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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural safety in the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) to apply the rational and feasible design loads based on the Korea Building Code(2005). It was performed the development of structural system of glass greenhouse using the light weight H section to be new structural system applying to the glass greenhouse. The results of this study were as follows; (1) It was confirmed that the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) was not guaranteed the structural safety to the new design load. Thus, the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997) had to be modified to adjust the new provisions. (2) In the structural system using the light weight H section, the ALT1 system was the most economic. And if the bay space was 6m, the structural system of light weight H section had the competitive power comparing with the Korea Model Greenhouse(1997).

This paper provides a theoretical rationale for the observed structure of boards, the size and the allocation of board members to monitoring committee (or outside director) and advising committee (or inside director). Also, this paper addresses a new question, a relationship between the quality of a CEO and the board structure. In my model, (1) the monitoring is to …nd precise information for the quality of a CEO, (2) the impact of advising by boards increases with the quality of a CEO (complementarity), and (3) there is "size (capital)-skill complementarity" on the role of a CEO. My model suggests that the size of boards increases with the size of a …rm. The size of board is larger where the …rms face less uncertainty if the uncertainty decreases the informational gain by boards. Finally, when the CEO is expected to be good, the …rms with more uncertainty are more likely to have small boards. Given the size of boards, the …rms with more uncertainty and with talented CEOs allocate the more (less) directors to the advising (monitoring) committee. These predictions well explain the observed variations on boards.

민간투자사업의 자본구조는 사업시행자가 출자한 자기자본과 대출금융기관으로부터 조달한 타인자본으로 구성된다. 민간투자사업 기본계획에서는 사업시행자의 최소 자기자본비율을 25%로 규정하고 있으며, 일반적으로 정부와 사업시행자 간의 실시협약을 통하여 자본구조를 결정하게 된다. 그러나 민간투자사업의 자본구조는 사업의 수익률과 재무적 안정성을 결정하는 중요한 기준이기 때문에 자금조달계획 수립 시 자본구조에 따른 수익률의 변동성을 파악하고 적정 수익률과 재무적 안정성을 고려하여 자본구조를 최적화할 필요가 있다. 본 연구는 민간투자사업의 수익률과 재무적 안정성을 동시에 극대화할 수 있도록 자본구조를 최적화하기 위한 방법론을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 기존 민간투자사업들의 자본구조를 고찰하고 민간투자사업 재무모델을 분석하였다. 재무분석을 바탕으로 최적 자본구조를 결정하기 위해 효용함수 개념과 다목적 유전자 알고리즘을 이용한 자본구조 최적화모델을 제시하였다. 제시된 최적화 모델을 인천공항철도 민간투자사업에 적용하여 최적 자본구조를 도출하였고 민감도 분석과 시나리오 분석을 통해 그 활용성을 검증하였다. 사례분석 결과, 최적 자기자본비율은 실시협약에서 결정된 30%보다 낮은 22.3%에서 결정되었으며 이는 자기자본비율을 더 낮추어도 수익률과 재무적 안정성을 유지할 수 있다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구는 수익률과 재무적 안정성을 동시에 고려하여 최적 자본구조를 결정함으로써 민간투자사업의 사업시행자에 적합한 자본구성과 자금조달을 위한 합리적인 의사판단 기준을 제시하였으며 사업시행자의 수익률 향상에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Private financing is playing an increasing role in public infrastructure construction projects worldwide. However, private investors/operators are exposed to the financial risk of low profitability due to the inaccurate estimation of facility demand, operation income, maintenance costs, etc. From the operator's perspective, a sound and thorough financial feasibility study is required to establish the appropriate capital structure of a project. Operators tend to reduce the equity amount to minimize the level of risk exposure, while creditors persist to raise it, in an attempt to secure a sufficient level of financial involvement from the operators. Therefore, it is important for creditors and operators to reach an agreement for a balanced capital structure that synthetically considers both profitability and repayment capacity. This paper presents an optimal capital structure model for successful private infrastructure investment. This model finds the optimized point where the profitability is balanced with the repayment capacity, with the use of the concept of utility function and multi-objective GA (Generic Algorithm)-based optimization. A case study is presented to show the validity of the model and its verification. The research conclusions provide a proper capital structure for privately-financed infrastructure projects through a proposed multi-objective model.

To achieve the lightweight and robust design of a structure, it is requested to design a structure and its control system simultaneously, which is called as the combined optimal design. A constant-cross-sectional area cantilever beam was chosen as an example for the applying the optimum design method. An initial load and a time varying disturbance were applied at the free end of the beam. Sliding mode control was selected due to its insensitiveness to the disturbance compared with other modes. It is known that the sliding mode control is robust to the disturbance and the uncertainty only if a matching condition is met, after giving a switching hyper plane. In this study, the optimum method was used for the design of the switching hyper plane and the objective function of the optimum switching hyper plane was assumed to be the objective one of the control system. The total weight of the structure was treated as a constraint and the cross sectional areas of the beam were considered as design variables, which means a nonlinear programming problem. The sequential linear programming method was applied to solve it. As a result of the optimum design, the effect of attenuating vibrations has been improved obviously. Moreover, lightweight design of the structure became possible from the relationship of the weight of the structure and the control objective function.

In many optimal methods for the structural design, the structural analysis is performed with the given design parameters. Then the design sensitivity is calculated based on its structural anaysis results. There-after, the design parameters are changed iteratively. But genetic algorithm is a optimal searching technique which is not depend on design sensitivity. This method uses for many design para- meter groups which are generated by a designer. The generated design parameter groups are become initial population, and then the fitness of the all design parameters are calculated. According to the fitness of each parameter, the design parameters are optimized through the calculation of reproduction process, degradation and interchange, and mutation. Those are the basic operation of the genetic algorithm. The changing process of population is called a generation. The basic calculation process of genetic algorithm is repeatly accepted to every generation. Then the fitness value of the element of a generation becomes maximum. Therefore, the design parameters converge to the optimal. In this study, the optimal design pro- cess of a machine tool structure for static loading is presented to determine the optimal base supporting points and structure thickness using a genetic algorithm.

This study is concerned with the optimum design of reinforced concrete frame structure with multi-stories and multi-bays by Limit State Design Method aimed to establish a synthetical optimal method that can simultaneously acomplish structural analysis and sectional desig. For optimum solution, the Successive Linear Programming known as effective to nonlinear optimization problem: including both multi-design variables and mulit-constrained condition was applied. The developed algorithm was applied to an actual structure and reached following results. 1)The developed algorithm was rvey effective converging to an optimal solution with 3 to 5 iteration. 2)An optimal solution was showed when bending moment redistribution factor a was 0.80. 3)The column was, regardless of story, controlled by the long column when unbraced, while in case of braced column, it is designed with 3 short column controlled by thrust and bending moment, and the supporting condition had little effect on the optimization results.

Welding is a representative processing technology applied in many industrial sites due to its quality and convenience. In particular, fiber laser welding can be welded at a faster speed compared to arc welding, and there is an advantage in welding distortion, which is the most significant disadvantage of welding. In this study, the weldable thickness was predicted, and the optimal welding angle was estimated using simulations during the welding of the T-shape structure. The multi-layer heat source model proposed in the previous author's study was used, and the study was conducted using the proposed welding heat source under specific conditions of 4kw and 1.0m/min. As a result, it was predicted that high-quality welding would be possible when the thickness was 3mm or 4mm, and it was also confirmed that welding should be performed at an angle of 82.5° or more when welding a 3mm thick structure. As a follow-up study, we plan to build a welding heat source model under various conditions and conduct a study to derive welding conditions at various thicknesses.

PPS 소자가 삽입된 부분웰 구조의 N형 실리콘 제어 정류기(NSCR_PPS) 소자에서 정전기 보호 성능의 향상을 위한 CPS 이온주입 조건의 최적화에 대해 연구하였다. 종래의 NSCR 표준소자는 on-저항, 스냅백 홀딩 전압 및 열적 브레이크다운 전압이 너무 낮아 정전기 보호소자의 필요조건을 만족시키지 못해 적용이 어려웠으나, 본 연구에서 제안하는 CPS 이온주입과 부분웰 이온주입을 동시에 적용한 변형 설계된 소자의 경우 스냅백 홀딩 전압을 동작전압 이상으로 증가시킬 수 있는 향상된 정전기 보호성능을 나타내어 고전압 동작용 마이크로 칩의 정전기보호 소자로 적용 가능함을 확인하였다

The ESD(electrostatic discharge) protection performance of PPS(PMOS pass structure) embedded N-type silicon controlled rectifier(NSCR_PPS) device with different partial p-well(PPW) structure was discussed for high voltage I/O applications. A conventional NSCR_PPS standard device shows typical SCR-like characteristics with low on-resistance, low snapback holding voltage and low thermal breakdown voltage, which may cause latch-up problem during normal operation. However, our proposed NSCR_PPS devices with modified PPW_PGM(primary gate middle) and optimal CPS(counter pocket source) implant demonstrate the stable ESD protection performance with high latch-up immunity.

Metallic sandwich plates with inner dimpled shell subject to 3-point bending have been analyzed and then optimized for minimum weight. Inner dimpled shells can be easily fabricated by press or roll with high precision and bonded with same material skin sheets by resistance welding or adhesive bonding. Metallic sandwich plates with inner dimpled shell structure can be optimally designed for minimum weight subject to prescribed combination of bending and transverse shear loads. Fundamental findings for lightweight design are presented through constrained optimization. Failure responses of sandwich plates are predicted and formulated with an assumption of narrow sandwich beam theory. Failure is attributed to four kinds of mechanisms: face yielding, face buckling, dimple buckling and dimple collapse. Optimized shape of inner dimpled shell structure is a hemispherical shell to minimize weight without failure. It is demonstrated that bending stiffness of sandwich plate is 2 or 3 times larger than solid plates with the same strength. Failure mode boundaries and iso-strength lines dependent upon the geometry and yield strain of the material are plotted with respect to geometric parameters on the failure map. Because optimal parameters of maximum strength for given material weight can be selected from the map, analytic solutions for maximum strength are expressed as a function of only material property and proposed strength. These optimal parameters match well with numerical optimal parameters.

In drawing area, aiming at the problems of drawing breadth and angle cannot be adjusted individually and not convenient to carry, a kind of multi-functional folding drawing board is designed by us. The appearance of the multi-functional folding drawing board is kind of drawing board, some light materials like basswood and rigid plastics are used in main structure of the drawing board to make it light and convenient to carry. The main structure can be folded and it is suitable for A1 and A2 drawings. In the designing procedure, dip angle adjusted mechanism by worm wheel and gear, magnetic pull-in mechanism, leading rail, slide-way, drawer, tool library, paper bag and horn locks are applied based on modularity designing theory. Finite element analysis of key components of drawing board is analyzed.

In view of the bias of panel data model set can lead to misjudgment to the relationship between enterprise value and the capital structure, this article uses nonparametric method to study the relationship between them, adjusts variables in the model. The article evaluates the optimal capital structure of listed companies of the equipment manufacturing industry in our country Based on financial data from 2006 to 2013, analyzes from the Angle of enterprise value and agency cost respectively,. The results show that, The relationship between enterprise value and capital structure is inverted u-shaped, there exists a maximum asset-liability ratio in enterprise value. And the relationship between agency cost and capital structure present u-shaped roughly, there is a minimum asset-liability ratio in agency costs, there is a reasonable capital structure interval when asset-liability ratio is in range (32.87%, 58.21%).

Protein includes many substances, such as enzymes, hormones and antibodies that are necessary for the organisms. These proteins have different shapes and structures which distinct them from each other. By having unique structures, only proteins able to carried out their function efficiently. The importance of understanding protein structure has fueled the development of protein structure databases and prediction tools. The main objective of this research is to optimize local protein structure with Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict protein secondary structure. Most of the related study used fixed segment length for secondary structure prediction and this might produce inaccurate results. In this research, dataset is segmented into different segment length of local protein structure. An optimal length of local protein structure is determined and the evaluation is carried out by comparing with the existing methods and initial prediction using native structure. Higher accuracy and true positive rate, low false positive rate are obtained which prove the effectiveness of this prediction method. A statistical method, t-test, is applied to validate the results of the prediction.

This study starts with a question on two related, unverified assumptions about the cognitive or psychological concept of coherence in discourse: the definition of textual coherence is so abstract and varied that it may be rated differently by language users with different language backgrounds, and that it does not explicitly reveal its overall shape on the surface of text. We conduct an experiment with three stages on 33 argumentative essays written by native and non-native speakers of English: ratings of coherence, distribution and organization of coherence proper Linking Adverbials (LAs). The results show that there is quite a consistent pattern in 10 international raters’ assessment on textual coherence of the essays. The difference in the pattern of arranging coherence proper LAs between the high and low group reveals the optimal arrangement of coherence proper LAs, which is assumed to work to the effect that maximizes the cognitive concept of coherence.

MnO2 can be potentially utilized as an electrode material for redox capacitors. The deposition of MnO2 with poor electrical conductivity onto porous carbons supplies them with additional conductive paths; as a result, the capacitance of the electrical double layer formed on the porous carbon surface can be utilized together with the redox capacitance of MnO2. However, the obtained composites are not generally suitable for industrial production because they require the use of expensive porous carbons and/or inefficient fabrication methods. Thus, to develop an effective preparation procedure of the composite, a suitable structure of porous carbons must be determined. In this study, MnO2/C composites have been prepared from activated carbon gels with various pore sizes, and their electrical properties are investigated via cyclic voltammetry. In particular, mesoporous carbons with a pore size of around 20 nm form a composite with a relatively low capacitance (98 F/g-composite) and poor rate performance despite the moderate redox capacitance obtained for MnO2 (313 F/g-MnO2). On the other hand, using macro-porous carbons with a pore size of around 60 nm increases the MnO2 redox capacitance (399 F/g-MnO2) as well as the capacitance and rate performance of the entire material (203 F/g-composite). The obtained results can be used in the industrial manufacturing of MnO2/C composites for supercapacitor electrodes from the commercially available porous carbons.

In the recent past, genetic algorithm (GA) and evolutionary optimization scheme have become increasingly popular for the design of electromagnetic (EM) devices. However, the conventional GA suffers from computational drawback and parameter dependency when applied to a computationally expensive problem, such as practical EM optimization design. To overcome these issues, a hybrid optimization scheme using GA in conjunction with Kriging is proposed. The algorithm is validated by using two mathematical problems and by optimizing rotor structure of interior permanent magnet synchronous machine.

하나의 reader가 tag의 군집에 둘러싸여 있는 별 형태의 RFID 망을 고려한다. 이러한 RFID 망에서 reader는 tag에 저장된 정보를 얻기 전에 tag의 응답 간 충돌을 중재하면서 tag를 인식하여야 한다. 이러한 목적으로 tag가 응답하도록 프레임마다 정적으로 일정 수의 슬롯을 마련해 주는 프레임화 및 슬롯화된 ALOHA에 기반한 tag 인식 방식을 제안한다. 제안 방식의 인식성능을 평가하기 위해 주요 성능 척도로 인식 완료 확률과 기대 인식 완료 시간을 선정한다. 이어서 이러한 성능 척도를 계량적으로 계산할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다. 특히 tag가 많지 않은 경우 성능 척도를 closed form으로 도출한다. 다음 인식 시간에 대한 제약 하에서 인식 완료 확률을 최대화하거나 기대 인식 완료 시간을 최소화하는 최적의 시간 구조를 찾는 문제를 구성한다. 마지막으로 이러한 문제를 풀어서 프레임 당 tag가 응답하기 위한 슬롯의 최적 수를 구한다. 계량적 결과로부터 tag가 응답하기 위한 슬롯의 유한한 최적 수가 존재함을 확인한다. 또한 인식 완료 확률을 최대화하는 최적 슬롯 수는 인식 시간에 대한 제약이 약해지면서 기대 인식 완료 시간을 최소화하는 최적의 슬롯 수로 접근하는 경향을 보임을 관찰한다.

Consider an RFID network configured as a star such that a single reader is surrounded by a crowd of tags. In the RFID network, prior to attaining the information stored at a tag, the reader must cognize the tags while arbitrating a collision among tags' responses. For this purpose, we present a tag cognizance scheme based on framed and slotted ALOHA, which statically provides a number of slots in each frame for the tags to respond. For the evaluation of the cognizance performance, we choose the cognizance completion probability and the expected cognizance completion time as key performance measures. Then, we present a method to numerically calculate the performance measures. Especially, for small numbers of tags, we derive them in a closed form. Next, we formulate a problem to find an optimal time structure which either maximizes the cognizance completion probability under a constraint on the cognizance time or minimizes the expected cognizance completion time. By solving the problem, we finally obtain an optimal number of slots per frame for the tags to respond. From numerical results, we confirm that there exist a finite optimal number of slots for the tags to respond. Also, we observe that the optimal number of slots maximizing the cognizance completion probability tends to approach to the optimal number of slots minimizing the expected cognizance completion time as the constraint on the cognizance time becomes loose.

This study focuses on investigating the existence of optimal capital structure for firms listed in KOSPI stock market by employing inter- and intra-industry analyses. To date, very little attention seems to be paid to this subject in modern finance, considering that a firm’s value is increases as it approaches its optimal level of financial leverage. Moreover, it attempts to identify one of the most relevant theories which significantly accounts for the existence of a firm’s optimal capital structure. Relevant theory such as Myers’ pecking order was contemplated to postulate a corresponding hypothesis. Concerning the empirical methodologies to test for a hypothesized existence of an optimal capital structure, analysis of variance and analysis of covariance models were separately utilized in the context of parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches. Results suggested that an optimal level of capital structure for KOSPI-listed firms at the intra-industry level does not exist. However, differences in leverage were pronounced among 24 sample industries, which may suggest that optimal levels of capital structure appear to exist in the Korean capital market at the inter-industry level.