Earticle

본 연구는 성인 학습자의 영어 패턴 연습에 대한 측정 시기별 습득 효과를 알아보고자 40대와 65세 이상의 성인 기초 영어 학습자 집단과 유사한 영어 수준에 있는 8세 아동 집단을 대조군으로 하여 패턴 연습으로 학습한 내용 을 측정 시기를 달리하여 진단하였다. 먼저, 연구 참여자를 대상으로 사전 테스트 실시 후 유사한 영어 수준에 있는 학습자를 선정하여 인칭 일치와 시제의 학습 내용을 패턴 연습으로 지도 한 후 사후 테스트를 하였고, 4주 후 다시 지연 테스트를 실시하였다. 그 결과 성인 학습자의 경우 사후 테스트에서는 40대 학습자가 가장 높은 상승폭을 보여주 었고, 65세 이상의 성인 학습자도 아동과 비교하면 더 우수한 습득 효과를 보여주었지만, 지연 테스트에서는 타 연령에 비해 가장 큰 하락폭이 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 성인 학습자의 특성을 이해하고 약점을 보완한 교수법 연구가 필요하다.

This study was carried out to find out the acquisition effect by measurement periods of adult learners learning through English pattern practice. The subjects of this study were divided into adult learner groups including the learners in their 40s and those who were over 65 and the child group who were 8 years old as a comparative group. After the subjects had a pre-test at first, person agreement and tense were instructed though English pattern practice and right after that, they had a post-test. Then 4 weeks later, they had a delayed test. As a result, the acquisition result of adult learners learning though English pattern practice showed the largest rise by those in their 40s and the learners of those over 65. However the adult learners aged over 65 showed the largest drop in delayed test of the reading comprehension. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop teaching method for adult learners in consideration of their characters and weak points.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between golf practice range customers’ brand personality and brand preference and consumption pattern. In order to provide basic information for improvement to domestic golf product company, this research came to the following conclusions by analyzing data from 420 customers drawn from 5 golf practice ranges in “G” city and “D” city by applying frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, structural equation modeling(SEM) with AMOS 7.0 and SPSS Windows 15.0. First, golf product brand personality has influence on consumption pattern. second, golf product brand preference has influence on consumption pattern. Third, golf product brand preference has influence on brand personality. To improve customers’ consumption pattern, golf product company should develop brand personality and brand preference with strategies for promoting.

Objectives: Korea has been practicing the separation of dispensary from medical practice since 2000 as a national policy to prevent misuse or overuse of medicines. This study aimed to investigate prescription patterns from except pharmacies in order to determine the appropriateness of drug usage among those patients. Methods: Thirty-two pharmacies in the Yeongdong area of Gangwon Province were examined in this study. The same simulated patient complaining of cold symptoms for 3 days visited each pharmacy to obtain a prescription for medication. Results: At pharmacies prescribing medicine, steroids (53.1%) and antibiotics (50.0%) were used to treat the common cold. Duplicate prescriptions of drugs, such as antihistamines (47.0%) and decongestants (31.3%) were common. The average number of drug prescriptions was 6.59, and 53.2% of pharmacies had prescribed more than seven drugs. The average total cost of the prescriptions was 6,093 won, and the daily cost was 2,544 won. Conclusions: Steroids and antibiotics were frequently abused among patients whose medications had been prescribed by pharmacies. Also, there were a considerable number of drugs and duplicate prescriptions. The prices of the drugs were somewhat high.

Purpose: To assess current practice patterns for dry eye patients in South Korea and to evaluate the preferenceaccording to the ages and clinic types of physicians. Methods: Dry eye patients (n = 1,612) were enrolled in this multicenter cross-sectional, observational study. Theseverity level of dry eye patients was classified based on the Korean guidelines for dry eye treatment. Themedical records of the enrolled dry eye patients were evaluated, and the practice styles and the preferenceswere analyzed according to the ages and clinic types of physicians. Results: Of all patients, dry eye level 1 was most common (47.5%), followed by level 2 (33.5%), level 3 (9.1%), andlevel 4 (1.1%). Topical anti-inflammatory agents were used in 70.7% of patients with dry eye level 2 and in 80.6%of patients at levels 3 and 4. Topical anti-inflammatory agents were also used in 48.7% of patients with dry eyelevel 1. Preservative-free artificial tears were preferred at all dry eye levels. The use of topical anti-inflammatoryagents did not differ with investigator ages, but older physicians preferred preserved artificial tears more thanyounger ones. Physicians at referral hospitals also tended to use topical anti-inflammatory agents and preservative-free artificial tears earlier, beginning at dry eye level 1, than those who worked at private eye clinics. Conclusions: Topical anti-inflammatory agents were commonly prescribed for the treatment of dry eye patientsin South Korea, even from dry eye level 1. Preservative-free artificial tears were preferred at all dry eye levels. Practice styles differed somewhat depending on the ages and clinic types of physicians.

Background: Oral capecitabine is increasingly replacing intravenous 5-fluorouracil in many chemotherapy regimens. However, data on the risk of febrile neutropaenia (FN) and treatment related death (TRD) with the drug remain sparse outside of clinical trial settings despite its widespread usage. This study aimed to determine these rates in a large cohort of patients treated in the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Materials and Methods: We reviewed the clinical notes of all patients prescribed with oral capecitabine chemotherapy for any tumour sites in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) from $1^{st}$ January 2009 till $31^{st}$ June 2010. Information collected included patient demographics, histopathological features, treatment received including the different chemotherapy regimens and intent of treatment whether the chemotherapy was given for neoadjuvant, concurrent with radiation, adjuvant or palliative intent. The aim of this study is to establish the pattern of usage, FN and TRD rates with capecitabine in clinical practice outside of clinical trial setting. FN is defined as an oral temperature > $38.5^{\circ}C$ or two consecutive readings of > $38.0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and an absolute neutrophil count < $0.5{\times}10^9/L$, or expected to fall below $0.5{\times}10^9/L$ (de Naurois et al., 2010). Treatment related death was defined as death occurring during or within 30 days of last chemotherapy treatment. Results: Between $1^{st}$ January 2009 and $30^{th}$ June 2010, 274 patients were treated with capecitabine chemotherapy in UMMC. The mean age was 58 years (range 22 to 82 years). Capecitabine was used in 14 different tumour sites with the colorectal site predominating with a total of 128 cases (46.7%), followed by breast cancer (35.8%). Capecitabine was most commonly used in the palliative setting accounting for 63.9% of the cases, followed by the adjuvant setting (19.7%). The most common regimen was single agent capecitabine with 129 cases (47.1%). The other common regimens were XELOX (21.5%) and ECX (10.2%). The main result of this study showed an overall FN rate of 2.2% (6/274). The overall TRD rate was 5.1% (14/274). The FN rate for the single agent capecitabine regimen was 1.6% (2/129) and the TRD rate was 5.4% (7/129). All the TRDs were with single agent capecitabine regimen were used for palliative intent. Conclusions: Oral capecitabine is used widely in clinical practice in a myriad of tumour sites and bears a low risk of febrile neutropaenia. However, capecitabine like any other intravenous chemotherapeutic agent carries a significant risk of treatment related death.

=목적: 지연 임신의 임상적 처치에 대한 국내의 실제적 현황을 설문 조사를 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 방법: 대한산부인과학회에 등록된 회원 중 2차 및 3차병원, 여성전문병원에 재직중인 1114명에게 인터넷과 우편을 통해 설문조사에 대한 취지를 밝히고 협조를 요청하였다. 설문 내용은 응답자의 연령, 성별, 지역, 전공 분야, 분만 건수 등의 개인 정보뿐 아니라 지연임신의 정의, 태아 상태 평가를 시작하는 시기 및 방법, 유도 분만의 시기 및 방법 등의 임상적 처치 현황에 대한 정보를 포함하였다. 1114명 중 23.2%인 258명으로부터 설문조사에 대한 자료 응답을 확보하였고 이를 분석하였다. 결과: 응답자의 73.6%가 지연 임신을 42주 이후로 정의하였으나 84.5%에서 41주에 유도분만을 고려한다고 응답하였다. 또한 68.3%에서 임신 40주부터 정기적인 태아 상태 평가를 시행한다고 답하였고, 평가 방법으로는 85.7%에서 NST를, 39.5%에서 modified BPP를 채택하였으며 1주일 간격으로 검사를 시행한다고 응답한 경우가 59.3%로 가장 많았다. 유도 분만의 방법에 대해서는 자궁 경부가 숙화되지 않은 경우 응답자의 약 65%가 미산부와 경산부 모두에서 옥시토신을 사용하며 45%가 misoprostol과 dinoprostone을 사용하는 것으로 나타났다.

This study is to find out changes in medical practice at a university hospital before and after covering intraocular lens (IOL) from the health insurance benefit. The coverage started on March 1, 1993 and a total of 596 cases who were discharged from July 1 to December 31, 1992 and 580 cases who were discharged from July 1 to December 31, 1993 were analyzed. Since the standard reimbursement scheme was changed from March 1, 1993, the charges for 1992 were transformed into 1993 scheme. Major findings are as follows: Average length of stay was statistically significantly decreased from 8.24 days in 1992 to 6.86 days in 1993. Charges except IOL has been statistically significantly decreased from 501,000 Won in 1992 to 444,000 Won in 1993. Charges for drugs and injection have been reduced. However, charge per day for them was not much different. This is due to decrease in length of stay. Charges for laboratory tests and radiologic examination were quite the same. Charges which are not covered by the insurance remained the same. The revenue of the hospital was reduced as expected. However, the hospital reduced the length of stay and increase the turnover rate In order to compensate the potential loss of revenue due to the difference of reimbursement between the out-of-pocket expense and the insurance coverage. By introducing the IOL benefit in the insurance, the insured pays less, hospital generates more revenue through shortening the hospital stay, and the total medical care cost becomes less nationwidely.

Background: As of July 2015, per diem payment was changed from fee for service Therefore, this study aims to analyse changes in medical charges and medical services before and after enforcement of the palliative care, targeting palliative care wards in a general hospital, and provide basic data needed for development of per diem payment. Methods: The subjects of the study were a total of 610 cases consisting of 351 patients of service fee who left hospital (died) from July 2014 to June 2016 and 259 ones of per diem payment at Chosun University Hospital in Gwangju Metropolitan City. Results: The results are summarized as follows. First, after the palliative care system was applied, benefit medical service charges and insurance increased significantly (p<0.001). As benefit medical service charges increased, benefit private insurance payment increased significantly (p<0.001). Second, after the per diem payment was applied, total private insurance payment to medical institutes decreased significantly (p=0.050) and non-benefit also decreased significantly (p=0.001). Conclusion: It is suggested that additional rewards in the obligatory palliative care items should be continuously remedied and monitored to provide good quality hospice palliative care.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to effectively detect violations that occur simultaneously against Good Manufacturing Practice, which were concealed by drug manufacturers. Methods: In this study, we present an analysis framework for analyzing regulatory violation patterns using Association Rule Mining (ARM), Text Mining, and t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) to increase the effectiveness of on-site inspection. Results: A number of simultaneous violation patterns was discovered by applying Association Rule Mining to FDA's inspection data collected from October 2008 to February 2022. Among them there were 'concurrent violation patterns' derived from similar regulatory ranges of two or more regulations. These patterns do not help to predict violations that simultaneously appear but belong to different regulations. Those unnecessary patterns were excluded by applying t-SNE based on text-mining. Conclusion: Our proposed approach enables the recognition of simultaneous violation patterns during the on-site inspection. It is expected to decrease the detection time by increasing the likelihood of finding intentionally concealed violations.

This study is designed to find out some intra-clinic factors affecting the content of practice provided by primary care physicians in Korea, and proposed factors in this study are characteristcs of each private clinc --- physician-related variables(age, sex, specialty), bfed-related variables for inpatient care, laboratory-related variables for precise diagnosis. We have tried to estimate the difference of disease entities cared by each primary care physician according to above factors by analyzin gdisease data claimed during one month(April, 1992) to National Federation of Medical Insurance. The diagnosis codes by ICD-9 in the research disease data were reclassified to 'diagnosis clusters' by virtue of clinical similarities for effective analyses. We have converted frequent-tsing ICD-9 codes to 86 diagnosis clusters, which incorporated 97.4 percents of all ambulatory visits to private clinics. This result means proposed diagnosis-cluster method is effective tool for analysis of the content of ambulatory medical care carried out by primary care physicians. Comparisons and analyses of multiple diagnosis-clusters made on the basis of presented factors were done and the results were as follows; - Major factors affecting the difference between diagnosis-cluster pattern by each variables were phyusician's age, sex, specialty and bed counts of each private clinic for inpatient care and the size of laboratories of each clinic. - Middle aged(30th to 40th) group physicians are providing more comprehensive care than 20th or above 50th aged groups. Male physicians are more adequate for comprehensive care than female physicians, because woman-doctors are providing narrow-spectrum care. The content of practice of obstetricians and gynecologists shows much difference from primary medical practice, and they cannot be included in primary care physician, this study suggested. Pediatricians are also providing short-spectum acre, and nearly all visits to pediatricians were incorporated only 2-3 diagnosis-clusters. General surgeons' practices are very similar to general practioners' or family physicians' practices, the means they are providing primary care rather than special surgical care. And small number of beds(under 5 beds) and only basic(2-3 sorts of)diagnostic apparatuses are sufficient for primary physicians' clinic to carry out primary care. In conclusion, to reinforce primary care department in Korea, there must be support with health policy to expand office-based primary care practice-- with small number of beds for inpatient care and only basic laboratories-- provided by general practitioner of family physician.

This study aimed to identify the contents of empowerment, which experienced by youth. Especially, the research on two case - youth development agency and youth action group - addresses as youth’s pattern of participation. In order to obtain these answers, this study employed an exploratory-descriptive research design. This design was primarily executed through semi-structured interview guide. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Youth action group empowerment consists in youth being conscious of their rights, and the youth rights can only continue to be kept by institutional environment formed by right-consciousness. On the other hand, having structures and programs that most allow youth to make decisions of their own as independently as possible, youth development agency leads youth to participate in the programs and to put their own skills to good use. 2) In the course of organization participation, youth experienced value change, increasing relationship, and social·political consciousness change. Especially, the continual participation was reinforced through practical activity. 3) Both organization - youth development agency and youth action group - can be properly combined into advisable ways to promote the empowerment of youth. Each of these two organization has merits of its own, so is supplementary to each other.

This study compared the pattern of purchasing nutritional supplements and obtaining nutrition information and the Nutrition Quotient of adults who exercise regularly according to the frequency of muscle training (LM, muscle training less than two days/week; MM, 2~3 days/week; HM, more than three days/week). Compared to the other groups, significantly more men in the HM group answered that they had purchased supplements and would repurchase them. They presented "increasing muscle mass" as the purpose of buying them and "types and contents" as the major factor to consider before buying. The supplements that significantly more subjects in the HM group purchased than in the other groups were protein supplements, BCAA (Branched-chain amino acid), arginine, and caffeine supplements for men and protein supplements, BCAA and carnitine for women. Compared to the other groups, significantly more men and women in the HM group reported "trainer" as the major source of nutrition information, and significantly more men in the HM group reported "increasing muscle mass" as the 1st topic of nutrition education that they wanted to receive and were satisfied with the information that they obtained. Most of all, males and females in the HM group had significantly a higher Nutrition Quotient than in the other groups. The differences between males and females in variables regarding exercise, the patterns of using supplements and acquiring nutrition information, and Nutrition Quotient were also found. These results can provide basic data for developing educational materials emphasizing the wise consumption of nutrition information, including supplement intake.

We, clinical nurse specialists practising and guiding student practice in a Community health nursing clinic, wanted to develop a family pattern appraisal consistent with Rogers' conceptual system, the nursing model guiding our practice. We use Rogers' model because it is harmonious with the traditional Korean view of the one human, natural and cosmic world. The purpose of our research was to contribute to science - based nursing practice, not only, one helpful model, but also a model of how to use, in guiding practice, a conceptual system which reflects nurse practitioners' philosophy of nursing, is intellectually satisfying, and enriches meaning in daily nursing life. The research objectives were to review the literature on Rogers' model and analyse it according to Kim's five - level analytical framework, to explore Rogers' definition of family, to review appraisals based on Rogers' model, and to develop a family appraisal which is culturally appropriate for use in our community. This work including the use of the appraisal and its refinement with families in our practice which was done during 1994 and 1995, in Seoul, in the Capital of the Republic of Korea. At the highest level of analysis, Rogers conceptual system emphasizes acausality and multidimentional meaning ; the world view is characterized by process, movement and wholeness. The epistemology Is one of holism and the knowledge base includes all forms of experience, from sensory to mystical, objective, and subjective. At the metaparadigm level, nursing focuses on the unitary human being and the environment. At the level of nursing philosophy, the model identifies human being, nursing, nurse, and illness and health. At the paradigm level the model assumes the irriducibility of the human to parts, noncausality and continual change. Rogers' practice methodology consists of pattern manifestation appraisal and deliberative mutual patterning. Under-standing patterns and patterning of people is the key to helping them achieve their potential. At the theory level, the basic assumptions, key concepts, and homeodynamic principles were identified. Rogers states the family energy field is an undividable, four-dimensional negentropic energy field which is in a larger envircinmental field show-ing such characteristics as cannot be predicted by knowledge of individual family members. Based on the word of Rogers scholars, we chose Rogers' correlates of patterning to understand the family unit as a whole-frequency, rhythms, motion, time perception, sleeping-waking beyond waking, pragmatic -imaginative-visionary to develop the appraisal. We, also used some of Barrel's (1988) criteria including interpersonal network and professional health care access and use, and Cordon's (1982) criteria including self perception - self concept modified to fit the family. Our family Pattern appraisal included 1. Influencirg data, 2. Professional health care access and use, 3. Family self perception-self concept, 4. Family interpersonal network, 5. Sleep-wake-be-yond waking, 6. Pragmatic-imaginary-visionary, 7. Family frequency and rhythm, 8. Family motion, 9. Family time perception. The appraisal was used with four families and modified to eliminate overlap and to make it possible for the family member to express themselves more easily. We plan to gain more experience with the appraisal toward further development of the tool.