Earticle

This study investigates the sublimation characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture across various concentrations using Cryogenic Carbon Capture (CCC) technology and evaluates CO₂ capture effectiveness under different temperatures through practical experimental setups. CCC, which captures CO₂ by cooling mixed gases to cryogenic temperatures and separating CO₂ as solid, is recognized as a promising carbon capture technology. The research used two experimental methods—Closed Type and Continuous Type—across CO₂ concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, observing temperature-based sublimation characteristics for each concentration. Each concentration exhibited unique sublimation behavior under varying temperatures, and continuous gas injection experiments simulated practical applications. The results demonstrate CCC's efficiency, suggesting further research into process design for practical CCC systems.

최근 미디어아트와 공연예술 분야에서 예술과 기술의 융합을 활용한 다원예술의 공연들이 늘어나고 있다. 공연 자와 관객들 사이의 실시간 커뮤니케이션이 이루어지는 공연예술은 관람객들이 전시의 형태로 이를 감상하는 미 디어아트와는 달리, 작가의 의도를 공연자의 퍼포먼스와 배경, 무대장치들을 통해 간접적으로 전달하는 형태를 취한다. 본 연구는 비언어적 커뮤니케이션의 형태로 관객들의 실시간 소통이 중요한 예술공연에서, 게임엔진과 실시간 인터렉션 기술들을 접목한 공연사례들을 분석해보자 한다. 게임과 영상 분야에서 주로 사용되었던 언리 얼 엔진과 비주얼 인터렉션 기술들은 실시간 리얼타임 비주얼 출력이라는 강력한 이점으로 인해 다양한 분야에 서 폭넓게 활용되고 있고, 예술공연 분야로도 점차 확대되고 있다. 따라서 미디어아트 공연분야에서 실시간 인터 렉션 기술이 접목된 다원예술 공연들을 살펴보고 어떠한 시도와 움직임들이 있는지 살펴보고 분석해보고자 한 다. 이를 통해 미디어아트 분야 뿐만 아니라, 공연예술 및 다원예술 분야에서도 미디어아트와 실시간 인터렉션 공연을 접목시킨 다양한 형태의 예술공연들이 늘어나고 관련 제작 및 방법론 연구에 도움이 되고자 한다.

The increasing prevalence of the convergence of art and technology in the field of media art and performing arts has led to a rise in the number of performances that incorporate real-time interaction technologies, such as game engines and visual interaction technologies. This study aims to analyze and examine the integration of these technologies in multi-art performances, focusing on the importance of non-verbal communication and real-time audience engagement. By exploring and analyzing the attempts and movements made in these performances, this research seeks to expand the scope of art performances that combine media art and real-time interaction, not only in media art but also in the broader fields of performing arts and multiple arts.

정보기술 및 문화기술의 발전과 더불어 근래에 들어 다시 각광을 받고 있는 분야가 모션캡쳐 분야이다. 모션캡쳐시스템의 경우 영화, 애니메이션, 게임 등과 같은 문화 산업 뿐만 아니라, 의학, 군사 등 여러 산업분야에 적용되고 있는 활용도가 높은 기술이다. 국내에서는 1990년대 후반부터 3D 애니메이션의 열풍과 함께 모션캡쳐 데이터의 활용에 대한 관심이 증가하였다. 그러나 아직까지 이러한 모션캡쳐시스템 및 데이터의 활용에 대한 이해가 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 모션캡쳐시스템의 이해와 활용을 돕기 위하여 현재까지 개발된 시스템의 소개와 적용사례의 분석을 통하여 향후 모션캡쳐시스템의 흐름을 예측해보고자 한다.

The interests about motion capture has increased dramatically over the past few years because of the growth of information technology and culture technology. It's efficiency is increased not only culture industry such as movie, animation, game, but also several industry areas such as medical, military, etc. In domestic, the concerns are increased about application of motion capture data with 3D animation wave since 1990s. But, so far, many people don't understanding motion capture system and use of motion data. This paper aims to predict trends of motion capture system through analysis of application case and introduction of conventional system.

Aiming at the problem of short lifetime and high cost in the on-orbit Servicing technology, a new type of automatic autonomous probe-cone docking mechanism used for microsatellite docking is proposed which can realize on-orbit special services. The structure of the mini docking mechanism is provided according to the design indices, and a virtual prototype model of the mini-type universal docking system is established by using MATLAB software. The dynamics modeling of the docking process is presented based on the virtual work principle. The simplified dynamic analysis model during the capture process is established. The dynamic characteristic analysis of the catching process is completed to research the influence of the key parameters, and the virtual prototype model of the docking device is established through ADAMS for further verifying the proposed design. The analysis shows that this mechanism has the good capacity of capture and separation process and energy absorption to reduce the impact during the docking process. And the simulation results meet the design demands of mini-type universal autonomous docking mechanism.

With the increasingly serious problem of climate warming in recent years, CO2 capture technology has been widely concernedby countries all over the world. One of the effective methods to reduce CO2 emissions is to capture CO2 after combustion. Alkali metal salt modified MgO-based adsorbents were synthesized by hydration impregnation method to obtain high efficientadsorbents in this study. The CO2 cyclic adsorption capacity test was carried out in a fixed bed experimental setup. Themicrostructure of the adsorbent was characterized by XRD, SEM and BET techniques. The adsorption properties and cyclestability of alkali metal salts modified MgO adsorbents were deeply studied. The results show that the adsorbent with 10wt% K2CO3-MgO has the best adsorption performance and cyclic stability. The initial adsorption capacity is 89 mg/g·sorbent,and the adsorption capacity of the 15th cycle is 63 mgCO2/ g·sorbent. 10 wt% K2CO3-MgO adsorbent has the largest specificsurface area, and K2CO3 doping of alkali metal carbonate can effectively improve the CO2 adsorption capacity and cyclicstability of the adsorbent.

Background: Minor cervical cytologic abnormalities include atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Approximately 10-20% of women with minor cytologic abnormalities have histologic high-grade squamous intraepithelial or worse lesions (HSIL+). In Thailand, women with minor cytologic abnormalities have a relatively high risk of cervical cancer, and referral for colposcopy has been suggested. A triage test is useful in the selection of women at risk for histologic HSIL+ to reduce the colposcopy burden. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of high-risk HPV DNA test in triage of women with minor cytologic abnormalities in northern Thailand. Materials and Methods: All women with ASC-US/LSIL cytology who were referred to our colposcopy clinic from October 2010 to February 2014 were included. HPV DNA testing was performed using Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2). All patients received colposcopic examination. Accuracy values of HC2 in predicting the presence of histologic HSIL+ were calculated. Results: There were 238 women in this study (121 ASC-US and 117 LSIL). The HC2 positivity rate was significantly higher in the LSIL group than in ASC-US group (74.8% versus 41.0%, p<0.001). Histologic HSIL+ was detected in 9 women (7.4%) in the ASC-US group and 16 women (13.7%) in the LSIL group (p=0.141). There was no histologic HSIL+ detected among HC2-negative cases (sensitivity and negative predictive value of 100%). The performance of HC2 triage was highest among women aged >50 years with ASC-US cytology. An increase in the cut-off threshold for positive HC2 resulted in a substantial decrease of sensitivity and negative predictive value. Conclusions: HPV DNA testing with HC2 shows very high sensitivity and negative predictive value in triage of women with minor cervical cytologic abnormalities in northern Thailand. An increase of the cut-off threshold for HC2 triage is not recommended in this region.

The continuous utilization of nuclear energy has led to the accumulation of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) containing uranium, transuranium, and fission products (FPs). Reprocessing and pyrochemical methods have shown the potential for SNF reuse, thereby reducing its environmental impact. Voloxidation, a pivotal step in SNF recycling, involves thermal treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere to enhance the reactivity. During voloxidation, Se-79, which is a FP with a long half-life, is released as SeO₂ under oxidizing conditions, necessitating technologies to capture it. CaO pellets (CPs) were prepared to capture gaseous SeO₂. The effects of operating conditions on SeO₂ capture performance were investigated. The CP reacts strongly with SeO₂ to form CaSeO₃, exhibiting a high adsorption capacity of 17.5 mol kg^-1 and >99 % efficiency at 700 ℃. The mechanical strength and thermal stability assessments indicate suitability for practical applications. Depending on the flow rate, the CP required for SeO₂ capture was estimated when processing 1 t of SNF, thereby contributing to the design of effective SeO₂ capture systems for safe and sustainable nuclear waste management.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can be detected by using several molecular methods, including Hybrid-Capture II (HC2) assay and variable HPV DNA chip tests, although each method has different sensitivities and specificities. Methods: We performed HPV 9G DNA Chip (9G) and PANArray HPV Genotyping Chip (PANArray) tests on 118 cervicovaginal swabs and compared the results with HC2, cytology, histology, and direct sequencing results. Results: The overall and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) positivity rates were 62.7% and 44.9% using 9G, and 61.0% and 30.5% using PANArray, respectively. The positivity rates for HR-HPV with these two chips were significantly lower than 55.1% when HC2 was used. The sensitivity of overall HPV positivity in detecting histologically confirmed low-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions or higher was 88.7% for all three tests. The specificity was 58.5% for 9G and 61.5% for PANArray, which was significantly lower than the 72.3% for HC2. With the HR-HPV+ genotype threshold, the sensitivity decreased to 75.5% for 9G and 52.8% for PANArray, which was significantly lower than the 88.7% for HC2. Comparison of the two chips showed concordant results in 55.1% of the samples, compatible results in 16.9%, and discordant results in 28.0%, exhibiting poor agreement in detecting certain HPV genotypes. Compared with direct sequencing, 9G yielded no discordant results, whereas PANArray yielded 31 discordant results (26.7%). Conclusions: Compared with HC2, the HPV genotyping tests showed lower sensitivity in histologic correlation. When the two chips were compared, the 9G was more sensitive and accurate for detecting HR-HPV than the PANArray.

CO₂ 포집을 위한 흡수 공정에서의 흡수제 재생에너지를 줄이기 위해 본 연구에서는 CO₂와 반응하여 주 흡수제 역할을 하는 1차 및 2차 아민과 상분리를 유도하는 부 흡수제 역할인 3차 아민을 도입한 2종 아민 상분리 흡수제를 제안하였다. CO₂ 흡수 전과 후 흡수제의 혼화도에 따라 흡수제를 3가지 유형으로 분류하고 이를 옥탄올-물 분배계수(logP)를 이용하여 해석하였다. 3차 아민의 logP 값이 0보다 작은 경우 단일 상으로 존재하고, 3차 아민의 logP 값이 0보다 큰 경우에는 CO₂ 흡수 전에는 단일 상을 형성하지만, CO₂ 흡수 후에는 흡수제와의 반응으로 생성된 카바메이트의 용해도 제한으로 인해 액-액 상분리가 발생하였다. CO₂ 농축효과와 흡수 평형에 도달하는 속도를 고려하여 CO₂ 흡수 후에 상분리가 발생하는 2종 아민 상분리 흡수제로 MAPA(3-(methylamino)propylamine)/TMPDA(N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine)와 AEEA(2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethanol)/TMPDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine) 흡수제를 선정하였고 이들 흡수제의 하부상의 로딩값은 각각 220 gCO₂/Lsolvent, 274 gCO₂/Lsolvent로 30 wt% MEA 흡수제의 로딩값의 약 2배 이상을 보였다.

In this study, to reduce the regeneration energy of absorbents in the CO₂ capture process, a two-component amine phase-separation absorbent was proposed, incorporating primary and secondary amines, which serve as the main absorbents reacting with CO₂, and tertiary amines, which function as auxiliary absorbents inducing phase separation. The absorbents were classified into three types based on their miscibility before and after CO₂ absorption, and this was analyzed using the octanol-water partition coefficient (logP). When the logP value of the tertiary amine is less than 0, it exists as a single phase. When the logP value is greater than 0, it forms a single phase before CO₂ absorption, but after CO₂ absorption, liquid-liquid phase separation occurs due to the limited solubility of the carbamate, a reaction product formed with the absorbent. Considering the CO₂ concentration effect and the rate of reaching absorption equilibrium, two types of two-component amine phase-separation absorbents, MAPA(3-(methylamino)propylamine)/TMPDA (N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine) and AEEA(2-2-aminoethylamino)ethanol)/TMPDA(N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine) were selected. The loading values of the lower phase in these absorbents were 220 gCO₂/Lsolvent and 274 gCO₂/Lsolvent, respectively, which were more than twice the loading value of the 30 wt% MEA absorbent.

본 논문에서는 석탄화력발전소에서 배출되는 비산재의 $CO_2$ 건식흡수제의 첨가제 및 담체로써의 효과를 검토하였다. 이를 위해 필요에 따라 비산재와 $CO_2$ 포집 유효 성분인 NaOH, CaO 및 물을 조합하여 여러 종류의 흡수제를 제조한 후, $CO_2$ 흡수 실험을 포함한 흡수제의 특성 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과, 조건에 따라 흡수율과 흡수 온도, 속도 및 탈기 현상 등, 비산재 투입에 의한 다양한 효과를 확인할 수 있었고 NaOH, CaO 및 비산재와 물이 첨가되어 제조된 흡수제에서 비산재 효과가 가장 크게 나타났다. $550^{\circ}C$에서 본 흡수제의 $CO_2$ 흡수율은 비산재가 첨가되지 않은 흡수제에 비해 35.6% 높았고 흡수 종료 후, $CO_2$ 탈기 현상도 관측되었다. 이는 비산재 첨가 때문으로 흡수제 내, 유효 성분들이 비산재 주변으로 분산도가 높고 상대적으로 미세한 입자로 존재하였다. 또한 비산재의 담체 역할이 확인되며 NaOH로 인해 흡수제 내 포졸란 반응이 억제되기 때문이다. 탈기 현상도 비산재 첨가로 인한 현상으로 NaOH, CaO가 비산재와 물리, 화학적 결합을 형성하여 Na와 Ca에 포집되어 있는 $CO_2$의 결합력이 약화되기 때문으로 판단된다.

This paper investigates the effect of coal-fired fly ash on dry $CO_2$ sorbents as the supports and additives. For this purpose, various kinds of dry sorbent were manufactured by mixing fly-ash, the primary $CO_2$ absorption components (NaOH and CaO) and water with their different combination. Thereafter, their $CO_2$ absorption performance and the property were analyzed. As a result, variation of absorption efficiency and temperature as well as $CO_2$ desorption of the sorbents are confirmed, which may be primarily ascribed to fly-ash addition to the sorbents. Particularly, fly-ash effect is strongly measured in the sorbent manufactured by mixing all four components (named WNCF sorbents). Absorption efficiency of WNCF sorbents at $550^{\circ}C$ is 35.6% higher than that of flyash free sorbent and desorption is solely observed in WNCF sorbents. Fly-ash in WNCF sorbents leads to increase the dispersity of $CO_2$ absorption components and decrease their particle size in the sorbents. In addition, fly-ash is used as the supports and pozzolanic reaction is hindered by NaOH in WNCF sorbent. Furthermore, $CO_2$ desorption from the sorbents may be due to fly-ash. The interaction between fly-ash and $CO_2$ absorption components substantially attenuate the strength between captured $CO_2$ in CaO and NaOH.

배기가스 내 CO2 포집 기술 중 물리흡착은 다공성고체 흡착제를 이용하나, 이러한 흡착제는 수분에 취약해 냉각 및 제습 전처리가 요구된다. MOF-808은 고습환경에서도 구조적 안정성이 높다. 선행 연구에서는 여러 에틸렌아민류를 함침한 결과 TEPA가 가장 높은CO2 흡착량을 보였으나 고습 조건에서의 거동은 보고되지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 TEPA-함침 MOF-808 (MOF-808-TEPA)과 활성탄(AC–TEPA)을 대조군으로제작해 다양한 상대습도 조건에서 CO2 흡착 특성을 평가하고, 간이 흡착 키트를 제작해 실생활 적용을 검토하였다. 그 결과, MOF-808–TEPA는 고습 환경에서도높은 CO2 흡착 성능을 유지해 제습 전 공정에서의 포집 가능성과 더불어 실생활 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

Physical adsorption is a promising CO2 capture technology for exhaust gases, but most porous solid adsorbents are highly sensitive to moisture, requiring cooling and dehumidification pretreatment. MOF-808 is known for its exceptional structural stability even under humid conditions. Previous studies reported that tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity among ethyleneamine-impregnated MOF-808 composites, yet its performance under high relative humidity has not been sufficiently explored.In this study, TEPA-impregnated MOF-808 (MOF-808? TEPA) was synthesized, and TEPA-loaded activated carbon (AC?TEPA) was prepared as a control. Their CO2 adsorption characteristics were systematically evaluated under various humidity conditions. In addition, a simplified adsorption kit was developed to assess practical feasibility in everyday environments. The results demonstrate that MOF-808?TEPA maintains high CO2 adsorption performance even under humid atmospheres, suggesting its potential for CO2capture without prior dehumidification and supporting its applicability in real-life adsorption systems.

본 연구는 디지털 액터와 모션 캡처 연기의 기술적 발전이 연기 예술의 개념과 창작 주체성을 어떻게 변화시키는지를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 디지털 기술의 발전은 배우의 신체적·정서적 표현을 보다 정밀하게 재현할 수 있도록 하며, AI와 CGI 기술을 활용한 연기가 새로운 창작 방식으로 자리 잡고 있 다. 본 연구에서는 전통적 연기와 디지털 연기의 차이를 비교하고, 영화 산업에서 디지털 액터와 모션 캡처 연기가 어떻게 활용되고 있는지를 주요 사례를 통해 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 디지털 연기는 단순한 시각적 효과를 넘어 배우의 정체성을 확장하고, 창작 주체성이 다수의 협업 주체와 결합하는 새로운 예술적 표현 방식을 촉진하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 배우의 초상권 및 저작권 문제, 연기의 진정성 등 윤리적·법적 쟁점이 새롭게 대두되고 있으며, 이는 향후 연기 교육과 제작 모델의 변화 필요성을 시사한다. 본 연구는 디지털 기술이 연기 예술을 어떻게 재구성하고 있으며, 이에 따라 배우와 창작자들이 직면할 새로운 도전과 기회를 탐색하는 데 기여할 것이다.

This study aims to analyze how the technological advancements in digital actors and motion capture performance are reshaping the concept of acting and creative agency. The evolution of digital technology has enabled more precise reproduction of actors' physical and emotional expressions, with AI and CGI-driven performances emerging as a new form of creative expression. This research compares traditional and digital acting, examining key case studies in the film industries to explore how digital actors and motion capture performances are utilized. The findings indicate that digital performance not only enhances visual effects but also expands the identity of actors and fosters a new artistic expression through collaboration among multiple creative entities. Furthermore, ethical and legal concerns, such as actors' portrait rights, copyright issues, and the authenticity of performances, are becoming increasingly significant, highlighting the necessity for changes in acting education and production models. This study contributes to understanding how digital technology is reshaping acting as an art form and the new challenges and opportunities it presents for actors and creators.

본 연구에서는 이산화탄소(CO₂)의 습식 포집 공정에서 흡수제 재생에 필요한 에너지 저감을 목표로 물 함량을 줄인 저수계 상분리 흡수제를 개발하였다. 흡수제를 구성하는 주 흡수제로는 1차 및 2차 아민기를 모두 포함한 디에틸렌트리아민(diethylenetriamine, DETA)을 사용했으며 물을 대체하고 상분리를 유도하는 유기용매로는 2-에톡시에탄올(2-ethoxyethanol, 2-EE)을 도입하였다. 다양한 DETA 농도(1.5-2.5M)와 2-EE 함량(30-60 wt%)에 대해 CO₂ 흡수에 따른 흡수제의 상분리 특성, CO₂ 흡수 용량 및 순환 용량을 평가하였다. CO₂와 DETA와의 반응을 통해 형성된 탄산염은 물에 대한 용해도가 높지만 2-EE에 대해서는 용해도가 낮아, 결과적으로 CO₂ 농축상과 희박상으로 상분리가 유도된다. 상분리에 따른 CO₂ 농축율과 흡수제의 점도를 고려했을 때 최적의 흡수제 조성은 1.5M DETA와 50 wt% 2-EE로 확인되었으며 이때 CO₂ 농축상에서의 CO₂ 흡수 용량은 321 gCO₂/Lsolvent, 순환 흡수 용량은 142 gCO₂/Lsolvent였다. 이는 기존의 30 wt% 모노에탄올아민 수용액 대비 각각 약 3배, 2배 이상 우수한 성능을 나타낸다. ¹³C NMR 분석을 통해 CO₂ 흡수 생성물로 카바메이트, 바이카보네이트 및 양성자화 아민이 형성됨을 확인하였으며 이들 종의 물과 2-EE 간 용해도 차이가 상분리의 주요 요인인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 개발한 흡수제는 상분리 기반의 높은 CO₂ 농축 및 재생 효율을 통해 저에너지 CO₂ 포집 공정에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

In this study, a water-lean biphasic solvent system was developed to reduce the energy demand for solvent regeneration in post-combustion CO₂ capture processes. Diethylenetriamine (DETA), a polyamine containing both primary and secondary amine groups, was used as the primary absorbent, while 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), and ether-based alcohol, was introduced as an organic solvent to replace water and induce phase splitting. The effect of varying DETA concentrations (1.5~2.5 M) and 2-EE contents (30~60 wt%) on the phase separation behavior, CO₂ loading, and cyclic capacity were systematically evaluated. The carbamate species generated from CO₂-DETA reaction showed high solubility in water but poor solubility in 2-EE, thereby inducing phase splitting into a CO₂-rich lower phase and a CO₂-lean upper phase. Considering both CO₂ enrichment and manageable viscosity, the optimal solvent composition was identified as 1.5M DETA with 50 wt% 2-EE. Under this condition, the CO₂ loading in the rich phase reached 321 gCO₂/Lsolvent and the cyclic loading was 142 gCO₂/Lsolvent, which are approximately three and two times higher, respectively, than those of conventional 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solutions. ¹³C NMR analysis confirmed the formation of carbamate, bicarbonate, and protonated amine species and their differential solubility in water and 2-EE was found to be the primary cause of phase separation. The developed biphasic solvent demonstrates potential for application in energy-efficient CO₂ capture, offering both enhanced CO₂ enrichment and improved regeneration performance via liquid-liquid phase separation.

본 연구는 사실적인 모사에 대한 새로운 패러다임으로써 인간의 동작에서부터 감성까지 복제를 추구하는 퍼포먼스 캡처(Performance Capture)를 이용한 캐릭터 재현에 대해 탐구하는 데 목적이 있다. 기술면에서 완성도가 높았던 <아바타>와 <미스터고>를 움직임의 복제 관점에서 분석하여 새로운 하이퍼 리얼리티(Hyper Reality) 영상표현의 미학을 찾고자 했다. 연구의 방법과 범위는 극사실주의적 캐릭터제작기술에 대한 다양한 서적, 인터넷, 미디어, 논문조사, 전문가와의 만남을 통해 이루어졌다. 장르에 기초한 가치를 논하기 보다는 C. G. 캐릭터의 제작기술에초점을 맞추어 새로운 기조를 유추해 보고자 하였다. 기존의 전통적 특수효과 작업공정은 생략하고 C. G. 캐릭터 표정을 중심으로 논하고자 하였다. 특히,퍼포먼스 캡처 등의 기술을 활용한 얼굴 표정 복제를영상 미학적 관점에서 분석하고자 하였다. 그 결과로 <미스터 고>의 ‘링링’ 캐릭터 표정 제작분석을 통해 캐릭터 창작자는 대상에 대한 치밀한연구를 바탕으로 제작 도구를 적절하게 선별하는 기술과 응용할 수 있는 창의성이 필요하다는 사실을 알게 되었다. 극사실주의 캐릭터를 창작하는 애니메이터에게 실사촬영과 드로잉 등을 기초로 한 사실적인캐릭터를 관찰하는 훈련은 필수적이며, 또한 퍼포먼스캡처작업에서 원하는 결과를 얻지 못했을 경우 아날로그 기반의 키 애니메이션 제작 방식으로 전환하여수정하는 제작 공정이 필요하다는 사실을 발견하였다. 할리우드 영화의 제작공정을 통해 퍼포먼스 캡처 기술은 배우의 아날로그적 연기연출에 의해 극사실적으로 완성된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 움직임과 감성이살아 있는 캐릭터 제작을 위해서는 디지털 액터(Digital Actor)의 연기가 무엇보다 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 그리고 무조건적인 선진제작기술 답습보다는 캐릭터 특성에 맞춘 우리만의 제작 감각을 바탕으로 독창적인 기술 개발이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of the study is to research onreproduction of character using performance capturethat pursues a perfect duplication from humanmovements to human emotion as a new paradigmabout realistic replication. The study analyzes<Avatar> and <Mr. Go> remained as memorablefilms for their technologies on the point ofduplication of movements and researches aestheticsof image expression for new hyper reality. The method and range of study is looked intolarge selection of books, internet, media, theses &dissertations and meeting with many specialist. Thestudy is based on technologies for C. G. characterby development of skills. On the basis ofexpression of C. G. character, especially duplicationof expression for face utilizing technology likeperformance capture, the study researches image onthe view point of aesthetics. As a result, inanalyzing expression of the face of ‘Ring Ring’ in<Mr. Go> the creator of character realizesimportant things are skills that sort out productiontools and creativity applied on the basis of theclose observation on objects. To animators whocreate hyper reality character, it is necessary toobserve realistic character through live action anddrawing. In case the results of performance captureworks are discontented, they should transform tokey animation production method on the analoguebasis for better output. Hollywood’s productionmethod shows performance capture skill iscompleted only through actor’s analog performances. It means digital actor’s performances have toppedsignificant position to make alive and emotionalcharacters. This study draws to develop aninventive skill with our own sense-based productionfor making the most of something´s characteristics.

얼굴 모션 캡처 기술은 사용자의 감정 표현뿐만 아니라 가상 공간에서의 실시간 얼굴 재현과 의사소통을 가능하게 함으로써, 메타버스와 증강현실 환경에서 핵심적인 기술로 주목받고 있다. 그러나 메타버스의 주요 장비인 HMD를 착용할 경우, seethrough 방식에 따라 얼굴 일부가 가려져 모션 캡처 성능이 저하될 가능성이 존재한다. 일반적으로 see-through HMD는 optical see-through(OST)와 video see-through(VST) 방식으로 구분된다. 본 연구는 탐색적 연구로 이러한 두 가지 see-through 방식에서 발생하는 얼굴 가림 조건에 따라, 마커리스 기반 얼굴 모션 캡처 기술의 성능인 캡처 인식률을 정량적으로 비교 및 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. (본 논문에서는 대표적인 마커리스 기반 얼굴 모션 캡처 기술로 ARKit과 MediaPipe가 사용된다.) 이를 위해 OST 및 VST 방식의 HMD를 사용하여 다양한 블렌드 쉐이프 특징에 대한 추정 정확도를 측정하였다. 탐색적 연구 결과, HMD의 see-through 방식 비교에서는 ARKit과 MediaPipe 모두에서 OST 방식이 VST 방식보다 얼굴 모션 캡처 정확도가 높게 나타나는 경향을 확인했다. 또한, 얼굴 모션 캡처 기술 비교에서는 HMD 종류와 무관하게 MediaPipe가 ARKit보다 유의하게 더 높은 정확도를 기록하였다.

Facial motion capture technology is gaining attention as a key technology in the metaverse and augmented reality environments, as it enables real-time facial reproduction and communication in virtual spaces, as well as the expression of emotions. However, when wearing the HMD, one of the main equipments used in the metaverse, there is a possibility that motion capture performance may be degraded, depending on the see-through type, as it partially obscures the face. Generally, see-through HMDs are classified into two types: optical see-through (OST) and video see-through (VST). The objective of this pilot study is to quantitatively compare and analyze the capture recognition rate, which represents the performance of markerless facial motion capture technologies, under facial occlusion conditions associated with the two see-through types. (Representative markerless facial motion capture technologies such as ARKit and MediaPipe are used in this paper.) To this end, we used OST and VST HMD to measure the estimation accuracy of various blend shape features. The pilot study results showed a tendency toward higher facial motion capture accuracy for the OST type compared to the VST type in both ARKit and MediaPipe, when comparing the see-through types of HMD. Additionally, MediaPipe scored significantly higher accuracy than ARKit, regardless of the HMD type in a comparison of facial motion capture technologies.

In our previous study, a wire-plate type electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was developed to collect bioaerosols of 100 nm size. In the study, various flow rates (40 ~ 100 L/min) and applied voltages (3 ~ 10 kV) were tested for experiment. In this study, numerical analysis was performed for the ESP of the previous study with the same flow rates and applied voltages, but with varying the size of bioaerosols to 0.04 ~ 2.5 μm. Overall, the numerical analysis results well predicted the experimental data. Bioaerosols of 0.1 ~ 0.5 μm showed the minimum collection efficiency for all conditions because of low charge number. The effect of the ionic wind generated by the corona discharge was calculated. However, the ionic wind did not affect much the collection efficiency. The aerosol collection in the ESP of this study was due to the electrostatic force generated by particle charge in the electric field. This numerical study on the ESP can be used for the design and optimization of higher flow rate (> 100 L/min) ESP.

This paper describes the implementation of wearable AHRS for an electromagnetic motion capture system that can trace and analyze human motion on the principal nine axes of inertial sensors. The module provides a three-dimensional (3D) attitude and heading angles combining MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers based on the extended Kalman filter, and transmits the motion data to the 3D simulation via Wi-Fi to realize the unrestrained movement in open spaces. In particular, the accelerometer in AHRS is supposed to measure only the acceleration of gravity, but when a sensor moves with an external linear acceleration, the estimated linear acceleration could compensate the accelerometer data in order to improve the precision of measuring gravity direction. In addition, when an AHRS is attached in an arbitrary position of the human body, the compensation of the axis of rotation could improve the accuracy of the motion capture system.

Performance of absorbent for post-combustion $CO_2$ capture was measured and discussed. Fully saturated fresh absorbent (P2-15F) and absorbents sampled from absorption and regeneration reactor of continuous $CO_2$ capture process, P2-15A, P2-15R, respectively, were used as representative absorbents. Small scale fluidized bed reactor (0.05 m I.D., 0.8 m high) which can measure exhaust gas concentration and weight change simultaneously was used to analyze regeneration characteristics for those absorbents. Exhausted moles of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ were measured with increasing temperature. $H_2O/CO$ ratio and working capacity were determined and discussed to confirm reason of reactivity decay after continuous operation. Moreover, possibility of side reaction was checked based on the $H_2O/CO_2$ mole ratio. Finally, suitable regeneration temperature range was confirmed based on the trend of working capacity with temperature.

In this paper, performance of the gas turbine combined cycle(GTCC) using pre-combustion carbon capture technology was comparatively analysed. Steam reforming and autothermal reforming were used. In the latter, two different methods were adopted to supply oxygen for the reforming process. One is to extract air form gas turbine compressor (air blowing) and the other is to supply oxygen directly from air separation unit ($O_2$ blowing). To separate $CO_2$ from the reformed gas, the chemical absorption system using MEA solution was used. The net cycle efficiency of the system adopting $O_2$ blown autothermal reforming was higher than the other two systems. The system using air blown autothermal reforming exhibited the largest net cycle power output. In addition to the performance analysis, the influence of fuel reforming and carbon capture on the operating condition of the gas turbine and the necessity of turbine re-design were investigated.