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The future tactical networks (FTNs) are expanding and evolving from the existing terrestrial space-oriented operational structure to multi-space architectures, including aerial and satellite spaces. This may lead to the complexity of interoperability to provide seamless connectivity among complex and numerous elements such as heterogeneous networks and devices constituting FTNs. Software Defined Networking (SDN) has been recognized as one of the most suitable solutions to solve interoperability problems, especially in terms of networking. In this paper, we consider the issues and challenges to be considered in applying SDN to FNTs.

Digital twin (DT) technologies have been increasingly important and useful for wireless communications. In particular, to support soaring wireless traffic with limited frequency spectrum assigned to legacy cellular systems, efficient operation and management of wireless resources as well as preemptively prediction of future spectrum usage are crucially important. For such purpose, DT networks for current fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) networks are constructed in this paper, by simultaneously utilizing measurement data from user equipments (UEs) and geographical information and characteristics of 4G and 5G base stations (BSs) within a specific observation area. Representative case studies are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of DT enabled cellular network management and prediction. As a real or near real time DT application, the impact and benefit of dual connectivity and dynamic spectrum sharing between 4G and 5G networks are analyzed. As a non-real time DT application, long-term improvement of 5G networks such as densification of BSs, implementation of advanced multiple input and multiple output technologies, and assignment of additional spectrum are analyzed and compared.

Network Slicing (NS) was proposed as a viable solution in Release 15 of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to allocate the limited resources among different service types for improving their Quality-of-Service (QoS). However, the advanced vehicular applications such as autonomous driving, platooning, remote driving, etc. have stringent QoS demands and the standard NS architecture is not sustainable for these services. Therefore, we propose a solution compatible with the standard 3GPP NS architecture that implements an Actor-Critic based Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm in the Network Slice Subnet Management Function (NSSMF). The algorithm allocates and manages the limited resources among different slices based on their real-time traffic demands. We generate real-time traffic for each service type and train the algorithm to improve the QoS of each service type in the network. The proposed method is evaluated for the training performance of the proposed algorithm as well as the Service level agreement Satisfaction Ratio (SSR) of each slice. The results exhibit that the proposed method not only improves SSR of each slice, but also performs well in case of increased node density in the network.

Smart transportation, powered by IoT, transforms mobility with interconnected sensors and devices collecting real-time data on traffic, vehicle locations, and passenger needs. This fosters a safer and more sustainable transportation ecosystem, optimizing traffic flow and enhancing public transit efficiency. However, security and privacy challenges emerge in smart transportation systems. Our proposed solution involves a deep neural network (DNN) model trained on extensive datasets from sustainable cities, incorporating historical information like traffic patterns and sensor readings. This model identifies potential malicious nodes, achieving a 90% accuracy rate in predicting threats such as Denial of Service 88%, Whitewash attacks 80%, and Brute Force attacks 75%. This high precision ensures the security and privacy of passenger vehicle data and routes.

Purpose This study aimed to analyze the bibliographic characteristics and content of articles on flood management published in journals indexed by Scopus written by researchers from throughout the world from 2000 to 2019. Methods We obtained data from the Scopus database on October 2, 2020. “Flood management” was used to search across several categories, including article title, abstract, and keywords, filtered by subject area (social science; environmental science; and business, management, and accounting). We only retrieved articles written in English. We conducted content analysis using the VOSviewer software and visualized the co-occurrence of keywords and bibliographic coupling of sources and countries. Results Following the study protocol, we found 984 articles on flood management over the past 20 years. Among the three subject areas, environmental science was the most productive field for publishing flood management articles. Flood control, flood management, and risk assessment were the top three most popular topics. Flood management publications were published in 266 journals. In total, 86 countries collaborated to produce research related to flood management. Natural Hazard Journal and Journal of Flood Risk Management were the most prominent journals. Institutions from Europe ominated the top 10 institutions with the most publications by affiliated researchers. Conclusion From a global perspective, flood management research in the past two decades has increased significantly. There were five major topic clusters, and European-published journals ominated publications. Thus, Asian institutions need to conduct more active research on this topic.

최근 발생하는 상수도 이슈와 더불어 4차 산업혁명의 도래로 디지털 트윈 기술을 적용한 스마트 상수관 망 관리의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 라이센스의 제약이 없는 자체기술 기반의 상수관망 관리를 위한 3D 시각화 정보 시스템을 개발하기 위한 모델 및 시스템의 프로토타입 개발을 하고자 하였다. 환경부(2017) 자료를 기반으로 Level 분류에 따른 인벤토리 DB를 구축하였으며, 2D 정보 시스템 을 기반으로 한 3D 시각화를 위해 9단게의 구현과정과 2단계의 검증을 실시하였다. 폴리곤의 위도, 경도의 값을 비교 분석하여 검증한 결과, 본 연구에서 구현한 2D 정보 시스템의 신뢰도 및 정확도가 확보된 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 이를 적용한 3D 시각화를 진행하였으며, 프로그램 내 데이터 연동 방안에 대한 설계와 3D 시각화 구현 프로세스를 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 경제적 이점이 높고 GIS 신뢰도 및 정확도가 높은 상수관망 관리 공간서버 구축에 유의미하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, water supply problems and the advent of the 4th Industrial Revolution, smart water supply network management using digital twin technology is becoming needs. In this study, to develop a prototype of the model and system 3D visualization information system for water supply network management based on own technology without restrictions on licenses. Based on the data from the ME(2017), an inventory DB according to the Level classification was established, and for 3D visualization based on 2D information systems, 9-steps of implementation process and verification were conducted. Comparing and analyzing the values of latitude and longitude of polygons, it was confirmed that the reliability and accuracy of the two-dimensional information system implemented in this study were secured. Therefore, 3D visualization was performed using this, and the process of designing data linkage plans within the program and implementing 3D visualization was established. The results of this study are considered insignificant in the construction of a network management space server with high economic benefits and high reliability and accuracy of GIS.

Background/Objectives: Network traffic forms a lot in many modern server communication worlds. Methods/Statistical analysis: As a result, the network can exchange data with each other, and the sudden increase in trapping results in malfunction and communication error due to server overload. Findings: Traffic spikes can be attributed to scheduled backups within the LAN, remote backup programs, mail servers, software (SW) upgrades, malware generation and hacking attempts. In general, a small increase in traffic that is easily seen by everyone is likely to recover after a while. However, when traffic attacks coming from too much traffic and hacking intentions, fast network traffic detection, and responses are needed. Improvements/Applications: Therefore, the proposed proposal is proposed to maintain the causes of network traffic surges and countermeasures.

생산관리능력은 IT 중소기업의 가장 필수적인 역량 중 하나이다. 따라서, 본 연구는 외부정보네트워크의 다 양성 및 제조능력과 같은 주요 요인들이 IT 중소기업의 생산관리능력에 미치는 영향을 실증 분석하였다. 한국의 310 개 IT 중소기업으로부터 수집된 데이터를 바탕으로 SPSS 버전 22를 사용한 최소자승 회귀분석 결과, 외부정보네트 워크의 다양성은 IT 중소기업의 생산관리능력에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 주며, 이러한 정(+)의 영향은 IT 중소기업의 제조능력에 의해서 완전 매개 되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실증 분석 결과는 IT 중소기업의 외부정보네트워크의 다양성이 제조능력을 통해 생산관리능력에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다는 의미 있는 시사점을 제공한다

The production management is one of the essential capabilities of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the information technology sector (IT). Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the effects of such important factors as external information network diversity and manufacturing capability on IT SMEs’ production management capability. Based on the 310 data collected from Korean SMEs in the IT sector, the ordinary least squares regression results from this study by using the SPSS version 22 have empirically shown that IT SMEs’ external information network diversity has a positive and significant effect on their production management capability and this effect is fully mediated by their manufacturing capability. These findings provide a meaningful implication that the positive impact of IT SMEs’ external information network diversity is linked to their production management capability through their manufacturing capability.

This paper examines the determinants and the consequences of congruence between the CEO and other executives focusing on the role of previously-built school and regional ties. Using a sample of 2,129 firm-years from 2003 to 2006 for all firms listed on the Korea Stock Exchange, we find that executives are more likely to share the same school or regional background as the CEO when the firm is small, foreign ownership is low, or the CEO is a family member of the controlling shareholder. We also find that such congruence increases firm value when the firm is young and foreign ownership is large, but decreases firm value in firms tightly controlled by family member CEOs through large voting rights. These results suggest that congruence within the top management may facilitate communication when the nature of information being transmitted is “soft”, but may aggravate agency problems when CEOs are entrenched.

본 연구에서는 공간통계기법을 이용하여 지진발생의 공간적 발생 및 파급효과를 분석하여 KTX 노선에서 지진발생 위험에 노출되어 있는 구간을 지진의 강도를 고려하여 제시하였다. 지진 발생의군집성을 파악하기 위해 G, F, K 함수 등과 같은 다양한 함수를 활용하였으며, 남한의 지진 발생패턴은 군집을 보이고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 분석 결과 KTX 경부선의 울산-부산구간 52km구간이 지진 위험도가 높아 철도시설물 보강이 필요하며 호남선의 경우 상대적으로 위험도가 낮은 것으로 분석되었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 강력한 지진발생시 발생할 수 있는 철도시설물의 사고 위험을사전적으로 예방하기 위한 지진대비 시설물 보강하는데 있어 지역적(구간) 우선순위를 결정하는데유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대되며 향후 전체 철도망 및 교통망에 대한 추가분석이필요하다.

This study presents the area exposed to the risk of earthquakes on KTX routes by examining the magnitude of earthquakes based on spatial statistics analysis. In order to find the clustering pattern, various functions were used such as G, F, K function. As a results, a specific clustering pattern for earthquakes in Korea emerged. As we find that an area in Gyeongbu line of KTX between Ulsan and Busan (52km) is exposed to high risks of earthquakes, improvement of the safety of railroad facilities is required. On the other hand, our research findings indicate that Honam line is exposed to relatively low risks. These results could be informative to determining high-priority areas for structural reinforcement of the facilities to prevent earthquake- related railroad accidents, thus suggesting a need for further analysis on the entire railroad and transportation network.

환경오염과 지구 온난화가 더욱 더 심각해지면서 녹색 경영이 중소기업에 더욱 더 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구는 중소기업의 녹색 경영 성과에 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 요인들을 분석하기 위해 한국의 2,200개의 중소기업 데이터를 대상으 로 실시한 최소자승 회귀분석 결과를 통해 다음과 같은 두 가지 주요 시사점들을 제공한다. 첫째, 중소기업의 외부 기술 연구개발 정보 네트워크의 다양성은 기술 연구개발로 인한 녹색 경영 성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미친다. 둘째, 중소기업의 기술개발로 인한 생산 공정의 개선은 외부 기술 연구개발 정보 네트워크의 다양성이 기술개발로 인한 녹색 경영 성과에 미치는 양(+)의 영향을 부분적으로 매개 한다.

As the environmental pollution and the global warming have become more and more serious, the green management has been growing more and more critical to small and medium enterprises. In order to explore factors positively influencing small and medium enterprises’ green management performance, this study presents the two major implications through the ordinary least squares regression based on the 2,200 data from the small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Korea. First, small and medium enterprises’ external technology R&D information network diversity positively influences their green management performance from technology R&D. Second, small and medium enterprises’ production process improvement is a partial mediator between their external technology R&D information network diversity and green management performance from technology R&D.

ESG management is essential to ensure the sustainability of companies in an environment where many risks such as climate change are impacting. It is essential to promote academic research that reflects social requirements so that ESG management can be implemented in all fields of our society. The purpose of this research is to identify social issues and trends linked to ESG and determine whether academic studies are being performed to address them. The study aimed to identify social issues and trends related to ESG, news article texts from Big Kinds, a news search site, were collected and topic modeling and semantic network-based text analysis were performed. In order to understand academic research topics related to ESG, summary texts of ESG-related academic papers were collected on the RISS site, and topic modeling and semantic network-based text analysis were performed. The article confirms an increasing interest in ESG from both social and academic perspectives. However, there is a slight disparity between the two, with social trends related to ESG management gaining attention from larger companies and then spreading to small and medium-sized enterprises, while academic research on ESG tends to focus mainly on the concept and principles.

This review aims to synthesize social network theories by drawing on the importance of social network perspectives in understanding knowledge management with technology in organizations. I provide an overview of prior social network research with the following core ideas: the primacy of relations between organizational actors, the utility of actors’ embeddedness in social fields, the social utility of network connections, and the structural patterning of social life. On top of that, I summarize critical social perspectives (the social capital theory, the structural hole theory, the embeddedness perspective, the social exchange theory, the organizational learning theory, and the innovation diffusion theory) to suggest potential research questions for future studies in social network research in the knowledge management discipline.

지속적인 기후 및 도시구조의 변화, 기술의 발전 등으로 인해 최근의 재난들은 종래의 전통적 재난 유형과 다른 양상으로 발현되고 있으며, 사회 구성요소 간 연결성의 증대로 재난은 더욱 대형화․복잡 화된 특징을 띄고 있다. 본 연구에서는 복합재난의 핵심 개념인 재난의 “연계성”을 파악하기 위해, 전문가 조사를 통해 구축한 재난유형별 취약요소 정보를 기반으로 사회연결망 분석을 실시하였다. 네트워크 중심성 분석결과, 풍수해, 미세먼지 등은 모든 종류의 중심성이 높아 재난의 연계성 관점에 서 매우 중요한 재난유형이라 할 수 있다. 연결 중심성이 높은 감염병, 정보통신은 사회 전반적인 유기적인 대책이 요구되며, 근접 중심성이 높은 사회기반시설 붕괴, 산불의 경우 타 재난으로 연계되 는 경로가 짧아 신속한 대응이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 커뮤니티 분석을 통해 재난의 연계성 관점 에서 전체 재난유형이 6개의 그룹으로 분류되는 것을 확인하였고, 이는 발생 가능성이 상대적으로 높은 복합재난 상황을 가정할 수 있는 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Recent disasters are emerging in different ways from traditional disaster types due to climate change, urban structural changes, and technological advances. Disasters are becoming larger and more complex because of the increased connectivity between social components. In this study, social network analysis was conducted to identify the “connectivity” of disasters based on information of vulnerabilities by type of disaster established through expert surveys. As a result of the analysis of network centrality, storm and flood damage, fine particulate matter etc. are significant types of disasters in terms of disaster linkages since they were highly calculated for all kinds of centrality. Infectious diseases and information and communication accidents with a high degree centrality index require systematic measures across society. Infrastructure collapse and forest fires with high closeness centrality require a prompt response since the path to other disasters is relatively short. Through community analysis, it was confirmed that the all disaster types were classified into six groups in terms of the connection of disasters. This can be used as basic data to assume complex disaster situations with relatively high probability of occurrence.

본 연구는 ‘사회복지시설 안전관리 매뉴얼’의 텍스트를 언어네트워크 분석(Semantic Network Analysis) 기법을 통해 방대한 텍스트에 나타난 핵심 개념(키워드)들의 구성 관계에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 매뉴얼에 나타난 하위 및 상위 SOP(Standard Operating Procedure)의 연결망 관계와 핵심 키워드의 연결망 관계의 중심성 분석을 시도하여 그 특성들과 개선점을 발견하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구결과 첫째, 사회복지시설 안전관리 매뉴얼은 SOP700에서 다루고 있는 자연재난 안전관리를 중심으로 하여 기술되어 있었다. 둘째, 사회복지시설 안전관리의 주요 행위자로 소방기관, 이용자, 관리자라는 키워드가 높은 중심성을 보이며 매뉴얼의 주요한 위치에 등장했다. 셋째, 예방과 대비라는 키워드가 중심성이 높아 재난 발생 전 단계와 관련한 절차에 강조점을 두고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 사회복지시설 안전관리 매뉴얼은 이용자의 취약한 특성을 포함하여 제작되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 사회복지시설의 안전관리 강화를 위한 매뉴얼의 개선점을 발견하여 논의하였다.

This study has an aim of analyzing Social Welfare Facility Safety Management Manuals published by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare in Korea using a semantic network analysis in order to identify the attributes of and relationships among keywords in SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) manuals. Firstly, natural disasters and fire had highest centrality in the manuals. Secondly, the main performers described in the manual were found to be fire station, clients and workers of the welfare facilities. Thirdly, regarding their ascribed duties, prevention and preparedness were at the center of the whole network, which means that the manual focuses on preventing remedies. Overall, the manual is believed to take into consideration the traits of clients and be written from their perspectives. A few discussions are presented based on these findings.