Earticle

상품의 형태 자체뿐만 아니라 영업에서의 상품이나 서비스의 전체적인 이미지, 영업소의 형태와 외관, 내부 디자인, 장식, 표지판 등 영업의 종합적인 이미지인 소위, “트레이드 드레스(trade dress)”의 보호는 상표법, 디자인보호법, 저작권법에 따른 보호가 가능하나 상품류 구분, 주지성, 물품성, 저작물성 등 각 법률에 따른 한계가 존재한다. 부정경쟁방지법에 의한 보호는 제2조 제1호 (가)목, (자)목을 통하여 트레이드 드레스를 이루는 개별 요소 중 일부는 보호할 수 있지만, 트레이드 드레스 전체의 보호에는 한계가 존재한다. 2013년 부정경쟁방지법에서 신설된 제2조 제1호 (차)목은 적용 여부가 엇갈리고는 있지만, 하급심 판결에서는 ① 식별성, 비기능성, 혼동가능성을 충족하여 트레이드 드레스로 평가되면, ② 이는 해당사업자의 상당한 노력과 투자에 의하여 구축된 성과물로 판단하고, ③ 경쟁자가 이를 공정한 상거래나 경쟁질서에 반하는 방법으로 자신의 영업에 무단으로 사용하는 경우에는, ④ (차)목에 따른 부정경쟁행위로 판단하고 있다. (차)목에 의한 보호 또한 주지성요건, 상품형태에 한정, (차)목의 해석 등에 따른 한계가 분명히 존재한다. 따라서 트레이드 드레스에 대한 침해를 부정경쟁방지법상 부정경쟁행위로 별도로 열거할 필요가 제기된다. 트레이드 드레스 보호 규정을 별도로 마련하는 경우에는 먼저, 트레이드 드레스를 대체할만한 국문이 없으므로 법문에는 명시하지 않고 트레이드 드레스 요소를 나열하는 방법을 사용하고, 그 보호요건으로는 식별력 또는 사용에 의한 식별력은 당연히 갖추어야 하는 것으로 해석하여 별도로 규정에는 두지 않되, 다만 보호되는 트레이드 드레스의 범위를 한정해야 하므로 완화된 주지성 요소의 열거가 필요하다. 그리고 비기능성, 혼동가능성의 요소를 열거하여야 할 것이다. 아직은 트레이드 드레스의 보호에 대한 판례가 축적되어가는 중이므로, 트레이드 드레스 보호 규정의 신설을 서두르기 보다는 판례의 추이를 더 지켜보고, 규정 신설 필요성에 대한 공론화도 활발히 진행되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

Trade dress refers to the overall image of the product or service in the business as well as product form itself; for example, structure and appearance of the business office; interior design; decoration; signs etc. It can be protected by trademark law, design protection law and copyright law. However, there are limits to applying each law such as classification of goods, well-knownness, merchantability and copy- rightability. It can be indirectly protected through the Unfair Competition Prevention Act §2.1.(ⅰ), (ⅸ), (ⅹ). ① Firstly, the court evaluates something as a trade dress if it meets the following three conditions: Distinctiveness, Non-Functionality, Likelihood of Confusion. ② Secondly, it is judged to be the result of its significant effort and investment of the provider. ③ In relation to the trade dress as judged above, if any competitors use its trade dress unauthorized in ways that contradict fair trade, ④ then it is judged to be unfair competition by§2.1.(ⅹ). Since there is no proper Korean terminology to refer to trade dress, there is no possibility to separate trade dress protection provision in the legal text. Therefore, we should use the method of listing the elements of trade dress without the term; trade dress. As a protection requirement of trade dress, the distinctiveness is supposed to be equipped naturally and it is not stipulated separately. However, since it is necessary to limit the scope of the protected trade dress, it should list the regulatory easing factors of well-knownness, and non-functionality, possibility of confusion. At present, the case for the protection of trade dress is gradually accumulating. Rather than hastening the creation of trade dress protection regulations, we should keep an eye on the precedents. It is desirable to actively discuss the need for trade dress protection regulations.

This article is devoted to review the legal protection of trade dress in Korea. The Korean intellectual property laws do not know originally the concept of trade dress, which means that generally refers to characteristics of the visual appearance of a product or its packaging (or even the design of a building) that identify the source of the product to consumers in America. According to the American trademark law system, trade dress is protected as a form of intellectual property including trade mark and trade names. The concept of trade dress in Korea, in my opinion, is not suited to Korean Intellectual Property Law System. Because business signs have to be registered to Korea Intellectual Property Office in order to be protected as intellectual property in Korea. And business signs which do not be registered shall be well known in Korea to be protected by unfair competition law. In my opinion, forms which belong to trade dress are possible to be protected in Korean Trademark Law, Korean Design law, and Korean Unfair Competition Law.

Systemic Functional Grammar is a way of understanding a text within a social context. This theory is based upon Halliday’s linguistic perspective that language use and its social environment has a mutually determining relationship (Halliday, 1977). That is, social beliefs or values are deeply pervasive in language use which in turn has a strong effect on developing and establishing social environment. Therefore, to accomplish the communicative goal and deliver writers' intention successfully to the readers, structuring a text and utilizing a variety of grammatical properties within a social context should be a major concern. In this paper, with the aim of understanding distinctive linguistic features of specialist and non-specialist texts within the perspective of Systemic Functional Grammar, all the grammatical and lexical features of the two texts which generate different experiential, interpersonal and textual meaning will be discussed and analyzed.

Low alcohol (6%) wines were manufactured using Campbell Early. To develop the sterilization process of low alcohol wines, red wines were heat sterilized, and rose wines were nonthermal sterilized by concentration using potassium metasulfite and potassium sorbate. Samples were stored at 25℃ and quality characteristics were investigated by period. Results of this study revealed the pH of the samples after sterilization ranged from 3.15 to 3.19, and the total acidity of wines ranged from 0.011 to 0.024%. The free SO₂ contents of wines ranged from 13.00 to 29.678 mg/L, and the total SO₂ contents of wines ranged from 47.50 to 121.00 mg/L. L (lightness) of wines decreased whereas a (redness) and b(yellowness) increased. The hue value of wines ranged from 0.52 to 1.03, and decreased significantly(not including rose sweet wines). The color intensity of red and rose dry wines after sterilization increased, whereas red and rose sweet wines decreased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of red wines and rose wines ranged between 75.50 to 89.23%, and 36.60 to 56.54%, respectively. The total polyphenol contents were 57.51~182.63 mg%. Results of this study provide scientific information to establish the sterilization process of low alcohol wines.