Earticle

본 튜토리얼은 PLS 경로분석 수행을 지원하는 R 패키지인 “plspm”을 이용하여 구조방정식모형을 분석하는 방법을 제시하고 있다. 본 튜토리얼에서는 이를 위해 기존 연구들에서 제시하고 있는 PLS 구조방정식모형을 분석하기 위한 기준들을 정의하고, 하나의 예시 연구모형을 제시하여 실질적으로 R을 이용하여 이 예시 모형을 분석하는 것을 보여준다. 본 튜토리얼은 PLS를 처음 접하는 연구자들에 게는 연구모형에 대한 실증분석을 위한 유용한 가이드가 될 것이며, 이미 PLS에 익숙한 연구자들에게 는 R을 이용한 새로운 PLS 구조방정식모형 분석기법 제시를 통하여 R이라는 통합된 통계 소프트웨어 운영환경에서 심도 있는 분석을 위한 기반 지식을 제공할 것이다.

This tutorial presents an approach to perform the PLS structural equation modeling using the R. For this purpose, the practical guide defines the criteria for the PLS structural equation modeling by reviewing previous studies, and shows how to analyze the research model with an example using the “plspm” which is the R package for the performing PLS path analysis against the criteria. This practical guide will be useful for the study of the PLS model analysis for new researchers and will provide the knowledge base for in-depth analysis through the new PLS structural equation modeling technique using R which is the integrated statistical software operating environment for the researchers familiar with the PLS structural equation modeling.

With the growing interest in both public and private 5G services based on millimeter wave (mmWave) communication for indoor usage scenarios such as smart factories, site design specialists are seeking sophisticated methods and tools for simulating indoor radio coverage based on highly accurate path loss prediction models. Although machine learning approaches can be used in path loss modeling thanks to the highly accurate prediction capability, their performance can be limited by the size of available measurement data set used for training. In this paper, we propose new approaches to train path loss models in the few-shot learning scenarios of smart factories. The proposed approaches are based on meta-learning with slight modifications to perform fine-tuning over an entire train data set rather than a meta-test data set. It is shown that the indoor path loss models based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained by meta-learning based on three different meta-train task assignment schemes outperform both a conventional CNN model and an empirical model.

Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR & R) has become one of the promising fields of Artificial Intelligence. KR is dedicated towards representing information about the domain that can be utilized in path planning. Ontology based knowledge representation and reasoning techniques provide sophisticated knowledge about the environment for processing tasks or methods. Ontology helps in representing the knowledge about environment, events and actions that help in path planning and making robots more autonomous. Knowledge reasoning techniques can infer new conclusion and thus aids planning dynamically in a non-deterministic environment. In the initial sections, the representation of knowledge using ontology and the techniques for reasoning that could contribute in path planning are discussed in detail. In the following section, we also provide comparison of various planning domain modeling languages, ontology editors, planners and robot simulation tools.

대졸자의 취업난은 심각한 사회문제로 확산되고 있으며, 학생들이 취업에 대한 고민과 스트레스 가 어느 정도인지는 여러 매체 등을 통하여 전해지고 있다. 현재 전문 포털사이트를 비롯한 기업 및 기관들은 다양한 취업정보를 제공하는 웹사이트를 운영하고 있으나, 취업 희망자들의 서비스 욕구를 충족시키기에는 충분하지 못한 실정이며, 오히려 불만족을 유발하는 요소들이 나타나고 있다. 그럼에 도 불구하고 취업정보를 제공하고 있는 전문 웹사이트의 서비스품질을 체계적, 실증적으로 다루고 신 뢰, 고객만족, 충성도 등에 대한 인과적인 연구는 찾아보기가 어렵다. 이에 본 연구는 기존 연구와 실 증적 연구를 통해 취업정보사이트의 웹서비스 품질 요인을 정의하고, 웹서비스 품질, 신뢰성, 만족도, 충성도의 구성개념들을 추출하여 이들 간의 인과관계를 증명함과 더불어 각 경로별 인과관계의 영향 력 차이를 통해 충성도의 중요성을 발견하여 취업정보사이트를 운영하는 기업 및 기관들이 보다 강화 된 취업정보서비스 제공을 위한 유용한 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

College students looking for work are being spread as a serious social problem. Multiple media cover a lot worries and stress for the employment of students. Including the current professional portal companies and agencies are operating a website that provides a range of professional information. However, customers are not satisfied with information about career services. Rather, it appears that factors that cause dissatisfaction. Nevertheless, dealing with the quality of service of a professional website that provides professional information systematically reliability, customer satisfaction, and causal research associated with customer loyalty is difficult to browse. This study was defined as the existing empirical research Web service quality factors of career information through the site to extract the Web service quality, construct reliability, satisfaction, and loyalty demonstrated a causal relationship between them. And to provide a useful implications for companies and organizations to work more enhanced information services pro-vided through the influence of the difference between cause and effect of each route discovery of the importance of loyalty to operate the Jobs site.

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations’ activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard (BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measure-ment system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow pre-diction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the bal-anced scorecard.The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship be-tween information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and- effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance.However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships.Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution.The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs.For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen’s study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments.Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC’s studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows.The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective.This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling (or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003).The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

스마트폰의 급격한 확산은 다양한 측면에서 부작용과 우려를 낳고 있다. 특히 초등학생의 스마트폰 중독 현상은 학부모나 선생님 등에 의해서 많은 관심을 끌고 있는 최근에 나타나고 있는 현상이다. 본 연구는 기존 연구검토를 통해 초등학생의 스마트폰 중독에 우울증이 영향을 미치고 우울증과 스마트폰 중독은 학교생활만족도에 영향을 미친다는 가정을 설정하고, 이를 Partial Least Square(PLS) 경로모형으로 검정하였다. 연구결과 우울증은 스마트폰 중독에 긍정적(+) 영향을 미쳤고 학교생활만족도에는 부정적(-) 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 스마트폰 중독은 학교생활만족도에 부정적인(-) 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 어린이의 스마트폰 중독 예방과 학교생활만족도를 높이기 위해 우울 성향을 감소시킬 수 있는 가족과 학교 당국의 적절한 방안을 강구해야 한다.

The spread of smartphone in Korea causes several side effects and raises concerns. Especially, recently the addiction to smartphone of elementary school children has been paid attention to by their parents, teachers, and so on. After literature review, this research presented hypotheses that depression would affect children's addiction to smartphone positively and school life satisfaction (SLS) negatively, in turn their addiction to smartphone would affect SLS negatively. We employed Partial Least Square (PLS) path modeling to test the hypotheses. We found that all hypotheses were supported. The findings of this study suggest that their families and school authorities should make valid measures to lessen children's depression for preventing addicting to smartphone and, in turn, increasing SLS.

청소년들은 상당한 수준의 인터넷 이용기술을 보유하고 광범위하게 인터넷을 이용하고 있지만, 성인에 비해 성 경험이 많지 않아 성에 대한 올바른 시각을 갖기 어렵다. 이러한 특징으로 인해 인터넷 음란물은 청소년의 성행태 에 심각한 폐해를 야기할 수 있다. 이러한 문제의식에서 본 연구는 청소년이 평소에 갖고 있는 성정향성, 인터넷 음 란물 노출 및 노출 후 행태 사이의 인과관계 구조를 PLS 구조모형 분석으로 탐색하였다. 분석결과 음란물 노출에 남 성중심주의적 성정향성과 음란물 허용적 성정향성이 영향을 미치고 있었다. 또한 인터넷 음란물 노출은 성충동과 성 행동에 직접적인 영향을 미치고 있었고, 성충동을 매개로 성행동에 간접적인 영향을 미치고 있었다. 본 연구의 의의 는 기존연구에서 인터넷 음란물 노출의 종속변인으로 취급되었던 변인들을 성정향성으로 재개념화하여 인터넷 음란 물의 예측변인임을 확인하였다는 점과 청소년의 인터넷 음란물 접촉이 성충동을 자극하여 성행동에 영향을 미치고 종국에는 성범죄를 유발할 수 있다는 사회통념을 간접적으로 확인하였다는 것이다.

Though adolescents have the skillful ability to use internet and use it extensively, they have experienced sexually less than adults and are hard to have the right viewpoint toward sexuality. Because of these adolescents’ characteristics, internet pornography cause them serious troubles with their sexual behavior. Based on the viewpoint, this research explores structural relationship among their sexual orientations, exposure to internet pornography, the sexual drive and behavior with PLS path modeling analysis. In result, androcentric and pornography-friendly sexual orientation have an influence on the exposure to internet pornography, in turn, the exposure to internet pornography affect the sexual drive and behavior directly and sexual behavior indirectly mediated by the drive. The significance of this research is to identify fact that sexual orientations, reconceptionalized from previous researches’s dependent variables, predict the exposure to internet pro-pornographic and is to identify a popular myth indirectly that the exposure to internet pornography stimulates sexual drive to cause behavior, in turn leads to sex crimes finally.

본 연구는 긍정정서사건을 중심으로 임상간호사의 간호업무성과에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 관계를 검증하는 것이 다. 연구대상자는 2차 및 3차 종합병원의 간호사 275명이다. 자료수집은 눈덩이 표집을 통한 온라인 설문조사로 2021년 5월 부터 두 달간 이루어졌다. 수집된 자료의 분석은 SPSS 26.0과 AMOS 26.0을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 긍정정서사건(β=.65, p <.001)과 긍정정서(β=.10, p =.038)는 직무만족에 직접효과가 있었고 직무만족은 간호업무성과에 유의한 직접효과가 있었 다(β=.47, p <.001). 긍정정서사건(β=.32, p =.003)과 긍정정서(β=.05, p =.039)는 간호업무성과에 유의한 간접효과가 있었으 며 이는 간호업무성과에 대해 22%의 설명력을 가졌다. 하지만 감정노동은 유의한 효과가 없었다. 긍정정서사건과 긍정정서 는 직무만족 증진으로 이어지며 간호업무성과 수준을 높이게 된다. 따라서 간호업무성과 향상을 위해서는 긍정적인 작업환경 조성과 긍정정서를 촉진할 수 있는 교육기회와 중재마련이 필요하다.

The aim of this study is to verify the relationships of factors affecting nursing performance of clinical nurses focused on positive affective events. The subjects of this study were 275 clinical nurses from secondary and tertiary general hospitals. Data collection was conducted for two months from May 2021 through an online survey through snowball sampling. Data analyzed was using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0. The variables affecting job satisfaction included direct effect of positive affective events (β=.65, p <.001), and direct effect of positive affectivity (β=.10, p =.038). Job satisfaction (β=.47, p <.001) had statistically significant direct effects on nursing performance. Positive affective events (β=.32, p =.003) and positive affectivity (β=.05, p =.039) had statistically significant indirect effects on nursing performance. These variables explained for 22% of nursing performance. However, emotional labor had no significant effect on job satisfaction and nursing performance. The results indicate that positive affective events and positive affectivity result in high degree of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction would increase the level of nursing performance. Therefore, in order to improve nursing performance, it is necessary to provide educational opportunities and interventions that can promote positive work environment and positive affectivity.

본 연구는 ADHD 성향군에서 유년기 및 성인기 ADHD 하위증상, 우울증상, 자존감, 및 대인관계문제를 포함한 변인들 간의 관련성을 검토하고자 하였다. 연구 1에서는 813명의 대학생을 대상으로 유년기 ADHD 회상척도, CAARS-K 성인 ADHD 척도, 우울증상척도, 자존감 척도 및 대인관계문제 척도를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료를 바탕으로, 각 변인 간의 상대적 설명력을 보기 위해 위계적 중회귀 분석을 실시하였고, 이들 관계성에 대한 이론적 모형을 구성하고 검증하기 위해 경로분석과 구조방정식 모형분석을 실시하였다. 경로분석 결과, 우울증상에 대해 부주의 증상이 주로 자존감을 매개로 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 대인관계 문제에 대한 구조방정식모형 분석 결과, 성인부주의 증상은 우울증상과 자존감의 매개효과를 통해 내재화 문제에 영향을 주는 반면, 과잉행동 증상은 매개효과 없이 외현화 문제를 직접 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 2에서는 ADHD 하위 군집유형에 따라 변인들의 관계 양상이 어떻게 다른지 확인하기위해 대인관계문제 척도들을 중심으로 K-평균 군집분석을 실시하여 내재화 군집과 외현화 군집으로 분류하였다. 각 집단에 대한 구조방정식 모형 분석결과, 내재화 군집의 경우 ADHD 증상은 자존감과 우울증상을 매개로 대인관계 내재화 문제를 설명하는 것으로 나타났고, 외현화 군집의 경우에는 매개효과가 별로 없이 ADHD 증상이 대인관계 외현화 문제를 직접 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는 성인 ADHD의 정서 및 대인관계 문제 치료에 있어서 하위 군집의 특성에 따라 차별적인 접근이 이루어져야 함을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 제한점과 추후 연구에 대해 논의하였다.

This study was conducted to examine the relationship among variables including child/adult ADHD symptom sub-scales, depression, self-esteem, and interpersonal problems, in adults with ADHD tendency. In research 1, 813 university students were subjected to several tests including childhood-recall ADHD symptom scale, Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale (CAARS-K), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problem (KIIP). Using the data collected, we conducted hierarchical multiple-regression analyses to examine relative contributions among variables, and also conducted path analyses and structural equation modeling in order to construct and test the fitness of the theoretical model regarding the relationship among variables. As a resul of path analysis, it was shown that the inattention scale indirectly explained depression via the mediating effect of the self-esteem. In addition, the results of a structural equation modeling analysis have shown that the hyperactivity scale directly explained the externaled problems of KIIP without such mediating effects, while the adult inattention scale indrectly explaned internaled problems of KIIP via the mediating effects of depression and self-esteem. In research 2, in order to examine the pattern of relations among variables with respect to ADHD sub-cluster, we conducted a K-means cluster analysis using sub-scales of KIIP, resulting in two sub-groups (internalization/externalization). The results of structural equation modeling analyses for each group have shown that in the internalization sub-group, ADHD symptoms explained internalized problems of KIIP via the mediating effects of the self-esteem and depression, whereas in the externalization sub-group, ADHD symptom directly explained externalized problems of KIIP. Taken together, it was suggested differential treatments should be applied according to the characteristics of a ADHD sub-type. Finally, limitations of the present study and directions for further research were discussed.

Spreading activation theory is an important theory for human reasoning. It is significant to study this theory for finding how human minds differ and superior to machines in many fields. To study process based spreading and activation, a process based model named SCO was set up according spreading activation theory in this paper. Emergency, efficiency and termination of spreading activation is carried out based on this model. To analyze the soaking process, the model was applied to several path finding problems. The result showed how spreading activation inspired methods superior to traditional searching methods in complicated tasks and muddy tasks.

Kuo et al proposed an on-line method for an adaptive prediction error filter for improving secondary path modeling performance in the modeling method of the secondary path. This method have some disadvantages, namely having to use additive noise with the result that noise control performance is not good since it is focused on the estimated performance of the secondary path. In this paper, we proposes a modified Kuo model using gain control parameter and delay. It uses a reference signal for additive noise to improve the problems in the existing Kuo model.

Banking literacy is an important foundation in realizing financial inclusion, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. This study examines the indirect effects of payment instrument use, financial inclusion, and financial capacity on banking literacy, with financial knowledge as a mediator. A Bayesian Parametric Path Analysis approach is used with estimation through Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. Primary data were obtained from a national survey of 600 respondents selected through multistage sampling. Results show that the three exogenous variables have significant indirect effects through financial knowledge, with credible intervals of all paths above zero. The Bayesian approach allows flexible estimation and probabilistic interpretation. The findings provide theoretical contributions and practical implications for financial education policies that support the digital transformation of banking services.

The obstacles modeling is a fundamental and significant issue for path planning and automatic navigation of Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). In this study, we propose a novel obstacles modeling method based on high resolution satellite images. It involves two main steps: extraction of obstacle features and construction of convex hulls. To extract the obstacle features, a series of operations such as sea-land segmentation, obstacles details enhancement, and morphological transformations are applied. Furthermore, an efficient algorithm is proposed to mask the obstacles into convex hulls, which mainly includes the cluster analysis of obstacles area and the determination rules of edge points. Experimental results demonstrate that the models achieved by the proposed method and the manual have high similarity. As an application, the model is used to find the optimal path for USV. The study shows that the obstacles modeling method is feasible, and it can be applied to USV path planning.

The auto-encoder network which is a good candidate to handle the modeling of the signal strength attenuation is designed for denoising and compensating the distortion of the received data. It provides a non-linear mapping function by iteratively learning the encoder and the decoder. The encoder is the non-linear mapping function, and the decoder demands accurate data reconstruction from the representation generated by the encoder. In addition, the adaptive network width which supports the automatic generation of new hidden nodes and pruning of inconsequential nodes is also implemented in the proposed algorithm for increasing the efficiency of the algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed method can improve the neural network training surface to achieve the highest possible accuracy of the signal modeling compared with the conventional modeling method.

화강암지역에서 산출되는 국내 지하수의 화학조성은 주로 Ca-HCO$_{3}$와 Na-HCO$_{3}$, 형에 속하며, 일부는 Ca-(C1+SO$_{4}$)또는 Na-(Cl+SO$_{4}$)형의 특성을 나타낸다. 회장암 지역의 용출수는 Ca-HCO$_{3}$ 형에, 지하수는 Na-HCO$_3$ 형에 도시된다. 빗물-화강암 반응에 대한 반응경로 모델링 결과는 초기 Ca-Cl형에서 시작하여 Ca-HCO$_{3}$을 거친 후, 최종적으로 Na-HCO$_{3}$형으로 진화하는 경향을 보인다 빗물-화장암 반응 역시 빗물-화장암 반응에서와 유사하게 진화되는 경향을 보이며, 모델링 결과는 현장자료와 잘 일치된다. 빗물-화장암/회장암 반응경로 모델링 결과, 반응이 진행됨에 따라 수소이온 활동도는 점차 감소(pH는 증가)하며, 양이온의 농도는 pH의 변화에 따른 모암을 구성하는 광물들의 순차적 용해, 2차 생성광물의 침전 및 재용해 등에 의해 다양한 농도변화를 보여준다 빗물-화강암의 반응비에 따라 깁사이트, 적철석, 망간산화물, 카오리나이트, 실리카, 녹니석, 백운모, 방해석, 로몬타이트, 프레나이트, 아날심의 순으로 침전이 발생하며, 빗물-회장암의 반응에서도 이와 동일한 침전순서를 보이지만 실리카의 침전이 없고 아날심 대신 파라고나이트가 침전된다. 빗물-화강암 반응에서는 실리카가 가장 우세한 광물이며, 밋물-회장암 반응에서는 카오리나이트가 가 장 우세한 광물이며, 전체적인 2차 생성광물의 침전량은 화강암보다 회장암 반응이 더 우세하다

The chemical compositions of groundwaters from the granite areas mainly belong to Ca-HC0$_{3}$ and Na-HC0$_{3}$type, and some of these belong to Ca-(CI+S0$_{4}$) and Na-(CI+S0$_{4}$) type. Spring waters and groundwaters from anorthosite areas belong to Ca-HC03 and Na-HC03 type, respectively. The result of reaction path modeling shows that the chemical compositions of aqueous solution reacted with granite evolve from initial Ca-CI type, via CaHC0$_{3}$ type, to Na-HC0$_{3}$ type. The result of rain water-anorthosite interaction is similar to evolution path of granite reaction and both of these results agree well with the field data. In the reaction path modeling of rain watergranite/anorthosite reaction, as a reaction is progressing, the activity of hydrogen ion decreases (pH increases). The concentrations of cations are controlled by the dissolution of rock-forming minerals and precipitation and re-dissolution of secondary minerals according to the pH. The continuous addition of granite causes the formation of secondary minerals in the following sequence; gibbsite plus hematite, Mn-oxide, kaolinite, silica, chlorite, muscovite (a proxy for illite here), calcite, laumontite, prehnite, and finally analcime. In the anorthosite reaction, the order of precipitation of secondary minerals is the same as with granite reaction except that there is no silica precipitation and paragonite precipitates instead of analcime. The silica and kaolinite are predominant minerals in the granite and anorthosite reactions, respectively. Total quantities of secondary minerals in the anorthosite reaction are more abundant than those in the granite reaction.

This paper focuses on competencies of data scientists and behavioral intention that affect big data analysis performance. This experiment examined nine core factors required by data scientists. In order to investigate this, we conducted a survey to gather data from 103 data scientists who participated in big data competition at Kaggle platform and used factor analysis and PLS-SEM for the analysis methods. The results show that some key competency factors have influential effect on the big data analysis performance. This study is to provide a new theoretical basis needed for relevant research by analyzing the structural relationship between the individual competencies and performance, and practically to identify the priorities of the core competencies that data scientists must have.

광물의 용해속도는 기후에 따라 지역적인 차이는 있으나, 일반적으로 화강암을 구성하는 광물중 장석류의 풍화속도가 다른 광물에 비해 비교적 빠르기 때문에 파손 정도는 장석의 안정성에 지배된다. 지구화학적 반응 모델링 결과, 강우에 의해서 화강암이 변질되는데 걸리는 시간은 다른 변수를 고려하지 않고 pH만을 고려한 pH=4.5인 산성수내에서의 변질속도와 비교할 때 일반적인 빗물(pH=5.7)보다 약 2.3배 더 빠른 것으로 계산되었다. 이러한 결과는 화강암질 석조문화재의 보존에 있어서 pH가 중요한 요소로 작용할 수 있음을 의미한다. 석조문화재의 풍화를 억제하기 위해서는 암석의 풍화특성이 우선적으로 규명되어야 하며, 가수분해, 산 반응 등의 화학적 풍화작용은 물과의 접촉에 의해 이루어지므로 물을 차단하기 위하여 발수코팅, 오일코팅 또는 건조환경을 조성하는 방안을 고려해야 할 것이다. 세척제와 생물방제를 이용할 시는 빗물이나 화강암과의 장기적 반응을 고려하여 중성화작용과 환원성 환경이 형성될 수 있는 재질의 선택이 매우 중요하다.

Dissolution rate of minerals may differ from climates configuration, but weathering rate of feldspars is generally proved to be relatively higher The result of geochemical reaction modeling indicates the acid water of pH 4.5 excluding any other variables, was 2.3 times higher than that in ordinary rain of pH 5.7. This result proved that pH is very important factor in preservation of granite cultural properties. To prevent the weathering of stone cultural properties, weathering characteristics of stones should be studied first and constitution of dry environments, using water repellent or oil coating, isolating water which cause chemical weathering reaction like hydration and oxidization should be considered. Considering the long-term reactions between granite and rain, selection of materials, which can bring neutralization and non-oxidization conditions, are very important in using cleaning agents and biological controls.

다중요인분석은 관능검사에서 주로 이용되는 분석으로 상품의 속성과 소비자들의 기호도에 대한 자료 분석에 주로 이용된다. 본 연구에서는 다중요인분석을 상품의 속성, 소비자들의 기호도 등의 자료에 이용하여 소비자들의 특성에 따라 몇 개의 군집으로 분류하고 이를 부분 최소제곱 경로모형을 이용하여 분류된 군집의 특성을 파악해 보고자 한다. 향수의 속성에 대한 자료와 소비자들이 파악한 향수의 속성, 그리고 그들의 기호도에 관한 실제 자료를 다중요인분석을 이용하여 살펴보고 이 결과를 이용하여 소비자들을 4개의 군집으로 분할한다. 분할한 군집별로 제품의 특성을 파악하고 이를 최소제곱경로모형에 적용하여 각 군집의 특성을 나타내는 잠재변수를 추정, 군집별로 소비자들이 선호하거나 기피하는 제품의 특성들, 그리고 각 군집별로 제품들을 어떻게 지각하는지 등을 파악한다. 다중요인분석을 활용한 부분 최소제곱 경로모형은 제품에 대한 특성과 소비자들의 기호도를 동시에 분석하여 이들의 관계를 규명하고 분석 결과를 제품 개발과 판매에 적용할 수 있다는 점에서 유용한 모형이라고 할 수 있다.

In this paper, we examine the methodology to predict consumer preferences using several groups of attributes of products and application to real data. In the food industry, studies are in progress to investigate the relationship between product attributes and consumer preferences; consequently, various methodologies are proposed. Among these methodologies, we consider multiple factor analysis (MFA). The result of the MFA enable the division of consumers into four clusters with similar liking and the defining of preference characteristics for each cluster. Also, using the results of multiple factor analysis, we find the partial least squares path model to predict consumer preferences through the characteristics of the product and the characteristics evaluated by consumers. We can understand the relationship between the cluster of consumers and the preferred/undesirable characteristics of products through the partial least squares path model applied to two clusters with different liking. When multiple factor analysis is used in the partial least squares path model, it is possible to investigate relationships between products and consumers by analyzing product characteristics and consumer preferences simultaneously. The results can be applied to product developments and sales which makes this methodology important and useful.

This study reconstructs the physical realities of Goguryeo's northern and southern roads—the primary stages of the mid-4th century conflict between Goguryeo and Former Yan (前燕)—and sheds new light on their historical characteristics by applying a novel methodology known as Probabilistic Least Cost Path (pLCP) modeling. To achieve this, an- cient roads were reconstructed using maps produced in the 1930s and aerial photographs from the 1960s as reference materials. Furthermore, topographical constraints and mobility were analyzed through GIS-based Monte Carlo simulation analysis. The analysis identified the Northern Route as extending from Fushun through the Suzi River, Liudaohe, and Huanren to the Xinkai River and Ji‘an. The Southern Route was iden- tified as the path connecting Liaoyang through the Taizi River to Huanren, the Xinkai River, and Ji'an. Regarding the Northern Route, it is highly probable that the path passing through Liudaohe was militarily preferred over the detour via the Bu’er River. On the Northern Route, Goguryeo established Xincheng as its frontline. The excavation of a large quantity of iron weaponry dating to the mid-Goguryeo period at the Yonglingjin Ancient Fortress in the Suzi River basin suggests that this site functioned as a rear support base reinforcing the frontline. The Southern Route demonstrates a topographical structure where multiple diverging paths from the lower Taizi River converge into a single route at Xiajiahexiang (near the Xin- bin Taizi Fortress). Notably, the upper chronological limit of Goguryeo mountain fortresses and tombs distributed west of Xiajiahexiang is generally estimated to be from the late 4th century to the early 5th century. This indicates that during the mid-4th century, Goguryeo’s effective territory had not yet expanded beyond the boundary of Xiajiahexiang into the lower Taizi River region.

의창지역의 삼정광산과 용장광산의 금광화작용은 보난자(Bonanza)형 금광상의 특성을 나타낸다. 광상은 퇴적암 내의 장석질 사암과 석영맥의 접촉부에서 주로 산출되며, 금과 은을 함유하는 광물은 에렉트럼과 더불어 은황화광물 및 황산염광물로 산출된다. 반면, 광상의 모암이 쳐트질 암석과 안산암인 경우에는 금광화작용이 장석질 사암의 경우보다 미약하게 발달된다. 이 연구에서는 금의 침전 특성을 파악하기 위하여 열수용액과 장석질 사암 및 안산암간의 수치모델링에 의한 다성분 다상계 평형계산을 실시하였다. 모델링에서는 함금은 광물인 에렉트럼 및 수용액상 또는 기상 원소들이 사용되었다. 반응경로 모델링 결과, pH가 증가함에 따라 석영, 녹니석, 견운모, 황동석, 방연석, 황철석, 에렉트럼, 양기석과 장석이 침전되었다. 또한, 에렉트럼은 모암과 광화용액 간의 반응에 의한 급격한 pH 증가와 탈황화작용에 의해 침전되었음을 확인하였다. 금 은비는 용액의 pH 조건이나 아칸다이트와 폴리바사이트와 같은 은황화 광물 침전에 의해 변화되었다. 한편, 안산암과 열수용액과의 반응에서 침전된 광물은 열수용액과 장석질 사암과의 반응에서 침전된 광물과 유사하지만 상대적으로 적은 양의 에렉트럼이 침전되었다. 이러한 연구결과로 미루어 볼 때 의창지역 보난자형 금광화작용의 부광대는 모암 규제에 의해 형성되었다고 판단된다.

Gold mineralization of Samjeong and Yongjang gold mines in Uichang area shows characteristics of Bonanza-type gold deposits. Ores are mainly developed along the contact parts between quartz vein and arkosic sandstone beds(Fe-rich bed) in sedimentary rock. Electrum, silver sulfide and sulfate minerals are mainly in the ores. On the other hand, gold mineralization is less developed in cherty rock and andesitic rock than arkosic sandstone. The study highlights characteristics of gold precipitation in the deposit on the basis of numerical modelling of the reactions between the assumed hydrothermal ore fluids with multicomponent heterogeneous equilibrium calculations. Aqueous species, gases and minerals, containing electrum are included in the calculations. The reaction result between hydrothermal ore fluids and arkosic sandstone show that pH increasing in the ore-forming fluid would trigger precipitation of quartz, chlorite, sericite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, electrum, actinolite and feldspar. The numerical modelling also illustrates the drastic increase of pH and desulfidation lead to precipitation of electrum. Ag/Au ratios in the ore vary with pH conditions and subsequently precipitation of silver-bearing sulfides such as acanthite and polybasite. The modelling of the reaction between andesitic rock and ore-forming fluid shows that mineral assemblages of the case are analogous to ones of the reaction between arkosic sandstone and fluid except the latter has little portion of electrum. The abovementioned modelling results suggest that gold-silver mineralization is bounded by host rocks at the study area.