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According to Mulligan, taping is relatively difficult to quantify. In addition, it was said that only one or two days were applied due to abnormal reactions of most skin. Nevertheless, taping is a necessary tool for the treatment of dysfunction. Mulligan used most of the taping applications to maintain the effect of manual therapy. It was also used as an alternative to manual therapy. Mulligan's taping method can be seen as functional taping in the author's pursuit of orthopedic medicine taping. Orthopedic medicine taping divides musculoskeletal dysfunction into contractile and non-contractile tissues and presents each treatment. Among them, functional taping is an approach to the problem of dysfunction in non-contractile tissues. Many studies have also reported that applying various interventions suitable for the disease together rather than using only one treatment can expect a higher therapeutic effect. From this point of view, taping is considered to be valuable for research as one of the techniques that is quite easy to use in combination with manual therapy.

[목적] 본 연구는 아마추어 스크린골퍼의 게임 기록을 활용한 경기력 분석을 하고자 총 타수와 퍼팅수, 멀리건 사용 횟수, 그리고 패널티 횟수를 이용하여 게임기록과 골퍼수준, 그리고 골퍼 수준별 게임기록을 비교분석하는 것이다. [방법] 아마추어 스크린골퍼들의 경기 기록을 활용하여 그들의 수준별 타수, 퍼팅수, 멀리건횟수, 그리고 패널티 횟 수를 분석하여 성별과 수준에 따른 차이가 있는지를 비교 분석하였다. [결과] 결과를 보면 우선 남녀 성별에 따른 게 임능력은 남성이 대체로 우수한 것으로 나타났으나 패널티는 여성이 덜 받는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 골퍼 수준 은 최우수골퍼는 남성이 여성에 비해 약 10% 높았으며, 우수와 평균골퍼는 남녀가 유사하였다. 그리고 초보골퍼는 여성 약 10%가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 수준별 게임 능력은 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. [결론] 아마추 어 스크린 골퍼의 성별 게임 능력은 일부 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으나 수준에 따른 차이는 없는 것을 알 수 있었 으며 다만 수준에 따라 능력 향상을 위해서는 자신의 부족한 부분을 채우기 위한 꾸준한 노력과 연습이 필요함을 나 타내는 결과라 하겠다.

[Purpose] This study aims to analyze the performance of amateur screen golfers using the game records, and o compare and analyze the game records by golfer level and golfer level using the total number of shots, putts, mulligans, and penalties. [Method] Using the game records, Analyzed the number of shots, putts, mulligans, and penalties by level and compared and analyzed whether there are differences by gender and level. [Result] Results were as follows: First, we found that men generally better at playing, but women were less likely to commit penalties. Second, we found that men were about 10% more likely to be top golfers, while women were similarly likely to be good and average golfers, and about 10% more likely to be novice golfers. Finally, there was no differences in game ability between the levels in male and female. [Conclusion] We found that amateur screen golfers have some gender differences in the game abilities, but there are no differences by level, However, the results indicate that in order to improve their skills, they need to continue to practice and work on their deficiencies.

Background: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of lumbar stabilization exercises combined with the Mulligan Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide (SNAG) technique on gait function and postural alignment in patients with chronic low back pain. Methods: A total of 30 chronic low back pain patients were randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which received lumbar stabilization exercises combined with the Mulligan SNAG technique, or a control group, which received lumbar stabilization exercises combined with physical agent therapy. The interventions were conducted for 6 weeks. Changes in gait parameters, foot pressure, and spinal alignment were measured before and after the intervention, and comparative analyses were performed between the groups. Results: The study results showed that the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in all gait parameters, including gait velocity, stride length, step width, and cadence, as well as in spinal alignment before and after the intervention (p<.05). In contrast, the control group showed statistically significant changes only in gait velocity and spinal alignment (p<.05). Specifically, for the Kyphotic Angle, a significant decrease was observed in the control group (p<.01). A comparison between the two groups revealed a statistically significant difference only in gait parameters (p<.05), indicating that the experimental group was superior in improving gait function. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study provides clinical evidence that combining the Mulligan SNAG technique with lumbar stabilization exercises should be preferentially considered for treating chronic low back pain patients aiming to improve their walking ability.

Background: Many people are suffering from neck and shoulder pain due to muscle weakness, muscle fatigue, lack of exercise and accidents during exercise. In this study we compared the effects of McKenzie method and Mulligan technique method. Method: we randomly selected men(10) and women(10) and they are the 20s students of Busan material K college. We divided for McKenzie exercise group and Mulligan exercise group. McKenzie exercise and mulligan exercise applied cervical area three times a week for three weeks. We compared with pre-experiment and after 1∼3 week through measuring the electromyography (EMG) change and neck range of motion (ROM). Results: The changes in the EMG at each exercise group, there was a statistically significant difference in each week. Although there was a significant difference after 1 week between the exercise group, the changes in the neck ROM at each exercise group there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: After experiment, EMG and neck ROM were increased in McKenzie exercise group and Mulligan exercise group. But Mulligan exercise group showed the change better than McKenzie exercise group in early stage. We suggest the Mulligan exercise method for recovering in early stage of neck ROM.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mulligan taping on knee joints on balance ability and strength with repeated measurements. Methods: Seventeen patients were randomly assigned to the 8 taping group and the 9 repeat measurement group. To measure the balance ability, fall risk assessment equipment was used, and the measurement of the muscle strength was performed by using the equipment of the same company. Results: Balanced abilities and muscle strength were increased in groups with taping only after Mulligan taping. Conclusions: The application of mulligan taping did not have the effect of stimulating the inherent receptive sensation. However, active grouping of the knee joint taping only, and muscle strength and muscle strength were increased. It increases the stability and activity of the muscles that operate on the balance of the active knee joint and muscle strength, thereby enhancing exercise prevention and prevention performance and exercise performance.

The purpose of this study was to compare Mulligan technique with Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) in persons with neck pain. Methods : Twenty subjects with neck pain participated in the experiment. All subjects randomly assigned to the Mulligan technique group and TENS group. Both groups receive treatment(Mulligan technique: all areas 8 times once, TENS : 100Hz 15 minute once) 3 times during 2 weeks. And LEX was used to measure range of motion of neck. All measurement of each subject were measured at pre-treatment and post-treatment. Results : 1. All areas of range of motion of neck were significantly increased (p<0.05). 2. These data suggest that Mulligan technique and TENS are beneficial to increase all areas of range of motion of neck. 3. Comparing with two groups, Mulligan technique increases all areas of range of motion of neck more than TENS and appeared significant difference statistically. Conclusion : Mulligan technique is more effective than TENS to increse range of motion in persons with neck pain.

Background: Headaches arising from cervical musculoskeletal disorders are common. Conservative therapies are recommended as the choice of first treatment. Evidence to the effects of manual therapy is inconclusive and available only during the short term. There is no evidence to exercise, and no study has investigated the effect of combined therapies for cervicogenic headache. Methods: In this study, 30 participants who met the diagnostic criteria for cervicogenic headache were randomized into two groups: experimental group and control group. The experimental group was performed myofascial release (MFR), Mulligan technique and self stretching exercises. The control group was performed electrical therapy and self stretching exercises. Assessments were performed to 30 participants before and after 4 weeks therapy. The components of assessments were headache intensity(HI), headcahe duration (HD), neck pain (NP) and neck disability index (NDI). Results: After 4 weeks therapy, HI, HD, neck pain and NDI were significantly reduced in both groups (p<.01). The HI, HD, neck pain and NDI were significantly reduced in experimental group more than in the control group (p<.01). Conclusions: Manual therapy could reduce the symptoms of cervicogenic headache.

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) refer to musculoskeletal injuries induced or aggravated by the enviroment or work where the work is carried out. and It cause increased labor costs and injuries. In particular, hospital workers such as physical therapists and occupational therapists suffer from a high risk of WMSD despite their extensive knowledge in injury prevention and complain of considerable wrist pain. This problem can be solved in many ways, including taping and wrist stabilization exercises. This study examined the effects of Mulligan and Kinesio taping with wrist stabilization exercises on wrist pain, grip strength and daily living skills in hospital workers with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Methods: The participants were assigned randomly to a mulligan taping group (n=17) or Kinesio taping group (n=17). The Mulligan taping group underwent Mulligan taping and wrist stabilization exercises three times a week for two weeks. The Kinesio taping group underwent Kinesio taping and wrist stabilization exercises three times a week for two weeks. Measurements were taken pre-intervention and post-intervention (after two weeks). Results: The evaluation parameters included the visual analog scale score (VAS), grip strength, and daily living skills (PRWE). Post-intervention comparison within the groups showed that both groups showed significantly improved results for all assessments (p<.05). A comparison of the groups showed no significant differences in all assessments (p>.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Mulligan taping with wrist stabilization exercises and Kinesio taping with wrist stabilization exercises reduce wrist pain and increase the grip strength and daily living skills of hospital workers with work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

Background: Cervical headache (CGH) is a common condition that causes serious damage. Mulligan described a sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) as a manual therapy approach to treat this dysfunction. Although there have been several case studies to evaluate the effectiveness of SNAG, the efficacy of SNAG for cervical headaches is still controversial. Therefore, this study examined the effects of Mulligan’s SNAG technique on cervical headache and pain intensity to present basic clinical data. Methods: Thirty-two subjects participated in this study, 16 each in the experimental and control groups. The experimental group applied Mulligan’s SNAGs technique and the control group applied the placebo SNAGs technique. Results: Significant differences (p<.05) in the changes in pain, neck disability index (NDI) and Hamilton rating scale for depression (HRSD) were observed between the two groups. Conclusion: The application of Mulligan’s SNAG technique to patients with cervical headaches effectively reduced headache, depression, and neck dysfunction. Based on this study, Mulligan’s SNAGs technique can be used as an objective research method for additional studies targeting cervical headache patients in the future.

Background: This study investigated the effects of a single-leg hopping test and Q-angle when applying Mulligan taping, flossing bands, and a combination of Mulligan taping and flossing bands to chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients. Methods: The subjects of the study were 68 patients with chronic ankle instability, randomly divided into three groups receiving the following treatments: Mulligan taping (n=22), flossing bands (n=23), and a combination of Mulligan taping and flossing bands (n=23). The immediate effects of the treatments were evaluated using the single-leg hopping test and Q-angle measurement for functional movement before and after the intervention. Results: All three groups showed significant improvements in the single-leg hopping test after the intervention, and there was a significant difference between the performance of the simultaneous application group and the Mulligan taping group (p<.01). As a result of the post-hoc test, there was a significant difference in the simultaneous application group than in the mulligan taping group (p<.01). When measuring the Q-angle change during the activity of descending stairs, there was also a significant effect in all three groups, with no significant differences when comparing the changes between groups (p>.05). Conclusions: In conclusion, Mulligan taping and flossing bands were confirmed as effective interventions for the functional movement of the lower extremities in patients with CAI. This study can provide basic data on the effectiveness of interventions in patients with CAI.

Background: The study aimed to examine changes in muscle activity by measuring the Q-angle and lower extremity activity when going down the stairs, after the application of either Mulligan taping or flossing bands to patients with chronic ankle instability. Methods: A total of 19 men with chronic ankle instability in their 20s and 30s participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the Mulligan taping group (n = 9) and the flossing band group (n=10). The Mulligan taping group had three sets of Mulligan joint operations repeated 10 times, after which the Mulligan tape was applied. The flossing band group either performed functional activities or exercised for 2 minutes after flossing band application. After the application of either Mulligan taping or flossing bands, changes in the Q-angle and lower limb muscular activity while going down the stairs were measured and compared. Results: In the Mulligan taping group, the Q-angle significantly decreased from 13.63° to 12.7° during the step down. Similarly, the Q-angle of the flossing band group significantly decreased from 15.95° to 15.48° (p<.05). There was no difference in lower limb muscle activity between the two groups when going down the stairs. The muscle activity of the tibialis anterior significantly increased from 34.12% to 40.2%, and the difference between the two groups were statistically significant (p<.05). Conclusions: The study found that the application of Mulligan taping and flossing bands to patients with chronic ankle instability decreased the Q-angle and lower limb muscle activity when going down the stairs.

Background: Prolonged smartphone use is a primary cause of wrist pain and functional limitations, leading to a global increase in musculoskeletal disorders. While Mulligan's mobilization with movement (MWM) is an established manual therapy, research on its patient-applied variant, Self-MWM, for this condition remains limited. This study determined the effects of Self-MWM on pain, grip strength, and function in patients with chronic wrist pain from smartphone use. Methods: Forty adults with chronic smartphone-related wrist pain were randomized into a Self-MWM group and a control group performing general stretching and strengthening. Both groups received basic physical therapy (heat and electrical therapy) for 30 minutes, three times weekly for 6 weeks. Outcomes were measured preand post-intervention using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, a hand-held dynamometer for grip strength (GS), and the disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire for function. Results: After 6 weeks, both the Self-MWM and control groups showed statistically significant improvements in pain, grip strength, and function. However, the Self-MWM group demonstrated markedly greater improvements across all measures. Pain reduction, grip strength gain, and functional enhancement were substantially more pronounced in the Self-MWM group, with the differences in improvement between the groups being highly significant (p<.001). Conclusion: Integrating Self-MWM into a standard physical therapy protocol is significantly more effective for managing pain, improving grip strength, and restoring function in patients with smartphone-induced wrist pain. This approach offers a practical, powerful self-management tool for this prevalent musculoskeletal concern.

Background: This study aimed to compare the relative effects of function-focused intervention (mobilization with movement (MWM) combined with resistance strengthening) and sensory-focused intervention (proprioceptive and balance training) on pain, ankle strength, and balance in patients with acute lateral ankle sprains. The goal was to analyze how the composition of early rehabilitation interventions influences recovery patterns. Methods: Forty patients with acute lateral ankle sprains were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). The experimental group received MWM targeting ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion, followed by resistance band exercises. The control group performed proprioceptive training, including single-leg stance, Airex pad balance, and BOSU ball exercises. Both groups underwent interventions three times per week for eight weeks. Pain (VAS), isokinetic muscle strength (60°/sec and 180°/sec), and balance ability (biodex balance system) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in pain reduction, ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion strength, and balance ability compared to the control group (p<.05). In contrast, the control group exhibited limited improvements in balance and no statistically significant changes in muscle strength. Conclusion: A function-oriented combined intervention incorporating MWM and resistance exercises is more effective than sensory-focused training alone for reducing pain and improving ankle strength and balance in the early stages of rehabilitation for acute lateral ankle sprains. These findings support a more integrated and strategic approach to early rehabilitation to promote faster recovery and prevent recurrent injuries. These results provide important clinical evidence supporting the use of comprehensive rehabilitation strategies in managing acute ankle sprains.

Background: Neck pain is recognized as one of the common and important musculoskeletal disorders in modern society. There are many studies proving that manual therapy is one of the effective treatment methods for treating neck pain. This study compared the treatment effects of the Mulligan technique and the McKenzie technique which are widely used in clinical practice to treat neck pain, through changes in neck pain and range of motion. Methods: Forty-five sub-acute patients with mechanical neck pain were randomly divided into groups as Mulligan technique group (n=22) and McKenzie technique group (n=23). The two groups were treated 8 times for 4 weeks. The participants in both groups received home exercise program. Pain (Visual Analog Scale) and range of motion were measured before and after the treatment program. Results: In both group, the pain intensity and range of motion in all direction improved significantly (p<.001). The Mulligan technique was superior to the McKenzie technique in neck extension, lateral flexion, and rotation (p<.01), but there was no difference in neck flexion and pain intensity. Conclusion: Both the Mulligan technique and McKenzie technique were effective on neck pain and ROM in patients with mechanical neck pain. The Mulligan technique is more useful than the McKenzie technique to improve neck extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.

Background: This study aimed to compare the effects of the Mulligan mobilization with movement and McKenzie exercise after applying conservative physical therapy to patients with knee pain. Methods: Patients were randomly allocatied into two groups: the Mulligan mobilization with movement (10 subjects) and the McKenzie technique (10 subjects). Each group was givenr conservative physical therapy and manual therapy sessions, three times week, for four weeks. The pain intensity was measured using the visual analogue scale (VAS). The cervical range of motion (ROM) was measured with a goniometer. Balance was measured using the modified Berg balance scale (BBS). Results: After four weeks of therapy, VAS (p<.05) decreased significantly, and ROM and balance increased siginficantly in both groups(p<.05). There was a significant improvement in knee extension (p<.05) in the McKenzie group compared to the Mulligan group. No intergroup differences were found with respect to the knee flex, VAS, and BBS (p>.05). Conclusion: The McKenzie exercises are more effective than Mulligan mobilization with movement for improving knee extension. Both interventions have the same effects on pain relief, in increasing knee flexion ROM and improving balance in patients with knee pain.

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of between modified mulligan technique and modified mulligan technique with taping on the active range of motion & passive range of motion, scapula index into the stroke patients. Methods: The subjects with s troke were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=9) was conducted modified mulligan technique and Group 2 (n=9) was conducted modified mulligan technique with taping week thre e times for 4weeks. Active range of motion (AROM), passive range of motion (PROM) and scap ula index (SI) were measured by goniometer and tape measure. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests wer e used to compare differences before and after intervention. Mann-Whitney U-test were conduc ted to compare before to after intervention in the two groups. Results: AROM was significantly different both groups (p<.05) and between groups were not significantly different into pre and post intervention (p>.05). PROM was significantly different both groups (p<.05) however, betwee n groups were not significantly different into pre and post intervention (p>.05). SI was significan tly different only group 2 and between groups were not significantly different (p>.05). Conclusio ns: This study demonstrated effective bo-th modified mulligan technique and modified mulligan t echnique with taping on the active range of motion and passive range of motion. Because only modified mulligan technique with taping are effective on the scapula index we recommend mod ified mulligan technique with taping than modified mulligan technique.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of the Mulligan concept bridge technique mobilization and Maitland mobilization applied to the cervicothoracic junction in patients with neck pain accompanied by mobility restrictions. Methods: One hundred and one individuals with neck pain were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group (n=51) received the Mulligan concept bridge technique applied to the cervicothoracic junction, while the control group (n=50) received direction-specific Maitland mobilization. To assess the effects of the interventions were assessed by measuring the cervical range of motion (ROM), muscle tone, and pain levels were measured before and after the treatment. An independent t-test and a paired t-test was were used for between-group comparisons, and a paired t-test was used for and within-group comparisons, respectively. Results: The results showed that the experimental group demonstrated significantly greaterimprovements in cervical extension (p<.01), lateral flexion (p<.05),and rotation range of motion (p<.05), as well as greater reductions inmuscle tone (p<.01) and pain levels (p<.01) compared with the control group, whereas no significant differences were found in flexion or stiffnessbetween the groups. Conclusion: The Mulligan concept bridge technique applied to the cervicothoracic junction demonstrated immediate improvements in cervical range of motion, muscle tone, and pain in patients with restricted neck mobility. These results suggest that this technique may be an effective intervention for patients with neck pain accompanied by movement limitations.