Earticle

This paper explores the possibility to define phases in a relative sense rather than in an absolute sense as Chomsky (2000, 2001a,b, 2005) suggested. Unlike the hypothesis that an inherent phase is a proposition, we assume, following Dikken’s (2006) notion of Phase Extension, that the other nodes can acquire phasehood in the course of the syntactic derivation as a result of movement of the head of the inherent small-clause phase to the heads of higher nodes in the structure. Hence, since the predication of a sentence structure is realized in vP, only this unit vP can be an inherent phase and the other maximal nodes can be phases only by means of getting a phasehood by inheritance. We suggest that as a result of v raising to T, TP becomes a phase, unlike Chomsky (2000, 2001a,b, 2005) predicts, and it is an inherited phase. And with T subsequently raising on to C, that also makes CP a derived phase at the next step in the derivation. Thus there are two types of phases : absolute inherent phase vP and inherited/derived phase TP or CP. In Chomsky’s phase system, on the other hand, the edge and the complement of a phase are spelled-out at different times. Such a dispersed double application of Spell-Out within the same phase domain is not ideal syntactic operations. To avoid such double applications of Spell-Out, we suggest that objects for Spell-Out should be qualified full phase domains rather than complements of phase heads as the PIC predicted.

본 연구에서는 스페인어의 두 가지 원거리 이동 사례에 대한 최소주의적 분석을 제시한다. 국면침투불가조건(Phase Impenetrability Condition)은 국면의 가장자리를 거치는 연쇄-순환식 이동을 강요한다. 즉, 국면(CP, vP) 밖으로의 이동은 반드시 국면의 가장자리(CP의 지정어, vP의 지정어)를 거쳐야만 한다. 그런데 스페인어에는 CP 밖으로 이동하는 요소가 CP의 지정어를 거치지 않는 두 가지 사례가 존재한다. 하나는 Fernández-Salgueiro(2008; 2011a; b)가 제시한 것이고 다른 하나는 Torrego(1984)가 제시한 것이다. 따라서 본고에서는 국면침투불가조건을 어기는 것처럼 보임에도 불구하고 이러한 이동이 허용되는 이유를 설명하는 방안을 모색해보고자 한다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 국면확대(phase extension)는 통사적 이동뿐만 아니라 의미적 선택을 통해서도 일어날 수 있다는 Kim Sun-Woong(2009)의 주장을 수용한다. 그의주장에 따르면 V가 CP를 선택하면 CP에서 VP로 국면확대가 발생하며 그 결과 국면 CP가 국면성을 상실하게 된다. 본고에서는 의미적 선택에 의한 국면확대는 원거리 이동을 하는 요소가 국면침투불가조건을 위반하지 않으면서 CP의 지정어를 건너뛸 수 있도록 해준다고 주장하고자 한다. 바로 이런 이유 때문에 본고에서 제시한 두 가지 사례에서 CP의 지정어를 건너뛰는 원거리 이동이 가능케 된다.

This paper provides aminimalist analysis of two cases of long-distance movement in Spanish. The PIC forces successive-cyclic movement via phase edges. That is, movement out of a phase(CP, vP) must proceed through the edge of a phase(Spec,CP, SpecvP). In Spanish, however, there exist two cases in which the element undergoing movement out of CP does not pass through SpecCP. One example was provided by Fernández-Salgueiro(2008; 2011a; b) and the other one was provided by Torrego(1984). Thus, we try to look for a way of accounting for why this movement is allowed in spite of appearing to violate the PIC. For this we adopt Kim Sun-Woong(2009)’s claim that phase extension can take place either via syntacticmovement or via semantic selection. According to his claim, when V selects CP, phase extension takes place from CP to VP and as a consequence CP comes to lose its phasehood. We claim that phase extension via semantic selection makes it possible for the element undergoing long-distance movement to skip SpecCP without yielding a PIC violation. This is the reason why the long-distance movement skipping SpecCP is allowed in the two examples.

This paper examines the contrast between Negative Inversion and Locative Inversion in English and argues that their divergent properties reflect differences in the type of dependency they instantiate. Locative Inversion is shown to involve TP-internal, EPP-driven A-movement of a nominally endowed locative PP, yielding a subject-like configuration without auxiliary inversion and with sensitivity to argument structure. Negative Inversion, by contrast, involves CP-level movement of a scope-bearing negative operator that lacks a nominal feature and must take sentential scope. Subject Auxiliary Inversion arises as a consequence of phase extension via T-to-C movement, enabling the establishment of an operator?variable dependency. The analysis further demonstrates that Negative Inversion is semantically rather than morphologically conditioned, providing a principled explanation for the asymmetry between the two constructions.

Assuming that a phase is a predication, den Dikken (2006, 2007a) argues that the phase is not fixed, but can be extended when the head of a phase raises to a higher head. With a view to overview the empirical adequacy of the phase extension mechanism, this paper reviews proposed analyses of predication inversion, locative inversion, object shift, preposition stranding, there-raising and superiority. It is shown that analyses in terms of phase extension can effectively account for the interaction of head movement and phrasal displacement. Those analyses, however, involve some empirical and conceptual issues. Among these are (a) Whether head movement is a syntactic movement or a PF operation; (b) Den Dikken’s argument that predicate/locative inversion involves A-movement is dubious, since there are cases in which the inverted locative behaves like a topic though they show apparent subject-like properties, and (c) There are cases where verb movement is a precondition but is not a sufficient condition for object shift.

From the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) perspectives, raising of a non-edge element out of the embedded CP is problematic in that the movement crosses over CP, a strong phase boundary. This would falsely block the raising to object (RTO) in Korean (and Japanese). This paper is an attempt to solve this problem in terms of phase extension (den Dikken 2007, 2008) by slightly modifying its definition to include V-C dependency via selection. It is proposed that phase can be extended under head-head dependency. This dependency is captured either by moving a phase head to the higher functional head or by head-head selection. It is claimed that Korean RTO can proceed in one fell swoop from its initial position inside VP to the matrix landing site over the intermediate CP boundary without violating the PIC. This is made possible via phase extension from CP to VP under V-C dependency. This new analysis is compared to Ogawa's (2007) V to C movement analysis and to Yoon's (2007) Major Subject Raising (MSR) analysis of RTO. It is argued that the present analysis in terms of phase extension is a simpler alternative to them.

The concerns of this paper are twofold. The first is whether repair strategies like deletion or insertion as Last Resort are effective in explaining the that-t effect. The second and major concern of this paper is to propose a novel approach that is based on the phase extension idea of den Dikken (2006, 2007). For this, various Last Resort strategies that have been explored in the generative grammar tradition are critically reviewed. Based on this criticism, a new approach to the that-t effect is proposed. A that-t sequence violates the PIC if extraction proceeds from a non-phase-edge position. The anti-that-t effect is also explained under the same rubric if it is assumed that phasehood is not extended to CP due to a weak dependency between T and C. If TP is a phase, then extraction out of its Spec does not violate the PIC. Consequences of the proposal regarding the Adverb Effect and no that-t effect in some languages are also discussed under the phase extension proposal.

This paper tries to explain why preposition stranding is allowed in some languages like English but not in others, by extending den Dikken's (2006) phase extension analysis to DP to PP relation. Going through a number of examples with respect to preposition stranding and its relationship with the directionality of movements involved, this paper deals with the question why preposition stranding is different from language to language as well as within a language. By applying den Dikken's (2006) phase extension analysis to preposition stranding examples, this paper supports his theory of phase extension. This paper also deals with the consequences of the proposed analysis with respect to complementizer stranding. By equating C with P (including prepositional complementizer for), a unified account becomes possible to both PP-DP relation and that of CP-TP. The phase extension analysis is also proven to be superior to Fox and Pesetsky's (2005) linearization with respect to preposition stranding.

In this paper, we prove that for every surjective phase-isometry between the unit spheres of real atomic $L_p$-spaces for p > 0, its positive homogeneous extension is a phase-isometry which is phase equivalent to a linear isometry.

This paper summarizes the results of a Writing Group on the Extension of CFD codes to two-phase flow safety problems, which was created by the Group for Analysis and Management of Accidents of the Nuclear Energy Agency' Committee on the Safety of Nuclear Installations (NEA-CSNI). Two-phase CFD used for safety investigations may predict small scale flow processes, which are not seen by system thermalhydraulic codes. However, the two-phase CFD models are not as mature as those in the single phase CFD and potential users need some guidance for proper application. In this paper, a classification of various modelling approaches is proposed. Then, a general multi-step methodology for using two-phase-CFD is explained, including a preliminary identification of flow processes, a model selection, and a verification and validation process. A list of 26 nuclear reactor safety issues that could benefit from investigations at the CFD scale is identified. Then, a few issues are analyzed in more detail, and a preliminary state-of-the-art is proposed and the remaining gaps in the existing approaches are identified. Finally, guidelines for users are proposed.

The aim of this paper is to show that Phase Extension suggested by den Dikken (2006, 2007) is the effective theory to explain not only Locative PP inversion structure but also existential structure. In PP inversion, if head R is empty in small clause, null dative preposition PØ can be raised and incorporated to head R to be licensed. Since the features on predicate head(P) are transferred to RP as a result of raising, the predicate can be visible to the outside F, and the predicate cam be attracted to [Spec,F]. If R is filled, on the other hand, by a lexical element that can not serve as an incorporator, PØ(R) will raise up to F to make predicate visible to F, and thus RP is extended up to FP phase. If there in existential construction is assumed to be base generated in the position of the predicate in small clause RP dominated by DP, the DP inherits phasehood from the RP after the movement of the R to the D. The u[specific] feature on there triggers the expletive move to [Spec,D], since head D bearing [+specific] feature attracts R. There bearing u[Case], to become a probe, raises to the closest [Spec,T] c- commanding T. So raising there to [Spec,D] and [Spec,T] can be ensured without resort to the EPP. In predicate inversion, extending the phase through predicate head-to-R raising or R-to-F raising, the predicate moves across the small clause subject to get its features checked.

인천도시철도 1호선 검단연장선 1공구 건설공사는 국내 최초로 로드헤더와 TBM 장비가 함께 적용되었다. 쉴드TBM 터널 구간은 1,057 m이며, 대부분 암반으로 구성 되어있으며 공항철도 및 경인아라뱃길 하부 터널 구간 공사를 포함하고 있다. 굴진을 위해 7.8 m 토압식 쉴드TBM 장비가 투입되었으며, 상·하선 구간의 평균 월굴진율은 239.1 m이고, 최대 월굴진율은 334.5 m이다. 본 기술기사에서는 인천도시철도 1호선 검단연장선 1공구 쉴드TBM 터널 굴진 실적을 중심으로 쉴드TBM의 생산성을 종합적으로 평가해 보았으며, 성공적인 쉴드TBM 터널 공사 수행에 있어서 유용한 자료를 제공하고자 한다.

The Incheon Metro Line 1 Geomdan Extension Phase 1 is the first project in South Korea where both a roadheader and TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) are being used together. The shield TBM tunnel section is 1,057 m long, and is mostly composed of rock, including the section beneath the Airport Railroad and the Gyeongin Ara Waterway. A 7.8 m earth pressure balance shield TBM was used for tunnel excavation. The average monthly advance rate for both the North and South tracks is 239.1 m, with a maximum monthly advance rate of 334.5 m. This technical article comprehensively evaluates the productivity of the shield TBM, focusing on the TBM excavation performance. Above all, it aims to provide useful reference material for the successful execution of shield TBM tunnel construction.

본 연구는 방카슈랑스의 가입실태, 혜택과 약점, 방카슈랑스 적용 상품 확대에 대한 소비자의 태도를 확인함으로써 방카슈랑스 상품 확대개방에 요구되는 보완점을 제안하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 응답자의 약 절반 정도가 은행 업무 중 권유를 받아 방카슈랑스에 가입한 것으로 나타났다. 방카슈랑스에 가입한 소비자의 약 절반 정도가 후회를 경험하였고, 가장 큰 이유는 설명을 듣기에 촉박한 환경이었던 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 방카슈랑스의 가장 큰 장점은 구매의 용이성이고 가장 큰 단점은 전문성의 부족인 것으로 조사되었다. 셋째, 향후 확대 개방 될 방카슈랑스 적용 상품이 기존의 보험설계사를 통해 가입하는 상품보다 더 좋을 것으로 기대하는 소비자의 비중이 매우 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 향후 바람직한 방카슈랑스 제도의 정착을 위해 본 연구에서 나타난 방카슈랑스의 가입 실태와 문제점에 대한 소비자 관점의 논의가 함께 이루어져야 할 것이다.

This study examined the actual contract condition, benefit, weakness, and consumers’ attitude of the extension policy of bancassurance to propose the need for policy complement. The result of this study is as follows. First, about a half of the respondents were canvassed by bank clerks to be insured with bancassurance. Also, more than half of the respondents regretted being insured with bancassurance mainly because of time limited environment. Second, the main benefit of bancassurance was the convenience, while the main disadvantage was lack of professionalism. Third, there were few respondents who expected bancassurance to be better than the traditional route of insurance contract. Henceforth, all these problems which are the lack of time to make their decision, less professionalism, and low expected benefit of bancassurance should be considered from the consumers’ point of view as well in order that bancassurance takes strong root.

Architectural design work depends on information made from earlier phases such as feasibility study, planning, and conceptual design. This design guideline information includes design objectives, requirements, and constraints made by decision-making, and has great influence on various works of latter phases of design process. Despite of this cognition, however, the lack of design guideline information management still remains as one among the critical issues in design area. Design tools with design guideline information do not also address the issue of interoperability throughout the life-cycle of buildings. The purpose of this research is to propose a method for design guideline information management by using the IFC technology and IFC Property set (Pset) extension mechanism. The method comprises defining and mapping the practically used design guideline items and extensible IFC data model, and includes the management of relationships that exist between design guideline information and design model in the IFC data model.