficiency.

Split of Subjects by Disciplinary Power and Problems of Education: From the Perspective of Hermann Hesse's Unterm Rad Hyo Chan Choi (Yonsei University) Revealing the strategy of disciplinary power, Hermann Hesse’s Unterm Rad, arouses circumstances of armed education to train an ideal man to serve the state and a destroyed humanity. Furthermore, he implies criticism of disciplinary power reproduced by the school. This is showed at the end where Hans Giebenrath (the main character) returned home because of nervousness caused by not adapting to the theological seminary and was found drowned. It is the disciplinary power producing modern subjects that brings on the split of subjects and ends up the collapse. This shows the shift to new modern subjects refusing to rituals. Hans Giebenrath refused to the destiny committed to ‘place’ of the birth and ‘mimesis’. He resisted the ritual discipline where people traditionally relied on and worshiped the supernatural being. It drives to the split of subjects. Walter Benjamin defined Newborn modern subjects as the shift from ‘ritual’ to ‘demonstrative’. It is a refusal to the traditional subjects performing rituals. In addition, Unterm Rad is a warning to dehumanized circumstances by school disciplinary power and a reflection on the disease of today's education beyond the time and place of transition.

The power distribution is proposed to determine the target operating points of the system components as the basis for maximal the efficiency of the overall system for a power split dual electric machine hybrid electric bus. The coordinated control is constructed on the basis of the power distribution. The basic coordinated control is implemented to satisfy the driver's power demand, in which both the dynamic characteristics of the engine and the dual electric machine are explicitly taken into account. Moreover, the improved coordinated control is suggested to suppress engine dynamic operation and rich fuel injection.

This paper studied performance characteristics of hybrid automotive to replace existing fossil fuel vehicles. Specially, about power split type HEV that is T-HEV's drive system when a vehicle drives at steady speed, monitored both output of each engine, motor and generator and battery SOC (state of charge) and analyzed performance characteristic of power transmission system and electricity power parts. This study shows those that acquired and analyzed information from signals between HCU and each controller of actual T- vehicle. From this study, it is confirmed that each conditions of EV and HEV drive can be a improvement with respect to the fuel efficiency of vehicles.

Electromagnetic(EM) radiation problems and their possible solutions are addressed in this paper for the split power plane of high-speed digital systems. Stitching and decoupling capacitors are proved to be very effective fur reducing signal noise, ground bounce as well as electromagnetic radiation from the split power plane. Simulations based on 3D-Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method are utilized for the analysis of practical high frequency multi-layered PC main board

Signal integrity problems and their possible solutions are addressed in this paper for split power plane of high-speed digital systems. Stitching and decoupling capacitors are proved to be very effective for reducing signal noise, ground bounce as well as electromagnetic radiation from the split power plane. Simulations based on 3D-Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method are utilized for the analysis of practical high frequency multi-layered PC main board.

This paper focuses on the design and control of a new concept for wind turbines with a planetary gearbox to realize a power split. This concept, where the generated wind power is split into two parts, is to increase the utilization of the wind power and may be particularly suitable for large scale off-shore wind turbines. In order to reduce the cost of the power electronic devices, a synchronous generator, which is driven by the planetary gear, is directly connected to the power grid without electronic converter. A servo drive, which functions as the control actuator, is connected to the power grid by a power electronic converter. With small scale power electronic device, the current harmonics can also be reduced. The speed of the main shaft is controlled to track the optimal tip speed ratio. Meanwhile the speed of the synchronous generator is controlled to stay at the synchronous speed. The minimum rated power of the servo motor and the converter, is studied and discussed in this paper. Different variants of the wind turbine with a planetary gear are also compared. The controller for optimal tip speed ratio and synchronous speed tracking is given.

In this paper, a wind turbine with power splitting transmission, which is realized through a novel three-shaft planetary, is presented. The input shaft of the transmission is driven by the rotor of the wind turbine, the output shaft is connected to the grid via the main generator (asynchronous generator), and the third shaft is driven by a control motor with variable speed. The dynamic models of the sub systems of this wind turbine, e.g. the rotor aerodynamics, the drive train dynamics and the power generation unit dynamics, were given and linearized at an operating point. These sub models were integrated in a multidisciplinary dynamic model, which is suitable for control syntheses to optimize the utilization of wind energy and to reduce the excessive dynamic loads. The important dynamic behaviours were investigated and a wind turbine with a soft main shaft was recommend.

This paper suggests a class-F power amplifier with split open-end stubs to provide a broadband high-efficiency operation. These stubs are designed to have wide bandwidth by splitting wide open-end stubs into narrower stubs connected in shunt in an output matching network for class-F operation. In contrast to conventional wideband class-F designs, which theoretically need a large number of matching lines, this method requires fewer transmission lines, resulting in a compact circuit implementation. In addition, the open-end stubs are designed with slant ends to achieve additional wide bandwidth. To verify the suggested design, a 10-W class-F power amplifier operating at 1.7 GHz was implemented using a commercial GaN transistor. The measurement results showed a peak drain efficiency of 82.1% and 750 MHz of bandwidth for an efficiency higher than 63%. Additionally, the maximum output power was 14.45 W at 1.7 GHz.

In this paper, we consider conjugacy of subgroups of some split metacyclic groups of odd prime power order to determine the numbers of conjugacy classes of subgroups of those groups. The study was motivated by the linear isomorphism problem of metacyclic primitive linear groups.

For split plot designs exact univariate F tests of the within-subjects main effect are based on the assumption of multisample sphericity. Type I error rates and power are reported for the F test and two tests designed for use when multisample sphericity is violated: the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test and the Corrected Improved General Approximation(CIGA) test.The results indicate that even though the F test and the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test have better power than the CIGA test in some conditions, the F test and the $\widetilde{\xi}$-adjusted test do not control Type I error rates when the design is unbalanced and the F test dose not have a good control of Type I error rates when sphericity assumption is severely violated.

In this paper, power characteristics of the power split HEV for the input split, output split and compound split configurations are investigated. Using the lever analysis, state equations of each power split configuration is obtained and power characteristics such as torque and speed of two motor-generator(MG1, MG2) are obtained. It is found from the simulation results that the input split configuration can carry out electric vehicle mode and regenerative braking mode by the simple motor control, which is connected to the output shaft. The compound split configuration shows some advantages such as relatively smaller electric machine power during hybrid electric vehicle mode, which provides the reduced cost of the electric machines. From the power characteristics and transmission efficiency of each configuration depends on the speed ratio, proper combination of power split configuration considering the operating speed can provide the improved system efficiency with reduced electric machine cost. It is expected that the power characteristics of each power split configuration can be used in development of the power split HEV transmission system.

We designed the compound CVT(Continuously Variable Transmissions) by combining power circulation mode and power split mode, which have been proposed for connecting 2K-H I differential gear to the V- belt type CVU(Continuously Variable Unit), as an input coupled type. With the designed compound CVT, we carried out theoretical analysis and performance experiments for efficiency, speed ratio, power flow, and power transmission ratio. We proved that the compound CVT had a better performance than either of the power circulation mode or power split mode.

The power split hybrid power train is considered to be one of the most prospective configuration for the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Toyota Prius, representing this type of vehicle, showed outstanding performances in fuel efficiency, emission reduction and acceleration. The excellence is largely due to the fact that it utilizes almost all operation modes of HEV. Those modes include ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle) driving, idle stop, fuel cut-off, power assist, active charging, regenerative braking and so forth. In this paper, a few of the mode operations were simulated using AVL Cruise. Also, control logics to operate the powertrain in each mode were developed. The states of powertrain components were displayed and analyzed. By controlling the three components (engine, motor and generator), it was possible to run the powertrain in several hybrid operation modes.

The volume and size of the wind turbine gearbox has been increased with increasing transmitted power. The optimal sizing of gearbox is important due to limited space on the nacelle. The power-split type planetary gear train has been regarded as a better solution than conventional type from the point of view of the volume and weight. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the volume and weight of the gearbox by the analysis of structural characteristics and evaluation of strength of the power-split type planetary gear train.

A performance prediction method is presented in this paper for design of a rotating machinery having power split/circulated transmisson with slip elements and planetary gears. And internal power flow patterns of such systems are theoretically analyzed by using mathematical modeling. To estimate usefulness of the designed machinary, geometrical approach has been adopted through the performance locus diagram which represents overall characteristics of the system. This gives us complect prediction of the qualitative performane and effects of design factors such as system layout, types and gear ratios of planetary gears and disign parameters of slip elements. The results for one of them are compared with experimental ones using dynamometer for verification.

To improve the efficiency of a power transmission system with slip elements, power split/circulation system is applied. The performance of a power split/circulation system varies widely by the change of the followings; the layout of system, the type and gear ratio of planetary gear, the performance of slip element, etc. Therefore, when one designs such a power transmission system or when one determines the economic/power mode of system, a certain performance prediction method is needed. In this study, the internal power flow pattern of a power split/circulation system is theoretically analyzed on several transmission systems. And an effective performance prediction method(so called performance locus diagram) is presented. By this method, the effects of design factors can be easily understood and the qualitative performances of system can be clearly evaluated.

이 논문은 한국장로교회의 분열의 근본 원인이 무엇인가에 대한 연구이다. 1953년 기장과 예장으로 분열되어진 한국장로교의 분열에는 신학적 요인보다는 정치적 요인이 더 컸다는 것을 역사적으로 규명하려는 것이다. 식민지에서 해방된 한국장로교회는 민족의 분단상황을 매개로 북한의 사회주의 체제 하에서 월남한 기독교인들과 남한의 미군정 체제 하에서 후원받은 한국장로교회의 교권주의자들은 반공친미적 교회를 형성하였다. 특히 이와같은 미군정 체제 하에서 한국교회의 종교권력 형성에는 미국 선교사들의 영향이 매우 컸다. 따라서 이들의 개입으로 한국장로교 안에서 세계교회와 연대를 가지며 한국교회의 분단을 극복하고 민족주체적인 교회 형성과 교회 개혁을 지향하였던 이들은 좌절하지 않을 수 없었다. 이것이 성서영감론 논쟁이란 명분 하에 이루어진 1953년 한국장로교의 분열이었다. 결국 민족의 분단은 교회의 분열을 가져 오게 하였을 뿐만 아니라 교회의 분열은 민족의 분열을 더욱 극대화 하였다. 이 점에서 한국장로교회는 민족과 역사 앞에 남북분단의 책임을 공유하며 앞으로 민족통일을 위해 이 땅에 화해와 일치, 평화를 이루는 일을 하나님의 선교적 소명으로 받아들여야 할 것이다.

What are the causes of split of the Korean Presbyterian Church? This thesis examines the split of the Korean Presbyterian Church in 1953, focusing on a political factor of religious power(authority). South Korean Presbyterian Church which was liberated from Japanese colonial rule faced two great changes. That is, a change in a religious power structure brought about by North Korean Christians defecting to South Korea from religious persecution and foreign missionaries reentering South Korea. Liberalism-related theological controversy centering around the Chosun theological seminary which was run by the South Korean Presbyterian Church was caused by this religious power struggle. The South Korean Presbyterian Church was first split by the religious power elites taking the initiative of the South Korean Church under the U.S. military intermediary government and support of missionaries at the 37th General Assembly in 1952. Therefore, reform-minded group's independent attempts inside the Korean Presbyterian Church to retrieve the right apostlic church tradition distorted through the harsh dictatorial rule and to aim at solidarity with the world church were frustrated. Church split, when the church tended toward the dominant church authority structure like the secular world, not a world-serving structure, was the natural result. It is true that under the division of the Korean nation, the political structure of the Korean Presbyterian Church is an exclusive, monopolistic and stratified one aimed at power and authority. Then, how can we overcome the division of the Korean Presbyterian Church and achieve church reformation? As future tasks, we should scrutinize the church authority elites and find ways to realize an equal and horizontal structure of sharing for the church serving the world. For, this is a way to prepare for national reunification through church unification.

Recently, the interest of energy saving building has increased due to government policy. Related studies about energy-saving buildings are being conducted. One of the subject is about light shelf system. Most of current light shelf system is designed as a flat surface. However, this flat design can not reflect the daylight deep into the room. In this study, a new split-light shelf system is proposed to get daylight deeper into the room. In addition, this study analyzes PV(Photovoltaic) power generation efficiency through PV integrated split-light shelf system. Verification of the proposed split-light shelf system was conducted with Relux lighting simulation program. Two cases were compared, a flat-light shelf system and a proposed split-light shelf system. As a result, a proposed split-light shelf system can get more daylight deeper into the room and higher PV power generation efficiency.