Earticle

본 연구는 고대 중국의 관료 체계에서 산술 활동과 算籌의 역할을 역사적, 고고학적 관점에서 탐구하고, 그 사용 방식과 상징적 의미를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 算籌는 고대 중국에서 널리 사용된 계산 도구로, 관료 행정 체계에서 필수적인 산술 도구로 정착하였다. 연구의 첫 번째 단계에서는 산주의 사용 방식에 대한 구체적 분석이 이루어졌다. 산주는 십진법을 기반으로 한 사칙연산에 사용되었으며, 산주의 배열 방식과 기수법, 연산 절차 등이 고대 문헌과 출토 유물에 나타난다. 특히 출토된 산주의 크기, 수량, 배열 구조 등을 통해 당대 산술 활동의 실제 모습을 복원하였다. 두 번째 단계에서는 算籌의 기원과 발전 과정을 고고학적 유물과 고대 문헌 기록을 통해 조명하였다. 고대 중국에서 산주가 단순한 계산 도구에 그치지 않고, 算籌의 신비적 기능과 실용적 기능이 어떻게 결합되어 고대 중국의 행정 체계에서 중요한 위치를 차지했는지를 밝혔다.

This study aims to explore the role of arithmetic activities and suanchou (算籌) in the bureaucratic system of ancient China from historical and archaeological perspectives, analyzing their usage methods and symbolic significance. Suanchou was a widely used calculating tool in ancient China and became an essential arithmetic instrument in the bureaucratic administrative system. In the first stage of the study, a detailed analysis of the usage of suanchou was conducted. Suanchou was employed for arithmetic operations based on the decimal system, and its arrangement methods, numerical notation, and computational procedures are reflected in ancient texts and excavated artifacts. By examining the size, quantity, and structural arrangement of excavated suanchou, the actual arithmetic activities of the time were reconstructed. In the second stage, the origins and developmental process of suanchou were examined through archaeological artifacts and ancient literary records. This study revealed how suanchou was not merely a simple calculating tool but also held mystical and practical functions, integrating these aspects to occupy a significant position within the administrative system of ancient China.

이 연구는 우리말로 번안된 해외 라이선스 뮤지컬 <The Story of My Life>의 수록 곡인 ‘The Butterfly(나비)’를 중심으로, 노래를 부르며 연기를 할 때 가사의 의미가 잘 못 표현되는 문제점을 밝힘으로써 향후 노래의 대사 화 작업에 필요한 효과적인 방안 을 제시하는 데에 목적이 있다. ‘The Butterfly’의 가사는 나비효과를 주제로 한 한편의 동화 같은 내용을 이야기 해주는 스토리텔링 형식으로서 우리말로 번안이 되었을 때, 어순이 달라지면 여러 가지 문제점이 발생하는 경우를 볼 수 있었다. 분석한 결과는 다 음과 같다. 첫째, 고음의 강세에 따라 달라지는 의미, 둘째, 같은 박자 안에서 뒤바뀐 어 순에 의해 달라지는 의미, 셋째, 고음과 강조에 의해 파열된 발음으로 달라지는 의미, 넷째, 잘못된 번안에 의해 달라지는 의미 변화이다. 뮤지컬 넘버(Number)에서는 가사 에서 단어가 가지고 있는 느낌과 장음과 단음을 살려 박자를 빠르게 또는 느리게 작곡 을 하고, 읊조리는 가사에서는 저음으로, 감정이 고조 되는 가사에서는 강조를 위해 고 음으로 작곡을 하여 장면의 분위기와 캐릭터의 감정 상태, 혹은 상황에 따라 선율과 박 자로 뮤지컬 넘버를 작곡하게 되는데 우리말로 번안한 해외 라이선스 뮤지컬에서는 특 히 위의 네 가지 요소를 염두 하여 작곡가의 의도에 어긋나지 않게 뮤지컬 배우의 연기 를 위한 대사 화 작업이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

In musicals, the progress of the play is made through the dialogue and the musical number that sang the lines, and the composer the musical number with melodies and beats according to the mood of the scene, the emotional state of the character, or the situation. Using the long and short notes of the dialogue and the feeling of the words, the beat faster or slower, composes in the low tones for the melodic dialogue, and composes in the high tone for emphasis when the dialogue is emotional. As such, works in which a foreign composer’s composes musical numbers for lines made in their native language are translated into Korean and the word order is reversed. Therefore, this thesis analyzes the part where ‘The Butterfly’, a song from the musical <The Story of My Life>, is expressed differently while being translated into Korean. The lyrics of ‘The Butterfly’ is a storytelling format that tells a fairy tale-like content with the theme of the butterfly effect. Therefore, it is the result of analyzing and organizing the four problems as follows. First, the meaning varies according to the stress of the high note, Second, the meaning that changes the reversed word order within the same beat, third, the meaning that changes due to the pronunciation burst the high note and emphasis, and fourth, the meaning that changes the wrong translation, etc. In this way, when translating foreign licensed musical lines made by foreign composers into Korean, we expect that the dialogue work for musical actors’ performances can be made without violating the composer’s intentions by keeping the four factors in mind.

이 연구는 우리말로 번안된 해외 라이선스 뮤지컬 <The Story of My Life>의 수록 곡인 ‘The Butterfly(나비)’를 중심으로, 노래를 부르며 연기를 할 때 가사의 의미가 잘 못 표현되는 문제점을 밝힘으로써 향후 노래의 대사 화 작업에 필요한 효과적인 방안 을 제시하는 데에 목적이 있다. ‘The Butterfly’의 가사는 나비효과를 주제로 한 한편의 동화 같은 내용을 이야기 해주는 스토리텔링 형식으로서 우리말로 번안이 되었을 때, 어순이 달라지면 여러 가지 문제점이 발생하는 경우를 볼 수 있었다. 분석한 결과는 다 음과 같다. 첫째, 고음의 강세에 따라 달라지는 의미, 둘째, 같은 박자 안에서 뒤바뀐 어 순에 의해 달라지는 의미, 셋째, 고음과 강조에 의해 파열된 발음으로 달라지는 의미, 넷째, 잘못된 번안에 의해 달라지는 의미 변화이다. 뮤지컬 넘버(Number)에서는 가사 에서 단어가 가지고 있는 느낌과 장음과 단음을 살려 박자를 빠르게 또는 느리게 작곡 을 하고, 읊조리는 가사에서는 저음으로, 감정이 고조 되는 가사에서는 강조를 위해 고 음으로 작곡을 하여 장면의 분위기와 캐릭터의 감정 상태, 혹은 상황에 따라 선율과 박 자로 뮤지컬 넘버를 작곡하게 되는데 우리말로 번안한 해외 라이선스 뮤지컬에서는 특 히 위의 네 가지 요소를 염두 하여 작곡가의 의도에 어긋나지 않게 뮤지컬 배우의 연기 를 위한 대사 화 작업이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

In musicals, the progress of the play is made through the dialogue and the musical number that sang the lines, and the composer the musical number with melodies and beats according to the mood of the scene, the emotional state of the character, or the situation. Using the long and short notes of the dialogue and the feeling of the words, the beat faster or slower, composes in the low tones for the melodic dialogue, and composes in the high tone for emphasis when the dialogue is emotional. As such, works in which a foreign composer’s composes musical numbers for lines made in their native language are translated into Korean and the word order is reversed. Therefore, this thesis analyzes the part where ‘The Butterfly’, a song from the musical <The Story of My Life>, is expressed differently while being translated into Korean. The lyrics of ‘The Butterfly’ is a storytelling format that tells a fairy tale-like content with the theme of the butterfly effect. Therefore, it is the result of analyzing and organizing the four problems as follows. First, the meaning varies according to the stress of the high note, Second, the meaning that changes the reversed word order within the same beat, third, the meaning that changes due to the pronunciation burst the high note and emphasis, and fourth, the meaning that changes the wrong translation, etc. In this way, when translating foreign licensed musical lines made by foreign composers into Korean, we expect that the dialogue work for musical actors’ performances can be made without violating the composer’s intentions by keeping the four factors in mind.

이 논문은 경판본 『흥부전』의 ‘박사설’에 나타난 數의 의미를 탐색하는 가운데 흥부전의 구성 원리를 밝히는 데 목적이 있다. 경판본 『흥부전』은 조선 후기의 사회경제적 병리현상, 특히 화폐경제의 발달로 인해 나타난 사회 적 폐단과 財貨觀을 문학적으로 형상화하려는 의도가 분명한 작품이다. 그 목적을 이루기 위해 수 를 정교하게 사용하고 있다. 이는 수와 돈이 불가분의 관계라는 것과도 관련이 있다. 『흥부전』에는 1ㆍ2ㆍ3ㆍ4ㆍ5ㆍ7ㆍ10ㆍ13 등의 수가 암호처럼 숨겨져 있다. 흥부박은 4개이고 놀 부박 13개이고, 놀부박에서 나온 인물들은 놀부에게서 돈을 앗아가는데 그 돈은 100냥ㆍ500냥ㆍ5000냥이며, 그것이 3의 패턴으로 반복된다. 또한, 놀부박에서 나와 놀부에게서 돈 을 앗아가는 인물이 모두 10명이고, 그 중에서 8번째 박에서 나온 사당거사만이 전답문서를 빼앗아 간다. 흥부박에서는 현물이 주로 나오는 가운데 7번째 순서에 돈이 나온다. 이러한 수는 무의미하 게 산재한 듯 보이지만, 사실 매우 정교하게 배치되어 있다. 이 수들은 조선 후기 사람들의 생활 속에서 연관되어 있던 숫자에 대한 관념과 화폐와 현물에 대한 긍ㆍ부정 인식을 반영하고 있다.

This thesis is for finding numbers in <Bagsaseol> of <Heungbu-Jeon> published in Seoul and unearthing the meanings. With qualitative change from a tale to <Heungbu-Jeon>, <Heungbu-Jeon> published in Seoul has social evils and a view of goods appeared from socioeconomic pathological phenomenon, especially monetary economy development a the time. Especially, Bagsasol shows positive perception over the people`s cognition of wealth, spot wealth in other word, and negative view over monetary wealth, configurating process of solving by capturing the social problem, hoarding of currency issue, with folktale structure named ‘Bag’. Also <Bagsaseol> had hidden numbers including 1ㆍ2ㆍ3ㆍ4ㆍ5ㆍ7ㆍ10ㆍ13 as code. Those numbers verifies <Bagsaseol> is established based on folktale structure, but it has elaborate structural principle inside. And the numbers reflect certain idea over numbers correlated with people`s daily life of the time and perception of them over spot economy and monetary economy.

본 연구는 다큐멘터리 〈K-NUMBER〉를 사례로, 한국 입양인의 기록 부재가 정체성 형성과 권리 보장에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 디지털 아카이브 환경에서의 개인정보 및 메타데이터 관리에 내재한 윤리적·법적 쟁점을 규명한다. 특히 K-number를 유일한 공식 식별 수단으로 활용하는 구조적 한계를 비판적으로 고찰하며, 정보주체의 알권리와 개인정보 보호 간의 균형적 조화를 위한 이론적·제도적 과제를 제시한다. 나아가 국내외 법·정책 비교와 기록관리 사례 분석을 통해 입양 기록의 투명성과 책임성 강화를 위한 제도적·기술적 개선 방향을 제안한다.

This study examines the documentary K-NUMBER as a case to analyze the impact of record absence on the identity formation and rights protection of Korean adoptees, and to identify the ethical and legal issues inherent in the management of personal information and metadata within digital archive environments. In particular, it critically explores the structural limitations of using the K-number as the sole official identifier, and presents theoretical and institutional tasks for achieving a balanced reconciliation between the right to know of data subjects and the protection of personal information. Furthermore, through a comparative analysis of domestic and international laws, policies, and record management practices, the study proposes institutional and technological improvements to enhance the transparency and accountability of adoption records.

본 연구는 동일한 위치라도 어떻게 표기하는지 환경적 단서에 따라 소비자 행동이 달라질수 있음을 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 문자와 숫자의 표기 방식에 따라 달라지는 소비자 반응을 살펴보고, 이러한 위치 표기 단서가 어떤 상황에서 소비자 행동에 더 큰 영향을 미칠 수있는지 확인하였다. 연구 1에서는 문자와 숫자 단서가 구매의도에 미치는 효과에 있어, 거리지각과 좌석가치지각의 매개적 역할을 검증하였다. 연구결과, 문자가 숫자 단서에 비하여 목표 대안을 가깝게 지각하고 대상에 대해 높은 가치를 부여하며, 이러한 과정이 구매 의도에영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 연구 2에서는 이러한 문자와 숫자 단서의 효과를 조절하는근접성의 효과를 살펴본 결과, 문자와 숫자 단서의 효과는 근접한 조건보다 일정 거리가 있어 객관적 거리를 가늠하기 어려운 상황에서 크게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 문자와 숫자 단서에 대한 소비자의 심리적 반응을 이해하고, 환경적 단서를 통한 효과적인 설득 방안에 대한 실무적 시사점을 제시한다.

This study demonstrates that environmental cues about how the same location is represented can change consumer behavior. Specifically, we examine how consumer responses vary depending on how letters and numbers are represented, and we explore under what circumstances these location cues may have a greater impact on consumer behavior. In Study 1, we examined the mediating role of distance perception and seat value perception in the effect of letter and number cues on purchase intention. The results showed that letters, compared to numeric cues, perceive the target alternative as closer and assign a higher value to the target, and that these processes influence purchase intention. Study 2 examined the effect of proximity in moderating the effect of these letter and number cues, and found that the effect of letter and number cues was stronger in situations where the objective distance was harder to judge due to a certain distance than in close proximity conditions. These findings contribute to our understanding of consumers’ psychological responses to letter and number cues and provide practical implications for effective persuasion through environmental cues.

No Abstract

Background: The objective of this study was to underline that litter size as a key trait of sows needs new parameters to be evaluated and to target an individual optimum. Large individual variation in litter size affects both production and piglet’s survival and health negatively. Therefore, two new traits were suggested and analyzed. Two data sets on 5509 purebred German Landrace sows and 3926 Large White and crossing sows including at least two parental generations and at least five parities were subjected to variance components analysis. Results: The new traits for evaluating litter size were derived from the individual numbers of total born piglets (TBP) per parity: In most cases, sows reach their maximum litter size in their fourth parity. Therefore, data from at least five parities were included. The first observable maximum and minimum of TBP, and the individual variation expressed by the range were targeted. Maximum of TBP being an observable trait in pig breeding and management yielded clearly higher heritability estimates (h2~ 0.3) than those estimates predominantly reported so far. Maximum TBP gets closer to the genetic capacity for litter size than other litter traits. Minimum of TBP is positively correlated with the range of TBP (rp = 0.48, rg > 0.6). The correlation between maximum of TBP and its individually reached frequency was negative in both data sets (rp = ? 0.28 and ? 0.22, respectively). Estimated heritability coefficients for the range of TBP comprised a span of h2 = 0.06 to 0.10. Conclusion: An optimum both for maximum and range of total born piglets in selecting sows is a way contributing to homogenous litters in order to improving the animal-related conditions both for piglets’ welfare and economic management in pig.

Humanities and social sciences studies in Korea have remarkably low rates of co-authorship between professors and students. We chose a bibliometrics-based approach to characterize changes in the ratio of joint authorship between professors and students. Articles classified in the humanities and social sciences sectors that were published in journals registered in the Korean Citation Index during 2 phases over a 10-year period?2004 to 2006 (phase 1) and 2011 to 2013 (phase 2)?were used as the main source for the analysis. The study results can be summarized as follows: first, the overall number of co-authored articles drastically increased from phase 1 to phase 2; the percentage of co-authorship articles increased from 34.8% to 47.7%, and the percentage of co-authorship between students and professors rose from 9.9% to 20.7%. This trend was particularly noticeable in the social sciences, such as accounting, social welfare, and economics/business administration. Second, papers written by scholars from Seoul National University, Yonsei University, and Korea University were often published in high-impact factor journals. Among those articles, the rate of professor-student co-authorship increased by 21.6% for 7 years. Third, the increase in professor-student co-authored articles published in high- impact factor journals was even sharper. These findings indicate that perceptions of professor-student co-authorship have changed in the humanities and social sciences. In the near future, positive perceptions toward joint research and joint authorship between professors and students are expected to become more widespread.

We examined changes in the number of authors per paper for science and technology papers (agricultural sciences, engineering and technologies, medical sciences, and natural sciences) in Korea. We employed the Scopus database to examine the change in the number of authors in papers, which were published from 2000 to 2015 in the 234 Korean academic journals indexed on Scopus. We found that the global trend of growth in the number of authors per paper is evident in Korea as well. While there was little evidence of a correlation with the citation per paper, a positive correlation was found between with the field-weighted citation impact, another measure of a paper’s impact, in medical and natural science papers. In terms of the type of collaboration, we found that international collaboration papers had the highest number of authors, followed by national and institutional collaborations. The number of authors per paper was highest for those published in the top 10% journals by Source Normalized Impact per Paper, followed by Scopus-indexed journals, while papers published in Korea Citation Index had the lowest number of authors per paper. We propose that the rise in the number of authors per paper in Korean papers may be ascribed to many Korean research programs encouraging group research and the widespread availability of the internet, which has stimulated joint research efforts and encouraged international collaboration.

The mobile device has been widely used in many areas. Task offloading is always used to overcome the limitation of processing ability and energy-supply of the mobile devices in the mobile cloud environment. Most researches suppose we know the detail of task (number of instructions) of every sub-task. But most of time, to get the detail of a task is very difficult. This paper uses the grey number to express that uncertain information and propose method to evaluate the performance of offloading tasks. Simulations show that our method selects the solution with the lowest energy consumption.

This study investigated whether there was an increase in submissions to scholarly journals in Korea according to journals’ field and indexation status in Scopus or Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) in 2020, the year when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic first spread throughout the world. The analysis included 60 journals with esubmission systems operated by M2PI. Yearly and monthly submissions were counted from 2016 to 2020. The yearly proportional change was also calculated. In 2020, submissions soared for medical journals indexed in Scopus/SCIE (49.5%), corresponding to an increase of 36.9% relative to the expected number of submissions. There was also a surge of submissions to these journals from March to July 2020. However, non-medical journals and medical journals not indexed in Scopus/SCIE did not show an increase in submissions. The number of submissions to scholarly journals in Korea was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in a specific subset of journals. The background of the spike in submissions is required to be re-investigated. Editors’ burden also should be mitigated through editorial board members’ help and publishers’ support.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lactation records in Holstein dairy cattle on the selection rates using a total of 341,436 test records from 113, 812 heads of cattle from first to third lactation. Heritabilities for milk, fat, and protein yields were highest at first lactation(0.28, 0.24, and 0.27, respectively), and decreased to 0.14, 0.15, and 0.13 at third lactation. For the milk yields, phenotypic correlations between first and second lactation, first and third lactation, and second and third lactation were low(0.49, 0.39, and 0.47, respectively), while genetic correlations among consecutive lactations and between second and third were above 0.8 and 0.9. In Model I, of the 1,138 heads the top 1% were selected based on first lactation records, only 32.4%(396 heads) were re-selected when the second lactation records were included and the 67.6%(769 heads) were newly selected animals. While in Model II, 85.1%(1,138 heads) of the animals which were selected as the top 1% on the basis of first and second lactation records were included. A multiple trait evaluation method using multiple lactation records is more desirable than a single trait evaluation method using first lactation records only.

Objective To evaluate the clinical signifi cance of motor unit number estimation (MUNE) and quantitative analysis of motor unit action potential (MUAP) in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) according to electrophysiologic severity,ultrasonographic measurement and clinical symptoms. Method We evaluated 78 wrists of 45 patients, who had been diagnosed with CTS and 42 wrists of 21 healthy controls. Median nerve conduction studies, amplitude and duration of MUAP, and the MUNE of the abductor pollicis brevis were measured. The cross sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve at the pisiform and distal radioulnar joint level was determined by high resolution ultrasonography. Clinical symptom of CTS was assessed using the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ). Results The MUNE, the amplitude and the duration of MUAP of the CTS group were signifi cantly diff erent from those found in the control group. The area under the ROC curve was 0.944 for MUNE, 0.923 for MUAP amplitude and 0.953 for MUAP duration. MUNE had a negative correlation with electrophysiologic stage of CTS, amplitude and duration of MUAP, CSA at pisiform level, and the score of BCTQ. The amplitude and duration of MUAP had a positive correlation with the score of BCTQ. The electrophysiologic stage was correlated with amplitude but not with the duration of MUAP. Conclusion MUNE, amplitude and duration of MUAP are useful tests for diagnosis of CTS. In addition, the MUNE serves as a good indicator of CTS severity.

Objective To determine effects of copy number variations (CNV) on developmental aspects of children suspected of having delayed development. Methods A retrospective chart review was done for 65 children who underwent array-comparative genomic hybridization after visiting physical medicine & rehabilitation department of outpatient clinic with delayed development as chief complaints. Children were evaluated with Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II), Sequenced Language Scale for Infants (SELSI), or Preschool Receptive-Expressive Language Scale (PRES). A Mann-Whitney U test was conducted to determine statistical differences of developmental quotient (DQ), receptive language quotient (RLQ), and expressive language quotient (ELQ) between children with CNV (CNV(+) group, n=16) and children without CNV (CNV(?) group, n=37).Results Of these subjects, the average age was 35.1 months (mean age, 35.1±24.2 months). Sixteen (30.2%) patients had copy number variations. In the CNV(+) group, 14 children underwent DDST-II. In the CNV(?) group, 29 children underwent DDST-II. Among variables, gross motor scale was significantly (p=0.038) lower in the CNV(+) group compared with the CNV(?) group. In the CNV(+) group, 5 children underwent either SELSI or PRES. In the CNV(?) group, 27 children underwent above language assessment examination. Both RLQ and ELQ were similar between the two groups. Conclusion The gross motor domain in DQ was significantly lower in children with CNV compared to that in children without CNV. This result suggests that additional genetic factors contribute to this variability. Active detection of genomic imbalance could play a vital role when prominent gross motor delay is presented in children with delayed development.

A total of 4,323,781 records for informal 16 primary linear descriptive traits of dairy cows in Holstein breed from 1988 to 2007 in USA were analyzed to estimate adjustment factors for lactation number and stage. While all factors in the model were highly significant(P<0.01), major influences on linear type traits were due to lactation number and stage. The frequencies of lactation number 1 through 6 were 58.6, 22.0, 11.8, 4.8, 2.1, and 0.8%, respectively. Further, the frequencies of lactation stage were 0.7, 76.9, 15.3, 4.9, and 2.1%, respectively, for springing, early, medium, late, and dry. To adjust 16 linear traits(stature, dairy form, strength, body depth, rump width, rump angle, legs rear view, leg set, foot angle, fore udder, rear udder height, rear udder width, udder support, udder depth, and front teat placement), additive and multiplicative adjustment factors of lactation number(lactations 2 to 4) and stage(springing, medium, late and dry) were estimated with the solutions in the generalized linear model, assigning lactation 1 and stage early as base class. Additive adjustment factors of lactation number ranged from －1.23 to 2.908, while multiplicative factors ranged from 0.853 to 2.207. Further, additive and multiplicative adjustment factors for lactation stage ranged from －0.668 to 0.785, and from 0.891 to 1.154. Application of adjustment factors to 20 randomly sampled sub-data sets produced the results that additive adjustment factors for both lactation number and stage reduced more mean square of lactation number and stage over 16 linear traits than any combination of adjustments, and leaded additive adjustment factors for both lactation number and stage as a choice of methods for adjustment of informal 16 primary linear type traits collected by classifiers of AI studs.

Copy-number variation(CNV) in particular genomic segments owing to deletions or duplications can induce changes in cellular gene expression patterns and may increase susceptibility to diseases such as cancer. The aim of this study was to examine CNVs related to the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer in chickens. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood cells and cancerous ovaries collected from four 120-week-old White Leghorn chickens and were used for array-based comparative genome hybridization(CGH) analysis. As a result, 25 amplified and 10 deleted CNV regions were detected in chicken ovarian cancer. Of these, 10 amplified and two deleted CNV regions contained genes associated with human ovarian cancer. Our study using a chicken model may provide a better understanding of human epithelial ovarian cancer.

Although robbery displays a higher prevalence of involving groups of two or more offenders than other types of violent crimes, there has been little research on differentiating co-offending robberies from lone robberies. To investigate differences among robberies based on the number of offenders involved, we examined 1353 robbery offenses committed in South Korea. Significant differences among robbery offenders across group size were observed with respect to their age, criminal record, occupation, and living status. Additionally, we found notable differences in victim characteristics, including gender, age, victim-offender relationship, and the nature of the victimization. Moreover, differences were noted in offending behaviors, including planning, offense type, method of approach, type of violence, and weapon possession. Furthermore, a number of factors that significantly contributed to predicting the size of the robbery group were identified, including planning, offense type, offender living status, type of violence, and type of victimization. Our study has policy implications for developing early intervention programmes targeting co-offenders and treatment programmes for victims as well as research implications as to how co-offending affects the behaviors of robbery offenders.

This case study investigated changes in research articles from the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) during the COVID-19 pandemic to share information with stakeholders in the research and publishing communities. Data on research published from 2017 to 2024 were collected by searching the database for the number of research articles indexed in Web of Science’s Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), and then extracting the publication date of research articles from the KRIBB’s paper management system. After the number of WoS-SCIE research articles was scaled down by the corresponding number of KRIBB’s SCIE articles in 2017, we analyzed differences in the publication turnaround times of KRIBB’s research articles based on whether MDPI was involved. In both WoS-SCIE and KRIBB data, the impact of MDPI exhibited a clear decline in 2023, a trend that continued into 2024. Generally, KRIBB’s non-MDPI research articles were published more rapidly in high-frequency journals, journals with low impact factors, and for COVID-19?related topics; however, this difference gradually diminished. In 2023, there was a notable reversal from a decrease to an increase in publication speed following COVID-19, along with a narrowing of the gaps between different stages of publication. It remains uncertain whether this trend will continue. Collecting additional similar case studies could provide a more accurate understanding of the changes and trends in the article publishing industry during the COVID-19 period.