Earticle

크라우드 소싱은 일반인이 자신의 컴퓨팅 리소스를 사용하여 넓은 범위의 유효한 데이터를 수집하는 기법이다. 스마 트 디바이스 기술의 발전으로 크라우드 소싱 기술로 수집 될 수 있는 데이터의 범위가 넓어지고 있지만 개인 정보에 대한 보호 및 비용 지불의 문제 등으로 크라우드 소싱의 활용이 많은 제약을 받고 있다. 이러한 문제에 대한 해결책 중의 하나로 블록체인 기술이 각광을 받고 있다. 블록체인 기술은 트랜젝션을 블록화 하여 트렌젝션을 세부적으로 기록하는 공개 분산 데이터베이스이며 이를 활용하여 데이터 교환의 신뢰성을 보장하는 기술이다. 본 논문에서는 크 라우드 소싱을 위한 블록체인 기법의 적용에 대한 기존 연구 현황을 조사하고 개인 정보 보호 및 비용 지불의 신뢰 도 보장을 위한 블록체인 기법의 적용 방법을 나누어 설명하고 일반 텍스트 데이터 및 멀티미디어 데이터를 포함한 다양한 데이터의 크라우드 소싱을 위한 블록체인 기법의 적용 방법을 제시한다.

Crowdsourcing is a technique in which the general public uses his computing resources to collect a wide range of valid data. With the development of smart device technology, the range of data that can be collected by crowdsourcing technology is widening, but the use of crowdsourcing is limited due to the protection of personal information and payment of compensation. One of the solutions to this problem is blockchain technology. Blockchain technology is an open distributed database that records transactions in detail by blocking transactions and utilizes them to ensure the reliability of data exchange. In this paper, we investigate the current state of research on the application of blockchain techniques for crowdsourcing, divide and explain how to apply blockchain techniques to ensure the reliability of personal information protection and payment, and include various texts and multimedia data. We propose a method of applying blockchain technology for crowdsourcing data.

We face with numerous situation of decision making. In this situation, we would make decision through individual’s own information, or others’ decision making with ignoring private information. Also we would make decision through compromise of private information and others’ information. Like this, we call situation to imitate information of previous decision maker, with disregarding private own information, ‘information cascades’ Also, anchoring effects are results of insufficient adjustment from an arbitrary value. In this paper, we examined how information cascades effects and anchoring effects would be generated in the people who use IT technique as instant poll of website. And this paper presents alternatives to decrease information cascades effects and anchoring effects. This exercise provides facts anchoring effects occur when voters can see poll result. And this paper shows that more degree of output difference is deepened, and more anchoring effects occur. Also this paper shows that when website gives positive payoff, more anchoring effects occur.

This study addresses default prediction through ensemble techniques and cost-sensitive learning. It introduces a novel stacking method, focusing on instances with varying misclassification costs. Previous research lacks this comprehensive approach, highlighting a research gap. The proposed technique proves advantageous in terms of economic payoff and performance, offering practical utility. It complies with regulatory monitoring standards without incurring statistical cost penalties. This study demonstrates potential revenue gains even without precise cost ratios. Empirical results using Taiwanese company bankruptcy data (1999-2009, 95 financial ratios) reveal significant outcomes. Firstly, the proposed algorithm markedly improves economic payoff. Secondly, its statistical performance remains unaffected, even considering the dependency on overall prediction errors related to misclassifying defaults. Lastly, the method is computationally efficient, robust across cost scenarios.

중소지상파방송사와 관련된 결합판매의 전반적인 과정 속에는 방송광고판매대행사 영업사원과 결합판매대상 중소지상파방송사 광고부서 간의 거래관계, 광고주의 요구에 맞추어 방송광고 구매제안을 해오는 광고회사 직원과 방송광고판매대행사 간의 거래관계 등이 존재하고 이와 같은 거래과정을 통해 결합판매 광고매출의 최종 결과가 확정된다. 그러므로 결합판매와 관련한 거래주체들의 거래관계 상의 성과를 제고하기 위해서는 결합판매의 과정에 영향을 미치는 거래개념 간의 관계를 도출하고 그 관계를 통해서 관계성과를 제고하는 방안을 강구해야 함이 필요하다. 본 연구는 방송광고 영업활동에서 중소지상파방송사 결합판매와 관련된 전반적인 광고거래활동을 국내 최초로 거래이론에 따른 거래관계 구성개념 간의 관계로서 규명하고자 하였다는 점에서 의미를 갖는다. 이 과정에서 본 연구는 방송광고판매대행사와 결합판매대상방송사와의 거래활동, 광고주 또는 광고회사와 결합판매대상 중소지상파방송사와의 거래활동 속에 존재하는 결합판매와 관련한 거래관계의 핵심개념을 ‘협상’으로 선정하였고, 거래주체들이 결합판매 거래관계를 규정하는 주요개념을 도출하였으며, 해당 개념들로 독립변수, 매개변수, 종속변수를 삼아 연구모형을 구성하였으며, 연구모형을 통해 결합판매 거래관계를 구성하는 주요개념 간의 관계를 실증적으로 진단함으로서 결합판매 거래성과를 제고하는 결합판매 활동을 검토하였다.

This study investigates the transactional relationship between the subjects in the process of sales for the middle&small terrestrial broadcast advertising by the transaction theory. There are several transactional relationships in the bundling sales for the middle&small terrestrial broadcast advertising, such as the relationship between the media representative and the middle&small terrestrial broadcasting station, the relationship between the advertising agency which has a media plan to fit its client and the media representative. And the volume of the middle&small terrestrial broadcast advertising is determined through the process of transactional activities for the whole broadcast advertising. It is necessary that the relationship between the subjects are identified by the transactional constructs to increase the transactional payoff in the bundling sales for the middle&small terrestrial broadcast advertising. In this study, the main construct of the relationship between the transactional subjects is defined as the negotiation in the view of transaction theory. Also this study try to find the effects of the negotiation environment and the conflicts on the negotiation strategy in the process of bundling sales for the middle&small terrestrial broadcast advertising.

We present the pricing and hedging method for options with general payoffs in the presence of transaction costs. The convexity of the payoff function-gamma of the options- is an important issue under transaction costs. When the payoff function is convex, Leland-style pricing and hedging method still works. However, if the payoff function is of general form, additional assumptions on the size of transaction costs or of the hedging interval are needed. We do not assume that the payoff is convex as in Leland 〔11〕 and the value of the Leland number is less (bigger) than 1 as in Hoggard et al. 〔10〕, Avellaneda and Paras 〔1〕. We focus on generally recognized asymmetry between the option sellers and buyers. We decompose an option with general payoff into difference of two options each of which has a convex payoff. This method is consistent with a scheme of separating out the seller's and buyer's position of an option. In this paper, we first present a simple linear valuation method of general payoff options, and also propose in the last section more efficient hedging scheme which costs less to hedge options.

When experimenters conduct repetition in a game experiment, they usually adopt either an accumulated payoff mechanism (APM) or a random lottery payoff mechanism (RRPM) as a financial incentive. In this study, we experimentally dexamine whether the RRPM and APM induce identical behavior in a finitely repeated game experiment, where the subjects’ risk attitudes do not matter under the assumption of self-interest, but may matter if a social preference (e.g., conditional cooperation) is considered. Our hypothesis states that the riskiness of payoff mechanisms can affect the subjects’ strategic choices based on their risk attitudes. We found that the strategic behavior of risk-averse subjects differs between the APM and RRPM. Regression analyses confirm that the riskiness of payoff mechanisms affects subjects’ strategic behavior, in relation to their risk attitudes. The results suggest that the experimenters should be cautious when choosing a payoff mechanism for finitely repeated game experiments

We present a robust and accurate boundary condition for pricing financial options that is a hybrid combination of the payoff-consistent extrapolation and the Dirichlet boundary conditions. The payoff-consistent extrapolation is an extrapolation which is based on the payoff profile. We apply the new hybrid boundary condition to the multi-dimensional Black-Scholes equations with a high correlation. Correlation terms in mixed derivatives make it more difficult to get stable numerical solutions. However, the proposed new boundary treatments guarantee the stability of the numerical solution with high correlation. To verify the excellence of the new boundary condition, we have several numerical tests such as higher dimensional problem and exotic option with nonlinear payoff. The numerical results demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed numerical scheme.

The Vegetable Supply Stabilization Program(VSSP) has been considered simply as a forward contract between producers and local nonghyup(or NACF, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation), because, under VSSP, the nonghyup has the obligation to buy underlying commodity at predetermined contract price at harvest season. But VSSP provides a complicated payoff to the participating farmers, which makes the contract different from a simple forward. When the underlying commodity price stays in the range of price stabilization zone(SZ), say ± 10% of the contract price, the contract works as a simple forward. However, if the price at harvets season goes further away from the SZ, the local nonghyup and farmer share the profit or loss at pre-fixed ratio. Moreover, VSSP provides a put option to the participating farmers. That is, government buys the underlying commodities when prices plunges to lower level than the target price. Therefore, VSSP payoff structure is very similar to an exotic call option when prices goes up beyond the stabilization level. VSSP is a kind of down-and-out put option when price stays between the lower bound of SZ and the lowest target price. This paper shows VSSP is a synthetic of a forward and several exotic options, and introduces option pricing models with which we can calculate participating farmers's payoff.

이 논문에서는 사회과에서 다루어지는 개념 중 ‘이윤’에 주목하였다. 이윤은 각종 학습 자료에서 생산요소인 경영을 제공한 대가로 설명되고 있었다. 그러나 경제학적 논의에서 이윤을 경영 제공의 대가로 보는 견해는 찾아보기 어려웠다. 이윤에 대한 잘못된 설명은 기업에 대한 부정적 감정 유발, 분배에 관한 잘못된 인식 형성, 기업가와 경영자 간의 혼동을 유발할 수 있기에 대안 모색이 필요하다. 현대 사회의 자본 활용 형태 등을 고려해 볼 때, 이윤을 이자와 함께 생산요소인 자본 제공의 대가로 설명하는 방식이 가장 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 교과서 서술 내에서 발생하는 이윤 설명의 모순을 해결할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 분배에 대한 잘못된 인식을 해소할 수 있는 방법이다. 이윤처럼 사회과에서 다루어지는 개념 중 문제를 내포한 설명도 상당수 있으리라 예상된다. 이에 잘못된 설명을 바로 잡을 수 있는 교사의 역량 확대와 사회과 주요 내용 설명에 관한 학계의 비판적 검토 작업이 필요함을 제안하고 있다.

Among the many concepts handled by social studies education, this paper critically analyzed the explanation of ‘profit’. Profit was explained as ‘price in return for providing management as an element of production’. However, based on the economic discussions, there was a problem with this explanation. The viewpoint on profit as the price in return for providing management was hard to be found in any economic discussions. This paper sought for an alternative to solve it. The method suggested by this paper explains profit as the price in return for providing capital as an element of production together with interest. However, besides ‘profit’ reviewed by this paper, there are numerous concepts used by social studies education. It is expected to be a considerable number of explanations implying problems like ‘profit’, among concepts that have been conventionally used. This study suggests that it would be necessary to expand teachers' competency to correct wrong explanations, and also to have critical reviewing works on the main content explanations of social studies education in academia.

본 연구는 프로젝트의 수익 추정 방식에 대한 연구이다. 본 연구에서 활동의 기간은 확률적이고 프로젝트 중도 포기 옵션이 존재한다. 수익 추정을 위해 두 가지 추정 방법을 제안하였다. 첫 번째는 활동 기간의 기댓값을 사용하는 방법이고 두 번째는 활동 기간의 확률분포를 사용하여 수익의 분포를 생성하는 방법이다. 모의실험을 통해 두 방법의 유효성을 검증하였고 두 방법의 장단점을 파악하였다. 본 연구의 성과는 확률적 프로젝트 일정문제에 공통적으로 적용될 수 있다.

This study is about the method of estimating the payoff of the project. In this study, the duration of the activity is probabilistic and there is a drop-out option to abandon the project. Two methods were proposed for payoff estimation. The first method uses the expected value of the activity duration, and the second method generates a distribution of project payoff from the probability distribution of the activity duration. The validity of the two methods was verified through simulation and the advantages and disadvantages of both methods were identified. The results of this study can be commonly applied to probabilistic project schedule problems.

본 연구는 거래자들이 두 개의 시장 서비스 중 하나를 선택할 수 있는 상황에서, 수수료 부과 방식이 거래자의 시장 선택에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위해 제한적 합리성(bounded rationality)을 도입한 거래자 정보 신호 게임이론 모형을 제안한다. 두 시장은 순수익(payoff) 측면에서는 동일하지만, 수수료 부과 구조(fee incidence)는 거래자 유형(구매자, 판매자)에 따라 다르게 설정되었다. 특히 eBay, 아마존, 그리고 쿠팡에서 일반적으로 볼 수 있는 구매자 무수수료 시장 정책을 모형에 반영하여, 순수익이 동일한 경우 구매자가 해당 시장을 선호하는(free-fee effect) 심리적 경향을 고려하였다. 분석 결과, 이러한 제한적 합리성은 시장의 균형 가격에는 영향을 주지 않지만 시장 선택 균형에는 뚜렷한 차이가 나타났으며 고가치 거래자(높은 가격에 구매 가능하거나 낮은 가격에 판매 가능한 거래자)는 구매자 무수수료 시장을, 저가치 거래자는 구매자 판매자 균등 수수료 시장을 선택하는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 eBay 스타일의 구매자 무수수료 정책이 거래자의 제한적 합리성을 활용하여 더 많은 거래자를 확보하고 따라서 시장 서비스의 비즈니스 경쟁력을 높일 수 있음을 시사한다.

This study presents a game-theoretic model incorporating bounded rationality to analyze how fee-charging policies influence traders’ market selection choices when they can choose between two market exchanges. The markets are payoff-equivalent but differ in their fee incidence structures depending on trader types. In particular, we model the “buyer-free” fee policy commonly found on platforms such as eBay, Amazon.com or Coupang.com, assuming that buyers prefer the free-fee market when net transaction payoffs are equal (free-fee effect). Our analysis shows that this form of bounded rationality does not affect market equilibrium prices but significantly alters market selection equilibria: high-value traders (those able to sell at low prices or buy at high prices) tend to select the buyer-free market, while low-value traders prefer the symmetric fee market. These findings suggest that eBay-style buyer-free fee policies may leverage traders’ bounded rationality to enhance competitiveness in market platforms.

‘지연’ 정책은 일본의 정책결정과정에서 보이는 일반적인 현상이라고 할 수 있는데, 거품경제 붕괴 이후 일본의 금융정책결정과정을 살펴보면 ‘지연’ 정책이 현저하게 나타난다. 1990년대 초반에는 금융위기의 대응과정에서 신속하게 공적자금투입, 부실채권처리 등의 대응이 이루어지지 않았다는 점에서 ‘지연’ 정책이 선택되었다. 1990년대 중반 이후 금융개혁과 행정개혁에서는 ‘지연’ 정책의 근저에 있는 ‘호송선단방식’으로부터 탈피하고 금융정책결정과정에서의 관료주도를 시정하고자 하였다. 본 논문에서는 주로 페이오프 동결과 해금을 둘러싼 금융정책결정과정에 대한 분석을 중심으로 1990년대 중반 이후의 일본 금융정책의 변화를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 논문의 분석에 의하면 1990년대 중반 이후 금융개혁은 극히 점진적으로 진행되었다는 의미에서 여전히 ‘지연’ 정책이 나타나고 있다. 이는 ‘호송선단방식’이 1990년대 중반 이후에도 일정 부분 그 중요한 특징이 유지되고 있다는 점과 밀접한 관계가 있다. 향후 일본 금융정책의 변화를 전망하자면 향후에도 ‘지연’ 정책의 근저에 있는 관료제 네트워크를 중심으로 하는 합의형 정책결정방식이 적어도 단기적으로는 유지될 가능성이 높다.

As the problem of insolvent obligation followed by the collapse of bubble economy in 1990s became serious, the Japanese financial authorities and statesmen took ‘postponement’ policy instead of taking prior countermeasures. The ‘postponement’ policy is a phenomenon easily observed in postwar Japanese policy making process. However, it became considerably noticeable since the collapse of bubble economy in the nineties. This paper is to analyse the changes of Japanese financial system along with the reintroduction of government's limited deposit guarantee, known as the deposit ‘payoff’ system. The ‘postponement’ policy of the nineties was made possible under constraint of structural system named the ‘convoy-fleet system’. In 1996, the Prime Minister Hashimoto demolished it posterior to financial big-bang and administrative reform. Nevertheless, even the Prime Minister Koizumi considered to have mighty power played a limited role in financial policy making process regarding the reintroduction of the government's limited deposit guarantee in April, 2005 and certain important characteristics of the convoy-fleet system have been reproduced and preserved.