Earticle

고사부리성 출토 「上部??」와 「?部上巷」명 인각와는 五部와 五巷의 명칭이 새겨진 인각와로서 중앙이 아닌 지방을 편제했던 五方, 특히 中方城에서 출토되었다는 점에서 의미가 크다. 따라서 본고에서는 이 두 인각와에 대한 판독을 비롯해 기와 제작기법을 통한 와공, 인장을 찍은 주체, 기와 생산체제, 생산시기에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 「上部??」와 「?部上巷」은 인발, 글자체, 잔존 글자체의 획에 대한 판독, 그리고 인장의 상흔을 통해 동일한 인장으로 날인하였다는 사실을 밝혀냈다. 그러나 두 인각와는 제작기법에 있어서 큰 차이가 있었는데, 이러한 차이는 계통이 다른 와공에 의해 각각 생산되었음을 말해준다. 그중 「上部??」은 재지성이 강한 와공에 의해 생산된 것으로 판단된다. 「上部上巷」은 표기 내용으로 보았을 때 기부한 곳을 명시하기 위해 생산한 기진용 기와이며, 공주・부여・익산에서 출토되고 있지 않다는 점으로 미루어 보아 중앙이 아닌 고사부리성 인근에서 생산되었을 가능성이 크다. 또한 서로 다른 와공이 생산한 기와에 동일한 인장이 사용되었다는 것은 와공이 아닌 검사관에 의해서 날인되었고, 이러한 생산체제는 중앙에서 다수 출토되고 있는 오부명인각와의 생산체제를 답습한 것으로 생각된다. 이 인각와는 그 표기 내용과 제작기법이 백제 기와임을 말해주고 있다. 좀 더 구체적인 시기에 대해서는 이견이 없지 않지만, 「首部」와 인발이 유사하다는 점, 7세기 전반의 오부명인각와 표기 내용과 확연한 차이가 있다는 점 등을 들어 생산시기를 7세기 중엽 이후로 추정하였다.

The Sangbu and Busanghang stamped roof tiles from Gosaburi Fotress have the names of Obu and Ohang stamped on them. It is highly significant that they were found in Jungbang Fortress, an Obang (a local organization) rather than a central organization. By deciphering the two stamped roof tiles and examining their manufacturing techniques, we examined the master craftsmen of roof tiles, the craftsmen who stamped the tiles, and the production system and its time period of the tiles. By examining the vestiges of the seal, the fonts, the strokes of the remaining letters, and the scars of the seal, we discovered that both Sangbu and Busanghang were stamped with the same seal. However, a big difference in the manufacturing techniques between the two tiles reveals that the tiles were produced by different tile craftsmen. Especially, Sangbu tiles were produced by a tile craftsman with strong regional characteristics. The contents written on Sangbu Sanghang indicate that they were produced to record the donors. Given that the tiles were not excavated in Gongju, Buyeo or Iksan, it is highly likely that they were not produced in the central area but near Gosaburi Fotress. In addition, the fact that the tiles produced by different tile craftsmen were stamped with the same seal indicates that it was not the tile craftsmen but the inspector who stamped the tiles, following the production system of the stamped-roof tiles with the name of Obu, often found in the central region. Stamped roof tiles show that they were from Baekje in terms of the written content and the manufacturing techniques. Although there may be disagreements about the specific dates, we estimate they were produced in the mid-seventh century, based on the seal vestiges similar to those of Subu, and written contents quite different from the Obu stamped roof tiles from the first half of the seventh century.

하이패스플러스카드, 지불SAM, 지불단말기, 정산시스템, OBU 등으로 이루어진 기존 하이패스플러스카드 시스템은 표준에 정의 되지 않은 세부사항들로 인하여, 지역 간·사업자 간·교통수단 간 호환이 불가능하다. 이로 인해 많은 비효율적인 문제가 있음을 발견하였다. 예컨대 기존 하이패스플러스카드 사용자가 다른 사업자가 운영하는 대중교통 수단을 이용하려고 하면, 각각 그에 맞는 카드를 따로 구입하여 여러 개의 카드를 소지하고 다녀야 하는 번거로움이 있다. 또한 하이패스플러스카드 사업자가 이미 구축된 타 인프라에 기존 하이패스플러스카드 시스템을 적용하려고 하면, 그 인프라를 활용하지 못하고, 하이패스플러스카드만의 기술이 적용된 인프라를 구축해야 하는 중복투자가 발생한다. 이를 해결하고자 기존 하이패스플러스카드 시스템을 분석하여 문제점을 찾고, 기존 하이패스플러스카드 시스템을 수정하여, 하나의 카드로 전국 어디에서나 이용 가능한 전국호환 교통카드 하이패스플러스카드 시스템을 개발하였다. 그리고 이 전국호환 하이패스플러스카드 시스템에 대한 기술 및 성능을 보장하기 위해 적합성 평가를 하여 통과하였다. 또한 하이플러스카드, 금융결제원, 코레일네트웍스가 공동으로 광주광역시에서 6개월간 테스트베드를 운영함으로써, 실제 환경에 적용했을 때 나타날 수 있는 문제점을 발견하고 이를 보완하여 성공적인 결과를 거두었다.

The existing HiPassPlusCard system is composed of the HiPassPlusCard, a Purchase SAM, a Purchase terminal, a settlement system and OBU. However, this system is confronted by the problem with its incompatibility. This problem occurred because the technology companies made cards in their own ways in respect of the parts which were not yet set by KS standard. Thus if existing HiPassPlusCard user wants to use any other public transportations, user would have to buy other cards and have to bring all them. Also if the HiPlusCard wants to extend their business to apply its technology into infrastructure of the other companies, the HiPlusCard has to construct infra independently so that it causes the such problems of duplicated investment. To solve these problems, we have analyzed and upgraded the existing HiPassPlusCard system, and we designed and developed the Nation-wide Interoperable HiPassPlusCard system. Then the conformity test demonstrated that it is efficiency-oriented and technically performs well. Also we, the HiPlusCard, the Korea Financial Telecommunications & clearings and the KORAIL NETWORKS, run the Test-bed in Gwangju for 6 months. The test-bed indicated that Nation-wide Interoperable HiPassCard system practically works well.

This paper intoduces a method of time synchronization between Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) On Board Unit (OBU) based on time information received from the Narrow Band-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) module or Impulse Radio-Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) module to solve the problem of time synchronization in shaded areas such as tunnels.

This text describes the evaluation method for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) On-Board Unit (OBU) products to obtain Omniair certification, an international certificiation organization. The evaluation method mainly includes physical layer tests, protocol tests, and actual vehicle driving tests for wireless communication. For this evaluation method, the test environment, test procedures, and test results are described for the Certification Operating Council (COC) test standard specified by Omniair.

Based on Hŏnjŏkchip(軒適集), a collection of Yŏ Ch’unyŏng’s works, and Ch’obuyogo(樵夫遺稿), a book of Chŏng Ch’obu’s poetry, this article analyzes the life and literature of Chŏng Ch’obu (鄭樵夫, 1714-1789), a slave poet in eighteenth-century Chosŏn Korea. While the Chinese-style poetry was monopolized by the ruling Yangban elites in Chosŏn society, there are only several recorded cases of slave poets because of slaves’ illiteracy; slaves were unable to taste poetry in classical Chinese, let alone write it. The 1700s nonetheless witnessed two slave poets, Chŏng Ch’obu and Yi Tanjŏn. Chŏng was one of the slaves possessed by Yŏ Ch’unyŏng (呂春永, 1734~1812), who came from a distinguished yangban family in the capital province. Appreciating Chŏng’s talent for poetry, the poetry-loving master not only emancipated him from slavery but also circulated Chŏng’s works widely among yangban elites. Making a living from gathering and selling firewood, Chŏng earned a reputation as a poet. His lyrical poetry well portrayed the inner sorrow of slaves with plain lexes. His poetry had popular appeal: his well-known poem, beginning with “The East Lake ripples in the spring …,” was even the subject of a painting by Kim Hongdo (1745-?), one of the most famed painter of the time. He was so renowned that he was invited to a secret circle organized by men of power. He indeed became one of the best-known poets in eighteenth-century Chosŏn Korea. The story of Chŏng Ch’obu can be interpreted as a manifestation of commoners’ efforts to possess and enjoy high culture and knowledge. Although Chŏng’s success was attributable to his individual talent and exertion, it can also be understood as a new cultural phenomenon of the 1700s in Chosŏn Korea.

Seoul had undergone a great change after open port to foreign vessels in 1876. The change of Seoul was advanced discriminatingly by Bu(部, district), and took on the character of capitalistic urbanism generally. Seoul was divided into 5Bu(五部, five district) in administrative sectors. Bukbu(北部, northern district) and Jungbu(中部, middle district) were concentrated on royal palace and the government offices, etc. The places had strong vested rights. Bukbu and Jungbu became the center of modernization policy of government after open port. But there were not almost aggressive advance of the foreign nations. Seobu(西部, western district) and Nambu(南部, southern district) were regarded as trivial area. The places were concentrated on Diplomatic offices of the Europe, Chinese and Japan after open port. Seobu and Nambu were changed into new diplomatic, educational and religious areas that were different from traditional space. The places had became aggressive stepping-stone of foreign power, guided the capitalistic urbanism of Seoul. The change of Seoul was advanced between aggression of foreign power and resistance of Korean. Bukbu and Jungbu held the spatial leadership of Seoul until 1894. But the influence of Seobu and Nambu became larger gradually. So Seoul was predicted a big change in spatial power composition. Seoul started on reconstruction in capitalistic urban space in base of modernization which the government and foreign power had led.

본 연구는 경상남도 산청군 오부면 방곡리 땅밀림지를 중심으로 간이계측기를 활용하여 인장균열의 이동양상 변화 및 땅밀림지 특성을 규명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 그 결과, 땅밀림이 최대 4.4cm까지 발생하였고, 대조구에 비해 약 3 cm 이상의 단차 이동이 관찰되었다. 이 지역은 도로개설 및 산지절취로 인해 땅밀림이 발생하였으며 하단부에 도로와 저수지가 연접하고 있어 집중호우 시 땅밀림이 재발생하게 되면 대형 재해가 발생할 우려가 있다. 땅밀림지의 평균산지경사는 27.8°로 산복부로부터 산각부로 강우에 의한 집수가 용이한 지역이었다. 토양경도는 땅밀림지 하부와 대조구의 평균 차이가 통계적으로 유의미하게 나타났다. 전기비저항 탐사결과 우기 전 사면보다 우기 후 사면에서 저비저항 이상대가 깊게 나타났으며, 풍화토와 풍화암이 깊게 배치된 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 땅밀림지의 지속적인 모니터링과 거동특성의 파악이 땅밀림으로 발생할 수 있는 재해를 예방하기 위한 대응방안임을 확인할 수 있었다.

We investigated the movement of tension cracks and characteristics of landcreep areas, focusing on sites in the Banggok-ri, Obu-myeon, and Sancheong-gun regions, using simple measuring instruments. Landcreep of 4.4 cm was observed to have occurred, with a displacement of >3 cm as compared with the control area. This region has experienced landcreep due to road construction and hillside excavation, and there is a concern that if landcreep reoccurs, a major disaster could arise, because the lower part of the area is adjacent to a road and reservoir. The average slope of the landcreep area is 27.8°, making it a region where rainfall accumulates from the lower mountain slopes to the ridge. There is a statistically significant difference in soil hardness between the lower part of the landcreep and the control area. The electrical resistivity results indicate that the low-resistivity zone is deeper after the rainy season, suggesting that weathered soil and rocks have a deeply layered structure. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the landcreep area and an understanding of its movement are essential to preventing disasters that may result from landcreep.