Earticle

상나라시기 갑골문에는 치(蚩)자와 우(尤)자가 개별적으로 등장하는데 모두 재앙이라는 의미를 담고 있다. 그러나 아직 치우(蚩尤)라는 단어가 단독으로 등장하지 않은 것으로 보아 상나라시기에는 치우라고 지칭되는 특정한 집단이나 민족이 존재하지 않았음을 알 수 있다. 서주시기의 역사적 상황을 반영한 것으로 보이는 󰡔상서․여형(尙書․呂刑)󰡕 편에 ‘치우’라는 말이 처음 등장하는데 이는 서주시기 ‘치우’로 지칭되는 특정 민족 또는 국가가 등장하였음을 말한다. 치우는 묘민(苗民)의 수장이라고 하는데 묘민의 거주 위치, 거주 시기로 보아 묘민은 초나라 사람을 지칭한다. 서주시기 금문자료를 통해 볼 때 서주는 초기부터 초나라를 계속적으로 공격하였는데 가장 활발하게 공격한 왕은 소왕(昭王)으로 󰡔상서․여형󰡕편에 등장하는 황제(皇帝)가 치우와 묘민을 소멸한 것은 서주시기의 역사적 사실을 춘추시기에 이르러 신화전설의 형식으로 기록한 것이라 할 수 있다. 주 소왕이 초나라를 정벌한 이유는 초나라가 스스로 왕임을 천명하였으며 또한 초나라 지역에는 다량의 청동이 매장되어 있어 경제적 이익도 있었기 때문이다. 춘추 중말기에 제작된 진(晉)나라 어정비(魚鼎匕)에는 진나라 왕이 치우의 방종을 꾸짖고 뜨거운 탕 속에 빠져 죽는 치우의 모습을 묘사하고 있다. 진나라와 초나라는 패권을 장악하기 위하여 100년간 전쟁을 벌였는데 진나라는 초나라에 대한 증오가 극도에 달하였고 이러한 감정을 어정비에 은유적으로 표현하였다. 비록 서주에서 진나라로 시대가 바뀌었으나 황제(皇帝)나 왕(王)은 중원의 패권을 장악한 존재를 의미하고, 치우는 남방의 초나라 왕을 지칭한다. 따라서 󰡔상서󰡕와 금문 자료에 등장하는 황제 또는 왕과 치우의 대립은 패권을 장악하기 위한 남북방민족의 대립을 묘사한 것임을 알 수 있다

The characters Chi and You appear separately in the oracle bone script during the Shang Dynasty and both contain the meaning of catastrophe. However, Chiyou does not appear at that time, that a particular group or ethnic group did not exist during the Shang Dynasty. ‘Chiyou’ appears first in the chapter "'Sangseo․Yeohyeon'", which seems to have reflected the historical situation of the Western Zhou Period. Thus, the particular ethnic group or nation referred to as 'Chiyou' appeared in the Western Zhou Period. Chiyou is said to be the head of the Myomin, who are the people of the Chu Dynasty given the location and, time of the Myomin. According to bronze inscriptions from the Western Zhou Period, King Zhao was a king who attacked the Chu Dynasty the most actively, and the Chiyou conquest of the emperor that appears in the chapter "'Sangseo․Yeohyeong'" can be said to recorded historical facts from the King Zhao Period in the Zhou Dynasty in the form of myth or legend. King Zhao of the Zhou Dynasty conquered the Chu Dynasty because the Chu Dynasty declared itself to be the king. addition, there was much economic benefits to be gainde from the large amount of bronze buried in the Chu region. In Eojeongbi of the Qin Dynasty, done in the mid and last periods of the Spring and Autumn Period, describes the king of the Chiyou for indulgence and the Chiyou dying in hot baths. The Qin Dynasty and Chu Dynasty fought for about 100 years in order to secure the supremacy, and the Qin Dynasty’s hatred against the Chu Dynasty was great, feeling metaphorically expressed in Eojeongbi. Although times changed from the Western Zhou to the Qin Dynasty, being an emperor or king meant that the person held the supremacy of the midfield and Chiyou refers to the king during the Chu Dynasty of the south. Therefore, the confrontation between an emperor or king and the Chiyou that appear in 'Sangseo' and in bronze inscriptions can be seen as describing the confrontation of the northern and southern ethnic groups in terms of who would hold the supremacy.

본고는 갑골문․금문 등에서 단독으로 혹은 ‘追’․‘師’ 등의 편방으로 자주 쓰이는 ‘𠂤’의 형체가 어떤 사물에서 기 원하였는지를 문자언어학적 분석방법론을 적용하여 연구한 논문이다. 본고에서는 ‘𠂤’가 고대사회에서 비교적 널리 사용하였던 사냥구의 일종인 사냥돌에서 기원하였을 것이라는 가설을 제시해보았다. 이 가설은 ‘𠂤’와 이를 편방으로 취한 ‘追’에 대한 형체․의미 분석과 더불어, 복사 중 동사 ‘追’의 의미자질에 대한 분석, 그리고 ‘𠂤’와 형체적으로 연관성을 가지는 ‘單’의 형체 분석 결과에 근거한 것이 다. ‘𠂤’의 형체 기원에 대한 본고의 가설은‘𠂤’의 ‘사냥돌 기원설’이라 칭할 수 있겠는데, 이 가설은 기존의 가 설들과 더불어 ‘𠂤’의 형체기원 규명과 형체 변화 연구에 있어 참고가 될 것이며, 나아가 고대한자 연구와 관련 한 새로운 방법론 모색에 있어서도 일정의 실마리를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것이다.

This thesis is basically based on Semantics and Graphonomy. On this paper,attempted to find the graphonomic origin of ‘𠂤’, paying attention to thecorrelation between shape of character and meaning of character. I found clueson linguistic‧literal materials and social‧cultural references on Shang Dynastyfocused on Oracle bone Script. First, ‘追’ including ‘𠂤’ connotes semantic feature regarding the manner ofcapture, ‘𠂤’ is especially expresses semantic feature which implies [+human]and [+intact capture]Second, ‘𠂤’ is similar to ‘𠂤’ which is oracle bone scripe formated bola stone. Third, the meaning of ‘縋’․‘槌’․‘搥’․‘磓’․‘鎚’․‘膇’ which inclued ‘追’ haverelevance to bola stone and attribute. Fourth, the custom of offer human sacrifice was very popular on ShangDynasty provide the social and cutural background of ‘𠂤’'s occurrence. On the basis of this cues, this paper present hypothesis that ‘𠂤’ originatesfrom the shape of bola stone. I hope that this hypotheses could be goodreference on the origin of ‘𠂤’ with other research.

When looking at the activities of Queen ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ through Oracle Bone Script, she had a firm economic status. She was particularly in charge of managing agriculture, so there are many articles related to agriculture. King ‘Wuding(武丁)’ entrusted her with the important task of grain supply. So far, we have looked at the queen called ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ during the Shang Dynasty, and it can be summarized as follows. First, the king called ‘Wuding(武丁)’ expanded the country's ruling base by conciliating several countries through marriage, and ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ was also a woman who had been chosen as a queen from ‘Jingfang(井方)’ for that purpose. Second, the world's largest bronze cauldron discovered in 1938 confirmed her as Queen ‘Wu(戊)’ of ‘Wuding(武丁)’. Third, it was found that the ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ received and managed land from the ‘Wuding(武丁)’ presided over various ancestral rites of the Shang Dynasty, and was pay tribute. Fourth, it can be seen that the ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ was in charge of managing the turtle shell used for divination. Fifth, it was found that the ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ was the leading agricultural officer of the Shang Dynasty and was responsible for directing and supervising the sowing and harvesting of grain. Sixth, ‘Fujing(婦妌)’ was also a general who participated in the war and made a valiant achievement by defeating the enemy.

In oracle bone script, characters appear in various forms such as ․․․․․․․․․. While scholars have generally agreed that some of these characters represent the Chinese characters ‘yù(御)’ or ‘yù(禦)’, opinions have differed on whether each specific form individually represents each character. This paper suggests that a clear distinction can be made between these characters as either ‘yù(御)’ or ‘yù(禦)’ and reclassifies their forms as follows. First, the character ‘yù(御)’ can be described as being composed of the components ‘彳’, ‘午’, ‘止’, and ‘卩’, while ‘yù(禦)’ combines the character ‘yù(御)’ with ‘shì(示)’. Next, in Chinese bronze inscriptions, scholars have clearly distinguished between ‘yù(御)’ and ‘yù(禦)’. In these inscriptions, ‘yù(御)’ appears in forms such as ․․․․․․. Among oracle bone script characters, form ‘()’ is a combination of the character ‘shì(示: )’ and ‘()’. In Chinese bronze inscriptions, ‘yù(禦)’ also appears in forms like ․․, comprised of the forms ‘(示)’ and ‘()’. Based on this analysis, this paper explores the theory that in oracle bone script, forms ‘()’․‘()’․‘()’․‘()’․‘()’․‘()’․․․‘(御)’ correspond to the character ‘yù(御)’, while ‘()’ corresponds to ‘yù(禦)’.

The original graphs cannot be made up, they must have something like them. The meaning of a graph is what it looks like and its implication, which belongs to the content word (which carry semantic content). With the need of grammar, when the meaning of a content word does not indicate the meaning of the sentence, but the relationship between other content words in the sentence, the content word becomes a function word or grammatical word. A Shang bone script for god’s will, god said and someone said is dipected as wei隹 ( “eagle”). The consensus amongst the cycle’s scholars is that the word wei 隹 (only, along) is often seen and used as a function word in ancient Chinese classic books. At first, a script was created to describle the represented object and its symbolic meanings. A word in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is used as a content word in most of the cases, and also used as a function word in a few cases discovered by scholars. Thus the word wei隹(bird pictograph) in the Shang bone texts first should be a content word, is a pictogram of the bird, in which its meanings were expressed iconically as “bird say, angel say, tell angel, talk by the messenger between man and god”. And in the later period of the Oracle bone text the script was added kou 口(oral) to emphasis “say” and became as a new graph wei 唯. The function word wei 隹 (only, along) can be derived from its content meaning “god says”, and the content word wei 隹 (say, tell, allegedly) can be used to read the Oracle bone and the Bronze inscriptions and the classic books in their literal sense and logically, and to give an answer to some puzzling problems in the inscriptions. Through this discussion, we have used many examples of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, in which there are many undeciphered words. The purpose of this paper is to show how to decipher the Oracle bone scripts by using these undeciphered words. The key point is that the meaning of Oracle bone script comes from its shape, not its sound.

갑골문을 통해 상대인들의 위생문화에 관한 전반적인 상황들을 살펴봄으로써 건강한 삶을 지키고자 했던 그들만의 생활상을 여러 방면에서 확실하게 엿볼 수 있었다. 혐오스럽고 비위생적인 배설물 처리를 위해 측간을 만들어 환경오염을 줄이고 더불어 농경사회의 부족한 거름을 확보하기 위한 공간으로도 활용하는 상대인들의 삶의 지혜를 엿 볼 수 있었다. 또한 개인의 위생을 위하여 손발은 물론 목욕과 머리감기 등 신체를 자주 씻는 습관이 있었으며 특히 수건을 차고 다니면서 수시로 땀과 노폐물을 씻어내는 등 신체 청결을 상당히 중시했음을 알 수 있었다. 火食을 통해 음식속의 균을 박멸하여 위생적으로 안전하게 섭취하는 습관이 있었으며, 식품의 부패를 막기 위하여 지하저장고를 만들어 음식을 신선하게 보관하는 방법도 터득하였다. 안전한 식수공급을 위하여 강이나 하천 등에 의지했던 식수원을 피하고 우물을 설치하여 안전하고 위생적인 식수도 공급하였다는 것을 확인하였다. 의복은 상대에도 다양한 기능을 인식하여 기후의 변화에 맞춰 여름에는 견직물을 이용하고 겨울에는 동물의 가죽과 털을 이용하여 옷을 만들어 입는 등 신체보호를 위하여 다양하게 이용하였다. 상대의 주거환경은 반혈거 형태를 갖추고 있어 대부분 움집의 바닥에서 생활하기 때문에 비위생적이었다. 따라서 그들은 점점 지면위로 올라오면서 벽과 지붕을 만들기 시작하였고, 채광과 환기를 고려해 문과 창을 만든 주거형태를 갖추게 되었다. 이러한 주거형태는 지면이 아닌 높은 기반위에 세워졌기 때문에 방수나 방습의 효과가 있어 상당히 위생적이며, 차가운 바닥은 돗자리를 사용함으로서 신체를 보호하였다. 특히 생활폐수나 오염수의 처리를 위하여 지하 배수관을 설치하여 모든 오염수를 외부로 유출시킴으로서 위생적인 환경을 만들려는 상대인들의 위생에 대한 의식을 엿볼 수 있었다.

In 2008, ancient oracle bone scriptures chronicling the Ning Feng (寧風) rituals were found at the Shanxi Qishan temple ruins. The oracle bone scriptures archeaological serial number (考古編戶) 2008QF Ⅲ A2G:17 and 6249 were put together to create a completed documentation of the Ning Feng rituals. The completed document shows engravings of three sentences in the front-side and five sentences on the backside. The document is from the early Western Zhou Dynasty era and thus includes the 命辭, 占辭, 用辭 structures. The content of the completed script will be of great importance in further study of the Shang-Zhou religion and 禮制 practices. This paper will lightly analyze the ideograms used and content of the Zhougong Miao oracle bone ‘Ning Feng’ scripture, but mainly focus on the importance and meaning of the Ning(寧) character in comparison to the Yinxu oracle bone inscriptions. There will also be a examination of the Ning Feng ritual’s recipient and the sacrificial objects used by comparing the Ning Feng ritual descriptions depicted in the Zhougong Miao inscriptions to the ones depicted in the Yinxu inscriptions. Finally this paper will examine the how the scripture that was found, influenced the changes in ritual formalities and inheritance processes seen in the Western Zhou era. The Ning Feng scripture that was excavated from the Zhougong crypts is important information in the understanding of the formalities and inheritance attributes of the Shang-Zhou religion. Not only does the Zhougong Miao oracle scripture compliment the ‘寧風于四方’ ritual records written in the Yinxu oracle inscriptions, but also verifies the Yin Dynasty’s ritual system and inheritance seen in the early stages of the Western Zhou Dynasty. It is possible to postulate that the Zhou Dynasty’s official wizards and divine (巫師⋅卜祝之官) had major influences in such changes. It is exciting to see how studies and interests in; not only the 寧風 rituals, but other 寧災 types of rituals flourish due to the excavated Zhougong Miao oracle scriptures. There will be new trends in investigating the sacrificial objects used, interpersonal relationships and 寧災 rituals through newly acquired Zhougong Miao oracle scripts. Based on this question and idea.

The intent of this paper is to introduce a method of deciphering oracle bone characters; specifically the interpretation of the Compound Ideograph. Utilizing this method, the article applies known characters to hypothesizing the expression of unknown characters. This view of Chinese characters comes from such work as I Ching or Classic of Changes and Shi-poem or Classic of Poetry, where the figurative mean and depiction of a realistic scene or parable are captured and symbolized within a pictorial representation or ideograph. By returning pictographic combinations to the realistic scene, all the meanings of an ideograph are derived from the scene and scene’s parable. The following explains the correlation between the combinations with the intended meaning. The ideographs are shown in that the first part is the pronunciation sound in Chinese while the second part in italics is the scene combined pictographs. [1] The English character of Bow for shooting arrows is borrowed figuratively to express “to bend the knee or body, as in reverence, submission”, “to cause to bend; make curved”, and is extended to Bowl to denote the Container figure like a bow. [2] The character of Sol means the sun, and its scene maps a lonely man like the sun without partners around, so Sol is used to denote solitary (alone, lone), sole (single), etc. in its figurative sense. [3] The Chinese character Gou-ear (句) is a scene of the ear with an ear-hook. Gou-ear means the hook in ear’s figurative sense, for a man uses his ear as a hook, or an ear looks like a hook on the wall. In another perspective, Gou-ear depicts Be-hooked, meaning Arrest, Capture, or Chain-up. When an ancient encounters a hook or a man stooping to work, and tries to tell others about it, he may say a tool like the ear (projecting out of the head) or a man working like the ear (figure), which is similar to saying that it looks like a bow in the West. [4] A character Fu-man:tiger (赴) is made of a tiger and man, reading ‘the tiger is like a man standing up’. A scene-parable of the tiger standing suggests “pounce, jump”, extending its meaning to “go to like a tiger jump, dedicate on”. It is a man determinative ideograph: the tiger is determined by a man standing. ‘Man is read as his feature: standing’ is called semantic loan. Similarly, Yue-man:deer (跃), means a deer like a man standing, also meaning a leap. Xiong-man:pig (熊) means a bear; a pig standing is like the bear. [5] A character Lian-ear:mouth (聯) is a narrative scene of the mouth-ear-mouth, words to words through the ear, telling a narrative story of people that are connected in the ear in the wild restricted visibility, which is derived to the connection, union, and contact. [6] Dong-kid (動) means a move, a scene of a boy (semantic loan), for a child’s behavior is the non- stop action for a moment. [7] A character Yu-pup:gape (欲) is a scene of the mouth opened up, which maps ‘want’. Man’s want means wish, man’s want from heart or by nature is hard to draw and ancient Chinese oracle priest to draw ‘animal’s want’, which was used metaphorically to mean the very wish, appetite, and desire (sex, material). Overall, an ideo-character is a narrative picture or story which tells thoughts or ideas, not record language words, and then is pronounced the glyph in it later. Thus the character creates the word.

这篇小論文的主要目的是推究甲骨文､金文等古代漢字裏所見的“單”字的形體來源｡ 以前對“單”字的硏究當中, 有些硏究者主張了“單”的形體來源於祭壇､聚落､帶型臘具等說法, 迄今仍然諸說紛紜｡ 因此本文參考旣往的對“單”字的一些硏究成果, 還參照中國古代狩獵文化的方方面面, 其中特別注意到古代人類常用的一種狩獵工具――石球, 而提出有關“單”字形體的一個假設｡ 石球是包括中國､韓國等東北亞地區, 也包括南北美等地, 生活在差不多世界所有地區的古代人類普遍使用過的狩獵工具之一｡它的形體與使用方法爲硏究“單”的形體來源與造字本義方面提供値得參考的線索｡對此本文在漢字形義學､結構論等有關語言文字學理論和偏旁分析法､核心形體分析法等硏究方法論的基礎上,就硏究“單”字的形體結構和字義是否與石球的形體和屬性､使用方法有關係, 最後總結出“單”是石球的象形字的結論｡ 本文的硏究還只不過是一種假設, 但給硏究“單”字的形體由來硏究方面予以提供一定的參考價値｡

因爲漢字形體的高度簡化而引起的筆劃抽象化及形體合流, 許多古代漢字失去了在形體上各個文字或字素之間可以區別出來的形體辨別性, 最代表的例子是“皿”的甲骨文簡化字素“”. 與原來的形體“皿”一樣, “”也有義素[容器]｡ 不過, “”的甲骨文形體與包括義素[坑]或[陷穽]的“凵(kǎn)”很相似, 因此對取“”爲偏旁的一些古代漢字進行形義考釋時, 經常將它看做爲包括義素[坑]或[陷穽]的文字｡ 本文就注意到前述的事例, 首先對甲骨文“皿”的各種異體及它的形體演變過程進行了細緻而系統的分析, 然後根據分析的結果论述了“”就是“皿”的簡化形體,還闡述了“”出現的主要原因就是古代書寫人追求書寫方便的心理與運用“核心形體素”的意識作用｡本文還根據“”是包括義素[容器]的字素之事實,就提出了在取“凵”的文字當中有些文字也有考釋爲取“”的文字的可能性｡ 此外, 本文還根據甲骨文“皿”的簡化字素“”在漢字形體結構演變歷史上, 也在表意功能上確實有自己的獨立性, 就提出了將‘’編入於甲骨文字素目錄之內的必要性｡

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Micro-Blade (Stone knife) and its manufacturing techniques or flaking methods, considered by many scholars as the marker of modern humans, are used popularly back from 20 000 years ago Lower Old Stone Age until to 2 500 years ago Zhou Dynasty. Visible technological processes map invisible thinking patterns. The thinking model of Genesis, create a pioneering work, hurt your skin and bruise in Oracle Bone Script all are derived from Stone knife flaking process model. Comparing a common thing or process to a concept, especially abstract concepts, are a common means for the expression of thought in ancient, like a parable in the Bible and proverb in public. OB Script uses a scene of a common process, a parable or proverb to expressing ideas. An Oracle character does not have to record language, first is an ideograph used for alluding. The other sample of Dongba (Mo-so) pictographic glyphs is largely a mnemonic system, and cannot by itself represent the Naxi (Mo-so) language. Tab.2 is a sample of Mo-so Genesis can be read as a long story for hours and hours by the priest. A popular and most academic understanding of the Oracle characters as logograph or phonograph hinders the deciphering of many Oracle characters. The character刅 (Tab.3 CH1, now write as創. 倉is add-on sound, 刀is刂idea) imitated to K” (transcription),「K」set as a Knife, 「”」as like debris from broken scars. K” suggests a third scene of flaking a stone knife from a stone core by percussion (Fig.1), this is Scene-parable telling 說象. The scene of Blade flaking suggests skin hit or trauma 創傷肌膚, enemy hitting or attacking 重創對手, pioneering tool by hitting or innovation and creation創造全新工具或創新(a knife is a pioneering tool when comparing to Chopping tool that perhaps in nature), analogy of an egg hatch by mom percussion can be stretched a genesis by god percussion創世紀, this is sense reading解意. The scene is rich in symbolisms above that are depicted the word meanings as much as possible; this can be called as Self Deriving. For English example, a scene of hive is depicted meanings of a school of bees, gather into a hive, a place full of people who are busy as bees, hive off [divide up family property and live apart], store (like bees). A scene of hand (of head, of bow, of moon, so on) may be another example. The character刀(Tab.4) is imitated to K (transcription), pictograph of Micro-Blade (Stone knife, Fig.3). The character勿(Tab.4) is imitated to C: (transcription), 「C」as bow, 「:」as no string, 「C:」suggest a third scene of an unstringing bow. The scene of the archery removed bowstring suggests no-shoot arrow or hunting, no attack, 勿use as No, Do not in OB Script.

In the oracle bone script, there is a ․․․․․ shaped form that scholars consider to be interpreted as the characters ‘zú(足)’, ‘pĭ(疋)’, ‘pĭ(疋)’ and ‘zú(足)’, and ‘zhŏng(踵)’. Based on the following reasons, this study argues that, the form ․ and ․ are different characters. First, scholars interpret the ․․․․․ form as ‘zú(足)’, ‘pĭ(疋)’, ‘pĭ(疋)’ and ‘zú(足)’, and ‘zhŏng(踵)’. These three characters have different sounds in archaic Chinese, and the forms of ․ and ․ are slightly different. Although their meanings were sometimes used differently, there were also instances where they were used together for a specific meaning without being distinguished from one another. Second, the ․․․․․ form found in the oracle bone script does not appear after the Shang Dynasty. Among them, the ․․․ form is designed to mimic the feet and legs. Following the Shang dynasty, from the Western Zhou Period to the Spring and Autumn Period, the characters ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’, appeared in Chinese bronze inscriptions as the ․ form. During the Warring States Period, although the character ‘pĭ(疋)’ appeared as the ․․ symbol, and the character ‘zú(足)’ appeared as the ․․․ form, they were sometimes used interchangeably. During the Han Dynasty, the character ‘pĭ(疋)’ appeared as the symbol. The characters ‘pĭ(疋)’ and ‘zú(足)’ were used to mean “foot”. Third, the ․․․ form found in the oracle bone script that is reviewed in this study mimics the shape of a foot with a large heel to convey the word “heel”. Among the characters ‘𣦟’, ‘歱’, ‘zhōng(蹱)’, and ‘zhŏng(踵)’, the character ‘𣦟’ first appears in the Chinese bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Period in the form of the form. The character ‘歱’ refers to the of the Later Han Period, the character ‘zhōng(蹱)’ refers to the ․ of the Former Han Period. The character ‘zhŏng(踵)’ first appears in the Unearthed texts of the Pre-Chin and used for the of the Later Han Period. Among these form, ‘zhŏng(踵)’ and ‘𣦟’ were used to mean “heel” during the Warring States Period, and ‘歱’ was used to mean “heel” during the Han Dynasty. From the above analysis, this paper suggests that the ․ form can be interpreted as ‘zhŏng(踵)’, and the ․ form can be interpreted as either ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’, Although ․ and ․ are different form, this study suggests that they were used without distinction to convey specific meanings.

Until now, the distinctions made among the original meaning, extended meaning, and phonetic loan meaning of the oracle bone script have not matched the actual use of words in the oracle bone script. Thus, the authorhas categorized the original meaning, extended meaning and phonetic loan meaning of the characters that have a clear shape in the oracle bone script, as follows: 1. For the original meaning, I followed the existing categorization. Also in cases where the extended meaning and phonetic loan meaning are used later than the original meaning, the preexisting view was kept. 2. In cases where the extended meaning is used at the very first, I categorized the extended meaning as the initial meaning and the related meaning. 3. In cases where the phonetic loan meaning is used at the very first, the phonetic loan meaning was categorized as the initial meaning and the phonetic loan meaning. 4. There are cases where the phonetic loan meaning is used at the very first and then the very first extended meaning and original meaning are used at the same time. In this case, the phonetic loan meaning was categorized as the initial meaning as well as the phonetic loan meaning, and when the extended meaning is used prior to the original meaning, the extended meaning was categorized as the related meaning. 5. There are cases where the original meaning or the extended meaning is used at the very first. When the extended meaning is used at the very first, the extended meaning was referred to as the initial meaning and the related meaning. Furthermore, there are cases where the extended meaning or the phonetic loan meaning is used at the very first, among cases where the original meaning or the extended meaning or the phonetic loan meaning is used at the very first. In this case, the categorization and terminology for the extended meaning and phonetic loan meaning followed the aforementioned categorizations and terminologies.

The character ‘lóng(龍)’ has the form of ․․․․ in the oracle bone script. This showed additional meanings of ‘lóng(龍)’ to those that have thus far been discovered. Those meanings are as follows. The following two passages using ‘lóng(龍)’ are found in oracle bone script: ① “貞 : 弗其羌龍.「合集6633」”, ② “貞 : 弔羌龍.「合集6635」”, ③ “甲子卜 : 亞耳龍, 母(毋)啟, 其啟, 弗每, 又雨.「合集28021」”, ④ “貞 : 勿令𠂤(師)般取朿于彭龍.「合集8283」” ①, ②, ③, and ④ are sentences in the oracle bone script that contain ‘lóng(龍)’. Among these sentences, ‘’ in ① and ② means ‘name’, ‘’ means ‘attack’, ‘annihilate, defeat’, and ‘diào(弔)’ means ‘hold’. ③’s ‘yà(亞)’ means ‘name’ and ‘ěr(耳)’ means ‘Fang states name’. ④’s ‘shībān[𠂤(師)般]’, ‘shī[𠂤(師)]’ means the ‘name of a government post’ or ‘military’ and ‘bān(般)’ means ‘name’. The character ‘qǔ(取)’ means ‘have, take’ and the letter ‘cì(朿)’ means ‘type of weapon’. ①-④ include attacking the ‘lóng(龍)’ of a Fang states or taking ‘cì(朿)’, a type of weapon, from the ‘lóng(龍)’ of the Fang states or region. Thus, the character ‘lóng(龍)’ also meant ‘king’ in 『lǚ shì chūn qiū(呂氏春秋)』 texts from the Warring States Period. Thus, this analysis showed that the character ‘lóng(龍)’ used in ①-④ meant ‘head, military commander’.

Oracle bone script has the character ‘bì(畀)’. The present paper examined that the character ‘bì(畀)’ has a new meaning that has not been revealed by scholars. The findings are as follows. The following two passages using ‘bì(畀)’ are found in oracle bone script: ① “辛亥 卜: 家其匄又妾, 又畀一.「花東490」” and ② “⍁丑卜 : 隹四畀彡朿.「屯南2180」”. The study analyzed the letters used in ① and ②, there is a number after ‘bì(畀)’ in ① and a number before ‘bì(畀)’ in ②. In ①, the letter ‘gài(匄)’ has the meaning ‘to obtain’, and the letter ‘shān(彡)’ in ② has the meaning ‘to perform ancestral rites’, and the letter ‘cì(朿)’ in ② has the meaning ‘to perform ancestral rites; sacrificial law’ or ‘object of ancestral rite’. Based on the analysis, the study examined how the letter ‘bì(畀)’ functions as a noun that signifies an object in the two passages. The character ‘bì(畀)’ in oracle bone script is: one, a picture of an arrowhead protruding arrow to express the arrowhead; and two, the entirety of the arrow was visualized to indicate an arrow. Furthermore, the study examined , the meaning of ‘bì(畀)’ as ‘arrow and arrowhead’ in passages ① and ②.

‘zhà(乍)’ first began to appear in the Oracle bone script in the forms of ・ and . The meaning of ‘zhà(乍)’ in the Oracle bone script has been known as ‘to make’, ‘to occur’, ‘soon’, ‘a name of the memorial ceremony’ and etc. This thesis reviews a different meaning of ‘zhà(乍)’ in the Oracle bone script and the relationship between ‘zhà(乍)’ and ‘zuò(作)’ in the pre-Qin period. The Oracle bone script excavated in huāyuánzhuāngdōngdì(花園莊東地) has a sentence, “丙卜: 隹小臣乍子齒.「huādōng(花東)28」.”「huādōng(花東)28」includes sentences, ‘yàdiàn(亞奠)’, ‘zhŏu(fù)hăo[帚(婦)好]’ in the ‘xiăochén(小臣)’ part. The Oracle bone script from huāyuánzhuāngdōngdì(花園莊東地) describes an ancestral ceremony for a toothache of ‘zĭ(子)’. In the Oracle bone script, ‘xiăochén(小臣)’ ‘xiăochén(小臣)’ had multiple roles. On his duties, it is possible that they were involved in resolving issues appeared in dream. ‘zhŏu(fù)hăo[帚(婦)好]’ is taken items and reported a task from ‘zĭ(子)’. ‘zhŏu(fù)hăo[帚(婦)好]’ also used to announce to ‘dīng(丁)’ about the task of ‘zĭ(子)’. ‘yàdiàn(亞奠)’ is zhēnrén(貞人), however, what ‘yàdiàn(亞奠) did except zhēnrén(貞人) is not clear. Likewise, in the Oracle bone script which has been excavated until now, there are no records that ‘xiăochén(小臣)’, ‘zhŏu(fù)hăo[帚(婦)好]’, and ‘‘yàdiàn(亞奠)’ caused damage to ‘zĭ(子)’. 『The Book of Odes・dàyă(大雅)・huángyĭ(皇矣)』indicates a meaning, ‘to pull out.’ Based on this analysis, I reviewed the meaning of ‘zhà(乍)’ as ‘to pull out(or eliminate)’.

Researching on empty words such as oracle bone script and bronze inscription is one of the most important researches. ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫, which ZHANG YUJIN wrote is one of the significant reference materials to understand the sentence written in oracle bone script. Not only there are some matters of form such as wrongly written characters, not presenting characters with official script，but there also are other problems on grammar analysis. On the matter of form, even though it is an empty words dictionary of oracle bone script, but it gave some examples of bronze inscription. So it would be better to change the title from ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫to ≪Chinese empty words dictionary of YinShang dynasty≫. Therefore, it would be a good material to understand language of YinShang dynasty with ZHANG YUJIN’s ≪A study on Chinese grammar of the Western Zhou dynasty≫. There is great controversy regarding pronoun and adverb as empty words, and in the grammar analysis, ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ regards time and place phrase following the verb as an object, so it needs a full explanation of these. ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ considers that oracle bone script ‘以’ is not used as empty words. However, as the oracle bone script ‘以’ already semantically represents empty words’ properties, there could be a possibility that it is used as empty words in oracle bone script. Especially for the (following) character ‘用’, it could take an object that cannot do any subjective behavior and modify ‘用’, so there is high possibility that it is used as empty words. The oracle bone script of ‘用’ would be misunderstood as empty words for ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ gave an example of empty words usage of the character ‘用’ . But the six examples ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ would give are not the examples of oracle bone script but the examples of Bronze inscription in YinShang dynasty, in which the writer just used this explaining the empty words usage of ‘用’. Because every scholar uses different methods of analysis, so it could bring out different results. Therefore, the grammar analysis of Ancient Chinese is necessary for more comprehensive approach and more detailed analysis. We hope that ≪Empty words dictionary of oracle bone script≫ would be one of good reference materials for understanding ancient Chinese with complementing those few things.

Oracle bone script has the character ‘zhŏng(踵)’(․․) and ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’(․․). Throughout the years, the meaning of these two characters has been understood as “full name”. This paper examines an argument on the basis that these two characters has a meaning different from that which has been deciphered until now, as explained below. The oracle bone script also includes sentences such as ① “丁酉卜 : 乎雀踵朿, 㚔(執).「合集5829」”, ② “癸丑卜, 王 : 乎踵, 㚔(執). 五月.「合集576」”, ③ “丁酉卜 : 乎踵, 隻(獲).「合集10861」”, ④ “丁子(巳)卜, 王 : 乎疋(or 足)虎….「合集40821」=「英1780」”, ⑤ “…王貞 : 勿疋(or 足)才, 虎隻(獲).「合集20706正」”. In these sentences, the characters ‘què(雀)’ mean ‘name of a human’, ‘cì(朿)’ mean ‘name of a human’ or ‘name of fang-countries(方國名) or clan name(族名)’, and the character ‘zhí[㚔 (執)]’ means ‘to catch’. The form ‘’ refers to ‘people with the status to be analogous to slave or slave’, the character ‘’ means ‘name of a human’, and the character ‘huò[隻(獲)]’ means ‘to catch’. The character ‘hǔ(虎)’ is the ‘name of a beast(tiger)’, and the form ‘’ refers to ‘the name of a place’. Through this analysis, in sentences ① to ⑤, it was reviewed that the character ‘zhŏng(踵)’ and ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’ was a verb by questioning whether ‘zhŏng(踵)’ and ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’ was used with something that could be ‘caught’. In the oracle bone script, the characters ‘zhŏng(踵)’ and ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’ are the different in form and  Old  Chinese  Phonology. But their has the form of the foot or party of the foot. Although their meanings were sometimes used differently, there were also instances where they were used together for a specific meaning without being distinguished from one another. In 『Zuǒzhuàn(左傳)』, texts of the Pre-Chin, the character ‘zhŏng(踵)’ was used to mean ‘to chase after’ or ‘to pursue’. Based on the data analyzed above, the use of the word ‘zhŏng(踵)’ and ‘pĭ(疋)’ or ‘zú(足)’ in sentences ① to ⑤ was examined to mean ‘to chase’.

驗辭是占卜後所應驗的記錄，也是殷代當時發生過的真實事件。筆者曾對殷墟賓組卜辭的驗辭進行研究，提出驗辭的判斷依據和主要內容。本文特以賓組卜旬卜辭為研究範圍，首先說明卜旬卜辭的形式特點，亦指出其驗辭記錄帶有憂患意識。再對賓組卜旬卜辭的驗辭進行分析，得出以下結果： 第一，為了闡明殷代人對哪些事件認為是憂患，將驗辭內容分類爲‘軍事威脅’、‘月蝕’、‘暴雨與氣象變化’、‘疾病․受傷․死亡’以及‘奴隸(捕虜)之逃亡’等五種，並舉例指出： ―‘軍事威脅’:主要記錄敵國的入侵，是內容最多且當時被認為最大的憂患之一； ―‘月蝕’:記錄不多，但從其內容出現於卜旬卜辭的驗辭此事，可看出當時人也將像月蝕的天文現象認為是一種憂患； ―‘暴雨與氣象變化’:卜旬卜辭驗辭中的天氣記錄與氣象卜辭驗辭性質不同，這並不是一般天氣現象，而是災禍的記錄； ―‘疾病․受傷․死亡’:這也是有關災禍的記錄，又是‘突然的、非正常的’意外事件； ―‘奴隸(捕虜)之逃亡’:當時在某一特定期間中多出現奴隸的逃亡事件，而且人們認為這也是一種憂患。 第二，在上述研究的基礎上，本文對當時發生的事件按時間先後順序重新整理，並嘗試舉兩個例子展現出文獻未載的活生生的記錄，以顯示作為史料的驗辭的價值。