Earticle

Purpose: We aimed to propose and validate a novel method for measuring and analyzing cervical spine range of motion (ROM) using built-in smartphone cameras and artificial intelligence technology. Methods: The participants were 15 healthy men (average age: 22.40±1.30 y, height: 175.60±4.17 cm, weight: 74.07±8.05 kg). Cervical spine ROM during extension, flexion, lateral bending, and rotation was collected using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. An application with the Pose Detection feature of the Google ML Kit was used to capture and record body segment positions. ROM was calculated using Visual 3D software, and multivariate linear regression analysis was performed on the collected data. Results: Lateral flexion (left) had the highest determination coefficient (Adjusted R2=0.851), showing the most consistent biomechanical pattern, while extension had a lower determination coefficient (Adjusted R2=0.747). ROM estimates that regression models had a root mean square error between 4.43° and 5.85° and a normalized root mean square error between 9.90% and 18.03%. Conclusion: This study presents a data-driven approach to understanding cervical motions using smartphones, providing foundational data for clinical evaluation.

본 연구의 목적은 인솔구두의 굽 높이에 따른 평발을 가진 20대 대학생의 보행 시 발목관절의 각도변화에 대해 융복합적 비교를 하는 것이다. 15명의 대학생을 대상으로 동작분석기(Qualisys Track Manager)를 이용하 였다. 인솔이 장착된 기능성 구두를 제작하고, 구두의 굽 높이를 0cm, 3cm와 7cm로 셋팅하였다. 실험대상자들은 두 개의 굽 높이가 있는 구두를 신고 발목관절의 측면에 반사마커를 부착하여 보행을 실시하였다. 보행입각기에서 발목관절의 각도변화를 측정하였다. 평발을 가진 실험대상자가 인솔구두를 착용 시 구두 굽 높이가 높을수록 양측 의 Heel strike, Foot flat, Midstance, Toe off에서 유의한 감소가 나타났다. 따라서 평발을 가진 대상자는 인솔 구두를 착용 시 낮은 구두를 신어야만 발바닥의 피로를 감소시켜 편안한 보행을 할 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to convergence comparison the ankle joint angle change during walking of college students in their 20s with flat foot according to the heel height of insole shoes. Qualisys Track Manager Software ver. 2.8 (Qalisys Track Manager) was used for 15 college students. Functional shoes with insoles were manufactured, and the heel heights of the shoes were set to 3cm and 7cm. The subjects wore shoes with two high heels and gaited by attaching a reflex marker to the side of the ankle joint. The angle change of the ankle joint was measured in the gait stance phase. The angle of the ankle joint significantly decreased both heel strike, foot flat, midstance, and toe off to the heel height increased when the subjects with flat feet wore insole shoes. Therefore, it is thought that flat feet should wear low shoes when wearing insoles to reduce the fatigue of the soles and to walk comfortably.

본 연구는 불안정 판을 이용한 훈련이 높은 굽 신발을 신은 여자대학생의 발목관절의 변위와 동적균형에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위해 실시하였다. 여자 대학생 18명을 무작위로 실험군과 대조군으로 나누고, 굽 높이가 9cm인 신발을 착용 한 후 3D 동작분석기를 이용하여 5m 보행 시의 발뒤꿈치와 발목의 변위를 검사하고, 동적균형능력 평가를 실시하였다. 중재 프로그램은 실험군에게 4주 동안 주 3회, 불안정 판을 이용한 균형 훈련을 실시하고, 대조군에게는 중재를 실시하지 않았다. 연구 결과, 중재 후 실험군의 발목관절의 변위는 전반적으로 감소하였고, 동적균형능력은 유의하게 상승하였다. 대조군은 발목관절의 변위, 동적균형능력의 변화가 거의 없었다. 불안정 판을 이용한 훈련이 대상자들의 발목관절을 안정화 시켜주고 동적균형능력을 향상시키는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of training using unstable plate on displacement and dynamic balance ability of ankle joints in women college students wearing high heel shoes. Subjects were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. 3D motion analysis was performed while walking 9cm high-heeled shoes and walking 5m. Dynamic balanced ability evaluation was performed. The intervention program was administered to experimental subjects three times a week for four weeks. They performed balance training using unstable plates. There was no intervention in the control group. The results showed that the displacement of the ankle joints in the experimental group after the intervention was decreased overall and the dynamic balance ability was significantly increased. The control group showed little change. As a result, the training using unstable plate stabilizes the ankle joints and improves the dynamic balance ability of the subjects wearing high-heeled shoes.

목적 : 만성 경직성 편마비 환자에서 보툴리눔 독소 근 주입 후 상지 운동기능 개선을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 뇌졸중 발병 후 12개월 이상이 경과된 만성기 편마비 환자 18명을 대상으로 환측 상지의 요측수근굴근, 척측수근굴근, 심지굴근, 천지굴근에 보툴리눔 독소를 각각 25 단위 주사하였다. 평가는 주사 전, 주사 2주 후와 8 주 후의 상지 기능 변화 및 동작 분석을 시행하였다. 상지의 경우 수정 에쉬워스 척도와 도수 근력 평가, 뇌졸중 상 지 기능 평가, 수지의 파악력 및 측면 집기력을 평가하였고 정량 분석을 위하여 3차원 동작 분석기를 이용하여 손 목관절의 최대 굴곡-최대 신전, 손바닥 두드리기, 검지 두드리기, 30cm 추적운동의 동작을 분석하였다. 결과 : 보툴리눔 독소를 주사 후 마비측 수지의 파악력, 측면 집기력에서는 유의한 변화가 없었으나 손목관절의 신 전, 수지의 신전 근력, 뇌졸중 상지 기능 평가에서 유의한 호전이 관찰되었다(p<.05). 3차원 동작 분석기를 이용한 상지 기능의 평가에서 손목관절 최대 굴곡-손목관절 신전 동작의 관절운동범위에서 유의한 호전이 관찰되었으며 손목관절 최대 굴곡-손목관절 신전 동작 및 손바닥 두드리기와 검지 두드리기 동작에서 진동수의 유의한 증가와 변이도의 유의한 감소는 관찰되지 않았으나 진폭의 유의한 증가가 관찰 되었다(p<.05). 결론 : 만성 경직성 편마비 환자에서 환측 상지에 대한 보툴리눔 독소 치료는 상지 운동기능 개선에 유의한 효과를 보였다.

Objective : The objective of this research was to determine the effects of Botulinum toxin A on the arm motor function in chronic spastic hemiplegic patients. Methods : A total of 18 patients who suffered from chronic spastic hemiplegia over 12 months after a brain injury, with wrist and finger strengths of more than a poor minus grade, were enrolled. Botulinum toxin 25 IU (Botox@) was injected into the flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis, and flexor digitorum profundus of each subject's hemiplegic arm. The outcome was assessed by a manual muscle test for arm strength, a dynamometer, a pinch gauge for grip and pinch power, Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Manual Function Test (MFT) and CMS10 measuring system for motion analysis at baseline, after 2 weeks, and after an additional 6 weeks of post-injection. Results : After 8 weeks of injection, the subjects’grip and pinch power did not increase significantly. MAS was decreased significantly and wrist extension strength, finger extension strength, and MFT score were increased significantly(p<.05). There were significant improvements in the range of motion score of the passive wrist flexion-active extension movement, as well as in the amplitude of the wrist flexion-extension movement, and hand and finger tap motions (p<.05). Conclusion : A Botulinum toxin injection maybe an effective treatment for spasticity and motor function in chronic spastic hemiplegic patients.

목적 : 본 연구는 뻗기 과제를 수행하는 동안 팔과 체간의 움직임에 있어서의 차이를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 정상 성인을 대상으로 책상 위에서의 팔뻗기 과제 수행시 거리에 따른 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 움직임을 알아보기 위하여 대상자의 팔의 길이에 비례하여 다양한 거리에서의 팔뻗기 과제를 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 상지에 선천적인 기형, 심각한 외과적 혹은 신경학적 질환이나 지난 1년 동안 상지의 외상이나 통증을 경험했던 사람은 제외한, 우세 손이 오른손인 건강한 성인 20명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 상지움직임의 변화는 실시간 삼차원 동작분석 장치인 CMS-HS를 사용하였다. 팔길이에 대한 50%, 70%, 90%, 110%, 130% 거리의 작업수행시 체간의 움직임이 측정되었고, 단일 표식자에서 얻어진 속도와 움직인 거리 그리고 체간과 상지의 최대속도시간을 나누어 처리하였다. 결과 : 거리가 증가하는 동안 체간의 움직임은 팔의 길이의 90%의 거리에서부터 체간의 움직임이 유의하게 증가됨을 보였다(p.<05). 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전은 팔길이의 70% 거리에서부터 유의한 회전을 나타내기 시작했다(p.<05). 팔과 체간의 최대속도 도달시간은 팔길이의 70%, 90% 110%의 거리에서는 팔의 최대속도 도달시간이 먼저 나타났고, 팔길이의 130%의 거리에서는 체간의 최대속도 도달시간이 팔보다 먼저 나타남을 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과 거리에 따라 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전과 굴곡이 유의하게 일어나는 거리를 알 수 있었고, 거리에 따른 체간의 운동속도에 있어서의 움직임 패턴을 예측할 수 있었다. 따라서 상지 손상이 있는 환자들의 책상 위에서의 작업 수행이나 작업치료시 작업이 일어나는 거리에 따라 체간의 올바른 움직임을 위한 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to research the movement of arm and trunk during reaching activities. Methods : Experiments were performed on 20 subjects. They had no medical history of neurological and surgical problems with their arms and right handed persons. Using a regular cup, they moved the cup from one point to another. There are 5 point which is at different distance from the edge of desk on same line. These point was determined according to the length of arm(50%, 70%, 90%, 110%, 130%). We used 3-D analysis system called CMS-HW. This system uses supersonic waves and catch the position of sensor at every moment. We analyzed the movement in arms and trunk, including the distance in the movement of arm and trunk, the timing of peak velocity of arm, degree of trunk rotation. Results : This study shows that the amount of distance in trunk movement significantly increased both 70% and 90%, the amount of degree in trunk suddenly increased both 50% and 70%, and the amount of time to reach the peak velocity in trunk is faster than in arm only at 130%. Conclusion : We should concern the related motion of arm and trunk when we re-educate reaching movement for patients with motor problems.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the range of motion (ROM) and functional limitations using the Selective Functional Movement Assessment (SFMA) and XsensMVN motion analysis system. The goal was to evaluate the reliability of SFMA by comparing it with the quantitative data of XsensMVN, ultimately establishing objective criteria for functional movement assessment in clinical and rehabilitation settings. Design: A cross-sectional study design was employed, comparing the ROM of healthy adults across various functional movements. SFMA scores were used to classify participants into functional and limited-function groups, and Xsens MVN data were analyzed to validate SFMA results through cut-off values, sensitivity, and specificity. Methods: The study involved 25 healthy adults (9 males, 16 females, aged 23.60 ± 3.39 years). Participants performed 10 SFMA Top-Tier movements while wearing XsensMVN sensors, which measured joint angles in real-time. SFMA scores were recorded for each movement. Statistical analysis included independent sample tests and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine cut-off values and diagnostic accuracy. Results: Significant differences were observed between SFMA scores and XsensMVN data, and cut-off values were established for each movement. These results demonstrate the potential of combining SFMA and XsensMVN to enhance the reliability of movement assessments and provide objective evaluations of functional limitations. Conclusions: The integrated use of SFMA and Xsens MVN can improve the efficiency of functional movement analysis in physical therapy and rehabilitation. This approach extends the clinical applicability of SFMA by providing objective cut-off values and diagnostic accuracy indicators such as sensitivity and specificity. These findings can assist clinicians in making more informed decisions during movement evaluations and facilitate the development of tailored intervention strategies in clinical settings.

Objective To evaluate diaphragmatic motion via M-mode ultrasonography and to correlate it with pulmonary function in stroke patients.Methods This was a preliminary study comprised of ten stroke patients and sixteen healthy volunteers. The M-mode ultrasonographic probe was positioned in the subcostal anterior region of the abdomen for transverse scanning of the diaphragm during quiet breathing, voluntary sniffing, and deep breathing. We analyzed diaphragmatic motion and the relationship between diaphragmatic motion and pulmonary function.Results All stroke patients had restrictive pulmonary dysfunction. Compared to that exhibited by control subjects, stroke patients exhibited a significant unilateral reduction in motion on the hemiplegic side, primarily during volitional breathing. Diaphragmatic excursion in right-hemiplegic patients was reduced on both sides compared to that in control subjects. However, diaphragmatic excursion was reduced only on the left side and increased on the right side in left-hemiplegic patients compared to that in control subjects. Left diaphragmatic motion during deep breathing correlated positively with forced vital capacity (rho=0.86, p=0.007) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (rho=0.79, p=0.021).Conclusion Reductions in diaphragmatic motion and pulmonary function can occur in stroke patients. Thus, this should be assessed prior to the initiation of rehabilitation therapy, and M-mode ultrasonography can be used for this purpose. It is a non-invasive method providing quantitative information that is correlated with pulmonary function.

Objective: This study aimed to quantify one of the useful upper extremity movements to evaluate motor control abilities between the groups of people with mild and moderate arm impairments performing a door handling task. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-one healthy participants and twenty-one persons with chronic stroke (9 mild stroke and 12 moderate stroke) were recruited for this study. Stroke participants were divided into 2 groups based on Fugle-Meyer Assessment scores of 58-65 (mild arm) and 38-57 (moderate arm). All they performed door handling task including the pronation and supination phases 3 times. We measured some movement factors which were reaction time, movement time, hand of peak velocity, hand of movement units to perform door handling task using the three-dimensional motion analysis. Results: The majority of kinematic variables showed significant differences among study groups (p<0.05). The reaction time, total and phase of movement time, hand of peak velocity, the number of movement units discriminated between healthy participants and persons with moderate upper limb stroke (p<0.05). In addition, reaction time, total and phase of movement time, the number of movement units discriminated between those with moderate and mild upper limbs of stroke patients (p<0.05). Conclusions: Three-dimensional kinematic motion analysis in this study was a useful tool for assessing the upper extremity function in different subgroups of people with stroke during the door handling task. These kinematic variables may help clinicians understand the arm movements in door handling task and consist of discriminative therapeutic interventions for stroke patients on upper extremity rehabilitation.

Background An artificial intelligence-assisted motion-analysis system without markers, OpenPose, is used to calculate joint angles in sports and medical analyses. Measuring the angles of the hip and knee joint in the frontal plane during the performance of weight-bearing activities is valuable in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of OpenPose using a pre-trained human motion-tracking algorithm for measuring the angles of the hip and knee joint in the frontal plane during standing hip abduction, semi-squat movements, and forward step-down movements compared with marker-based three-dimensional motion analysis. Study design Cross-sectional study Methods Eight individuals with PFPS participated in the current study. To investigate the validity of OpenPose, the angles of the hip and knee in the frontal plane were measured simultaneously with a smartphone camera using the OpenPose library and Vicon as the gold-standard motion-analysis system while performing three weight-bearing activities. Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the validity of the OpenPose-based motion-analysis system. Results Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.04 to 0.61 on the more symptomatic side and from 0.02 to 0.88 on the less symptomatic side for the three weight-bearing activities. When performing standing hip abduction and step-down movements, the validity of the measurements of hip abduction was fair or good. When performing semi-squat movements, the validity of the knee abduction measurements was fair. Conclusions The OpenPose-based motion-analysis system can provide fair or good level of validity of measurements of frontal hip and knee angles during weight-bearing activities of individuals with PFPS in real environments and for remote rehabilitation.

Background: Hallux valgus (HV) is a foot deformity developed by mediolateral deviation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Although various foot-toe orthoses were used to correct the HV angle, verification of the effects of kinetics variables such as ground reaction force (GRF) through three-dimensional (3D) gait analysis according to the various type of orthoses for HV is insufficient. Objects: This study aimed to investigate the effect of soft and hard types of foot and toe orthoses to correct HV deformity on the GRF in individuals with HV using 3D motion analysis system during walking. Methods: Twenty-six subjects participated in the experiment. Participants had HV angle of more than 15° in both feet. Two force platforms were used to obtain 3D GRF data for both feet and a 3D motion capture system with six infrared cameras was used to measure exact stance phase point such as heel strike or toe off period. Total walk trials of each participant were 8 to 10, the walkway length was 6 m. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effects of each orthosis condition on the various GRF values. Results: The late anteroposterior maximal force and a first vertical peak force of the GRF showed that the hard type orthosis condition significantly increased GRF compared to the other orthosis conditions (p < 0.05). Conclusion: There were significant effects in GRF values when wearing the hard type foot orthosis. However, the hard type foot orthosis was uncomfortable to wear during walking. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new foot-toe orthosis that can compensate for these disadvantages.

Objective To investigate the eff ect of Comprehensive Hand Repetitive Intensive Strength Training (CHRIST) on upper limb function in children with cerebral palsy using motion analysis. Method Th e subjects in this study included 19 children (10 males, 9 females, mean age=8.8 years) with cerebral palsy. Th e experimental group (n=10) received CHRIST and general rehabilitation therapy. Th e control group (n=9) received a home program as well as general rehabilitation therapy. Both groups received30 sessions of CHRIST or home program training for 60 minutes per session 3 times a week during the 10-week period. The reaching movements were captured by a motion analysis system. Kinematic variables including movement time (MT), mean velocity (MV),normalized jerk score (NJS), mean angular velocity (MAV) and normalized jerk score of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint with comfortable and fast speed were analyzed between groups and the pre-post training group. Results After pre- and post-training experimental group, MT, MV, NJS, MAV of shoulder, elbow, wrist and NJS of elbow and wrist improved significantlyin reaching movement of both comfortable and fast speed (p<0.05). However, After pre- and post-training control group, MV improved significantlyin reaching movement of only comfortable speed (p<0.05). Between two groups, MT and MAV of the elbow at comfortable speed and NJS of the elbow at fast speed were statisticallysignifi cant (p<0.05). Conclusion CHRIST proved to be an effective intervention for improving upper limb extremity function of reaching movement in children with cerebral palsy.

Objective To investigate the effects of adjuvant mental practice (MP) on affected upper limb function following a stroke using three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis.Methods In this AB/BA crossover study, we studied 10 hemiplegic patients who had a stroke within the past 6 months. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups: one group received MP combined with conventional rehabilitation therapy for the first 3 weeks followed by conventional rehabilitation therapy alone for the final 3 weeks; the other group received the same therapy but in reverse order. The MP tasks included drinking from a cup and opening a door. MP was individually administered for 20 minutes, 3 days a week for 3 weeks. To assess the tasks, we used 3D motion analysis and three additional tests: the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE) and the motor activity logs for amount of use (MAL-AOU) and quality of movement (MAL-QOM). Assessments were performed immediately before treatment (T0), 3 weeks into treatment (T1), and 6 weeks into treatment (T2).Results Based on the results of the 3D motion analysis and the FMA-UE index (p=0.106), the MAL-AOU scale (p=0.092), and MAL-QOM scale (p=0.273), adjuvant MP did not result in significant improvements.Conclusion Adjuvant MP had no significant effect on upper limb function following a stroke, according to 3D motion analysis and three clinical assessment tools (the FMA-UE index and the two MAL scales). The importance of this study is its use of objective 3D motion analysis to evaluate the effects of MP. Further studies will be needed to validate these findings.

Background: Although magnetic resonance imaging is accurate, it is expensive to measure the movement of temporomandibular joint. The three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system is an inexpensive measurement tool. Objects: This study examined the reliability of quantifying the mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift and differences between individuals with and without temporomandibular disorder (TMD) using the hygienic method of surface markers on the skin with 3D ultrasound-based motion analysis. Methods: This study included 24 subjects (12 with and 12 without TMD). Temporomandibular joint motion during mouth opening was recorded using two surface markers with 3D ultrasound-based motion analysis. An intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC (3,k)] was used to confirm the intrarater reliability of quantifying kinematic temporomandibular joint motion, and an independent t-test was used to evaluate differences in maximal mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift between the two groups. Results: Assessment of mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift showed excellent test-retest reliability with low standard error of measurement. The lateral mandibular shift and opening-lateral mandibular shift ratio were significantly increased in the TMD group during maximum mouth opening (p<.05). However, no significant difference in maximal mouth opening was observed between the groups with and without TMD (p>.05). Conclusion: This hygienic and simple surface marker method can be used to quantify the mouth opening and lateral mandibular shift at the end-range of mouth opening. The TMD group showed an increased lateral mandibular shift movement at the end-range of mouth opening. The lateral mandibular shift movement can be regarded as a symptom in the diagnosis and treatment of TMD.

Background: As social problems due to the acceleration of the aging era and the increase in the elderly population are becoming serious, virtual reality (VR)-based healthcare is emerging as an approach for preventing and managing health issues. Objects: This study used validity and reliability analyses to examine the clinical efficacy that is, the clinical value and usability of a novel VR cognitive evaluation system index that we developed. Methods: We developed a VR cognitive evaluation system based on motion recognition analysis evaluation for individuals aged 65 to 85. After conducting the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Exam (K-MMSE) cognitive evaluation, the evaluation score was verified through correlation analysis in the VR cognitive evaluation system. To verify the construct validity of the two groups, the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) grades were categorized into a normal cognitive group (GDS grade 1) and a cognitive impairment group (GDS grades 2 and 3). The data were measured twice to determine the reliability between the two measurements and assess the stability and clinical value of the evaluation system. Results: Our evaluation system had a high correlation of 0.85 with the widely used K-MMSE cognitive evaluation. The system had strong criterion-related validity at the 95% confidence interval. Compared to the average score of GDS grade 1 in the VR cognitive evaluation system, the average score of GDS grades 2 and 3 in the VR cognitive evaluation system was statistically significantly lower while also having strong construct validity at the 95% confidence interval. To measure the reliability of the VR cognitive evaluation system, tests-retests were conducted using the intraclass correlation coefficient (3,1), which equaled 0.923 and was statistically significant. Conclusion: The VR cognitive evaluation system we developed is a valid and reliable clinical tool to distinguish between normal cognitive status and mild cognitive impairment.

In blood flow passing through the mechanical heart valve (MHV) and elastic blood vessel, hemolysis and platelet activation causing thrombus formation can be seen owing to the shear stress in the blood. Also, fracture and deformation of leaflets can be observed depending on the shape and material properties of the leaflets which is opened and closed in a cycle. Hence, comprehensive study is needed on the hemodynamics which is associated with the motion of leaflet and elastic blood vessel in terms of fluid-structure interaction. In this paper, a numerical analysis has been performed for a three-dimensional pulsatile blood flow associated with the elastic blood vessel and curved bileaflet for multiple cycles in light of fluid-structure interaction. From this analysis fluttering phenomenon and rebound of the leaflet have been observed and recirculation and regurgitation have been found in the flow fields of the blood. Also, the pressure distribution and the radial displacement of the elastic blood vessel have been obtained. The motion of the leaflet and flow fields of the blood have shown similar tendency compared with the previous experiments carried out in other studies. The present study can contribute to the design methodology for the curved bileaflet mechanical heart valve. Furthermore, the proposed fluid-structure interaction method will be effectively used in various fields where the interaction between fluid flow and structure are involved.

Purpose: The main purpose of this meta-analysis was to identify the degree of effect size and variables for the impact of manual physical therapy on the improvement in the range of motion of frozen shoulder patients. Methods: This study collected 8 studies published between 1st January 2010 and 31st December 2020. The analysis of the results verified 49 effect size data and the random effect model was chosen. Results: First, the full case showed the largest mean effect size of 2.485 (p<0.001). Second, the size of the effect based on manual therapy and modality therapy showed an effect size of 4.178 (p<0.001). Third, the outcome group included 6 variables. The external rotation (2.818) variable group showed the largest mean effect size, followed by internal rotation (2.748), flexion (2.643), abduction (2.356), and adduction (2.356). Six outcomes were significant and the mean effect sizes of all the varied groups were above large size. The number of participants showed a 20 or less effect size of 2.478 (p>0.737). The number of intervention periods showed 4 weeks 20 or more effect size of 2.782 (p>0.294). Finally, the 'Trim and Fill' result confirmed that the calibration effect size was 1.471 (p<0.001). Conclusion: This study verified that manual physical therapy had a substantial effect on the improvement of the range of motion of patients with frozen shoulders and that the effects were dependent on the methods of outcomes.

In this paper, we present facial expression recognition using feature-adaptive motion analysis and ID3 decision tree. Our method optimized the information gain heuristics of ID3 and consists of three parts: (1) simple geometric face model representation, (2) effective facial feature extraction using feature selection and feature-adaptive motion analysis, and (3) computationally inexpensive rule-based classification using ID3 tree. Our methods avoids complicated face model representation such as 3D modeling of human face, rather it uses FAC5-alike but much simpler face model by using fewer features and their actions. Feature selection and feature-adaptive motion analysis estimate motion patterns in fast and effective manner by assigning computational complexity on necessary parts only. Moreover, information gain heuristics of ID3 tree forces the classification to be done with minimal Boolean comparison. The performance was acceptable with overall recognition accuracy of 77% for JAFFE database (95 expressed images).

제조업에 있어 공정의 효율성은 제품의 경쟁력과 직결되는 중요한 요소이다. 특히 최근 여러 국가와 FTA체결로 인해 국내외 제조업이 치열한 경쟁에 직면함에 따라 생산시간을 보다 단축하기 위한 정교한 작업관리 시스템이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동작분석 솔루션을 활용하여 제조공정의 효율성을 제고하는 방안을 모색하고자 한다. 동작분석 솔루션을 활용하여 최적화 검증 후 제조공정을 개선할 경우 추가적인 공정 수정 또는 보완에 소요되는 비용을 절감할 수 있으며, 기업의 생산성 향상이라는 실질적 효과를 도출할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 작업현장의 낭비개선, 작업편성효율개선, 기종교체시간 단축, 표준시간 측정 및 작업시스템 표준화 등을 구현할 수 있다.

Efficiency of Process in manufacturing industry is a critical factor to connect directly to competitiveness of product. In particular, due to FTAs with various worlds around the world, the domestic and overseas manufacturing industries are facing intense competitions, and it requires elaborate task management system for shortening production time. This study aims at seeking how to raise efficiency of manufacturing process, using motion analysis solution. When improving the process of manufacturing after verifying optimization using motion analysis solution, it can save costs for additional process, modification, or supplement. It can also deduce practical effect to improve productivity of companies. It is expected that the study will contribute to improve wastes in the work field and task assignment efficiency, to shorten time replacing equipment, to measure standard time, and to standardize task system.

제조업에 있어 효율적인 제조공정을 위해 기업의 생산성 향상 및 원가절감은 현 제조기업의 절실한 과제 이다. 효율적인 제조공정 설계와 생산성향상을 위해 동작분석 및 가상현실기반의 테스트베드 연계시스템을 활용하 여 불필요한 요소제거를 통해 효율적인 제조공정 방법을 연구한다. 가상의 사전 공정배치 시뮬레이션을 통한 최적 화 검증 후 작업라인을 구축할 경우 추가적인 공정 수정 또는 보완에 소요되는 비용을 절감하고, 이는 결과적으로 기업의 제조경쟁력 향상이라는 실질적 효과를 도출할 수 있다. 본 연구를 통해 설계기간 단축, 설비개선, 자동화, 인간공학 실현, 프로세스 개선 등을 하여 생산성 향상, 품질 향상, 비용절감뿐만 아니라 안전 및 건강에 대한 직원 만족을 달성할 수 있다.

For manufacturing industry to achieve efficient manufacturing process, improving a company’s productivity and reducing cost is a required task of the current manufacturing companies. For design of efficient manufacturing process and improvement of productivity, efficient manufacturing process method is studied through removal of unnecessary elements analyzing motions and using test-bed linkage system based on virtual reality. When building process line after verifying optimization through virtual process arrangement simulation in advance, it is available to save additional cost for process modification or supplement to result in practical effects of improving a company’s manufacturing competition. Reducing design period, improving equipment, making automation, realizing ergonomics, and improving process through this study, it will be available to achieve improvement of productivity, enhancement of quality, cost reduction as well as employees’ satisfaction for safety and health.