Earticle

Purpose: This study investigated the moderating role of general self-efficacy (GSE) on how stress caused by pregnancy and daily hassle affect the risk of preterm birth (PTB) in women experiencing preterm labor. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 196 pregnant women experiencing preterm labor before 37 weeks of gestation. We used IBM SPSS Statistics 27 and employed Hayes process macro version 4 (model 1) and hierarchical regression to analyze the moderating effect of GSE on the relationship between pregnancy stress, daily hassle stress, and PTB risk. Results: Stress caused by pregnancy and daily hassle was positively correlated to PTB risk (r = .54, p < .001; r = .25, p < .001, respectively). While GSE did not significantly correlate with pregnancy stress, it negatively correlated with daily hassle stress (r = - .19, p = .009). GSE significantly moderated the relationship between combined stressors and PTB risk. As GSE levels increased, escalation in PTB risk in response to increasing stress levels was a more pronounced, highlighting a complex interaction between higher GSE levels and response to escalating stress levels. This model accounted for 39.5% of the variance in the PTB risk. Conclusion: Higher GSE may amplify the impact of stress on PTB risk, rather than mitigate it, which suggests a more nuanced role of GSE in the stress response of pregnant women at risk of preterm labor. GSE should be considered in care strategies, and managing its impact on stress perception and responses in pregnant women is crucial.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the moderating effect of digital device use on the relationship between social exclusion and depression among older adults. Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using the 2020 National Survey of Older Koreans. Data from 5,656 young-old adults (aged 65~74 years) and 4,274 old-old adults (aged≥75 years) were analyzed. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and hierarchical logistic regression analyses were employed. Results: Social exclusion was positively associated with depression in both age groups. Digital device use significantly moderated this relationship in the old-old group (β=-.06, p=.001), attenuating the effect of social exclusion on depression. Conclusion: These findings indicate that digital device use may serve as an effective means of alleviating and preventing depression among older adults. The results support the development of policies aimed at enhancing digital literacy for this population.

Purpose: This study investigated the moderating role of marital satisfaction in the relationship between acculturative stress and psychological distress among marriage migrant women in South Korea. Methods: We recruited 142 marriage migrant women from a metropolitan city in the southwestern region of the Korean Peninsula and used survey questionnaires to collect information on demographics as well as inventories assessing acculturative stress, psychological distress, and marital satisfaction. Results: We found that acculturative stress significantly affected psychological distress. Marriage migrant women experiencing higher levels of acculturative stress reported greater psychological distress. We further found that marital satisfaction moderated the relationship between acculturative stress and psychological distress. Specifically, low levels of marital satisfaction strengthened the association between acculturative stress and psychological distress. In contrast, among women with high levels of marital satisfaction, the relationship between acculturative stress and psychological distress was still present but relatively weaker. Conclusions: These findings suggest that marital satisfaction is a critical variable that prevents the adverse effects of acculturative stress on psychological distress among marriage migrant women in South Korea.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between perceived stress and depression in patients newly diagnosed with ischemic heart disease. Methods: This study had a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using a structured self-report questionnaire, which covered demographic characteristics, perceived stress, depression, and physical activity. Multiple linear regression was used to determine whether perceived stress and physical activity influenced depression, after controlling for demographic characteristics. The moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between perceived stress and depression was analyzed using model 1 of the PROCESS macro (bootstrap sample size=5,000). Results: The findings revealed that the level of depression was higher in women (p=.003), individuals without a spouse (p=.004), and those with an average monthly income of less than 3 million won (p=.045). The regression results showed that perceived stress was associated with a significant increase in the level of depression (β=.53, p<.001), and low physical activity was also a significant predictor of depression (β=.16, p=.013). The moderating effect of physical activity on the relationship between perceived stress and depression was confirmed, indicating that when physical activity was high, the impact of perceived stress on depression was weaker than when physical activity was low (B=-0.37, p=.038). Conclusion: The findings suggest the need to implement a nursing program that can enhance physical activity and early screening for stress and depression in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Many people seek professional help because of self-harm, signaling a crisis in domestic mental health issues. Neuroticism sig- nificantly predicts self-harm through experiential avoidance as a coping strategy in response to negative stimuli. However, despite neurotic tendencies, a person with a high level of psychological flexibility may have the capacity to respond construc- tively to unpleasant situations or emotions. The current study measured neuroticism (K-IPIP-NEO-120), self-harm (K-SHI), and psychological flexibility (K-AAQ-II) in 551 South Korean adults (M= 271, F= 280, age range: 20?59 years). Results showed that psychological flexibility moderated the relationship between neuroticism and self-harm. Neuroticism significantly pre- dicted self-harming behaviors when psychological flexibility was low or moderate, whereas high psychological flexibility pre- vented the risk of a connection between neuroticism and self-harm. Psychological flexibility may need to be addressed in clinical interventions and in self-harm prevention.

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of driving stress on traffic accident risk. Specifically, the study verified whether a driver's speed desire frustration plays a control role in the relations between driving stress and traffic accident risk. As a result, a driver's speed desire frustration level played a control role in the relation between driving stress and traffic accident risk. This indicates that a driver's speed desire frustration level change driving stress sensitivities, thus changing the effects of selecting coping behavior types and causing differences in total traffic accident risk. The results show that the mere concentration on driving stress management cannot sufficiently lower the traffic accident risks caused by driving stress. This is because driving stress have indirect influences on traffic accident risk. Hence, it will be necessary to seek how to reduce driving stress and control coping behavior types in order to lower the traffic accidents risk by the stress.

Personality, especially neuroticism has been found related to be related with poor sleep quality. This study focused on emotion regulation, reappraisal and suppression, which can buffer or aggravate the effect of neuroticism influencing sleep quality. One hundred and forty two ordinary adults were used in this study and were recruited and required to complete a package of questionnaires including: the Eysenck personality Questionnaire/EPQ, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire/ERQ, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index/PSQI. The result was that participants with higher neuroticism had poorer sleep qualities than those with lower neuroticism. Moreover, participants that had high neuroticism and high reappraisal had better sleep qualities. This means that there was an interaction effect of neuroticism and reappraisal on sleep quality. However, suppression did not have a moderating effect on the relation between neuroticism and sleep quality. These findings inferred that reappraisal plays an important moderating role (buffering effect) on the relationship between neuroticism and sleep quality. Reappraisal cannot only prevent people high in neuroticism from sleep problems but can also buffer symptoms of sleep disorder by treating patient's negative emotions.

This study examined whether personal and community resilience moderated the association between COVID-19 stress and depression among infected individuals. Data were collected from 262 adults who tested positive for COVID-19 (107 men and 155 women). Moderation analyses were conducted using the PROCESS macro (version 2.16) for SPSS. COVID-19 stress was significantly associated with higher levels of depression. Personal resilience significantly moderated this relationship, and self-regulation ability and positivity were significant moderators among its subfactors. Although community resilience did not show a significant overall moderating effect, leadership, one of its subfactors, significantly moderated the association between COVID-19 stress and depression. These findings suggest that personal resilience and specific aspects of community resilience may mitigate the adverse psychological effects of COVID-19 stress. The results provide an empirical foundation for interventions aimed at reducing depression and promoting psychological adjustment among infected individuals.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine whether Korean language proficiency moderates the relationship between international students' self-rated health status and quality of life (QoL) in South Korea, given the critical role of language skills in cultural adaptation and well-being. Methods: A secondary analysis was conducted using data from the 2023 Seoul Survey on Foreign Residents. The sample included 409 international students residing in Seoul. Hierarchical multiple regression and PROCESS macro (Model 1) were used to examine the moderating effect of Korean language proficiency on the relationship between self-rated health status and QoL. Results: Self-rated health status and Korean language proficiency were each positively associated with QoL, and the moderating effect of language proficiency was statistically significant. Among international students with low Korean proficiency, the association between self-rated health status and QoL was strong, whereas this relationship was negligible among those with high proficiency. These findings suggest that Korean language proficiency buffers the negative impact of poor health on QoL. Conclusion: Korean language proficiency is a protective factor for international students' QoL, mitigating the negative effects of poor self-rated health status. These findings underscore the need for integrated, culturally sensitive health policies and support programs that reduce language barriers and promote language acquisition to enhance the well-being of international students.

In forming judgments and inferences based on memory, people not only rely on the content information retrieved from memory but also use their subjective ease or difficulty experience of retrieval as a source of information (Schwarz and Clore, 2007). The present study examines the moderating role of an individual’s need for cognition in his or her use of retrieval ease as information in forming product attitudes after self-generating reasons in favor of a product. In doing so, the present study also tests for two possible mediating mechanisms: perceived availability- vs. validity-based mechanism. The results show that retrieval ease (experienced in self-generating reasons) influences product attitudes when people are low on need for cognition but not when they are high on need for cognition. In addition, the ease effect on product attitudes (that was contingent upon need for cognition) was found to be mediated by the perceived availability of reasons. Several implications for practice and future research are also discussed.

Purpose: This study examined the interactions between the job strain and social support in the workplace on the development of workrelated neck pain in office workers. Methods: The participants included 62 office workers without neck pain over the last twelve months. A battery of measures evaluating the potential workplace risk factors in office settings were conducted at the baseline, and at the 12 month incidence of work-related neck pain was reported via monthly questionnaires. Survival analysis evaluated the interaction effect between job strain and social support on the development of work-related neck pain. Results: The incidence of work-related neck pain was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.06 - 3.45) per 100 person months. The interaction effect between job strain and social support found that job strain may increase the risk of developing new work-related neck pain when lower social support existed in the workplace. On the other hand, the adverse effects of job strain on the development of neck pain were not significant when workers had higher social support from their colleagues and supervisors. Conclusion: An investigation of the moderating effects of risk factors on neck pain might reveal the unexplained relationship between the risk factors for the development of neck pain in office workers. Therefore, the interest in prevention plans and treatments should involve a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors at workplace.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine whether perceived parental alienation mediates the relationship between parental and adolescent depressive symptoms, and, if so, whether parents’ subjective health moderates this indirect effect. Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from the 2021 wave of the Panel Study on Korean Children, enrolling 541 parent?child dyads. Parental depression was measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-6, a self-rated health item, the Korean version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Chil- dren, and a 6-item perceived alienation scale. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations, and variance inflation factor checks were conducted, followed by mediation and moder- ated mediation analyses using PROCESS Models 4 and 7 with 10,000 bootstraps in IBM SPSS ver. 27.0. Results: Parental depression did not directly predict adolescent depression (B=.02, t=.87) but was significantly related to perceived alienation (B=.16, p<.001), which in turn pre- dicted higher adolescent depression (B=.20, p<.001). The indirect effect of alienation was also significant (B=.039; 95% confidence interval, 0.005?0.066). Subjective health moderat- ed the depression?alienation link (interaction B=.19, p<.001), with stronger indirect ef- fects observed among parents with better health. Conclusion: Parental depression symptoms indirectly increase adolescent depression through perceived alienation, particularly when parents viewed their health positively. These results suggest that interventions targeting parental mental health and fostering open-family communication may help reduce adolescent depression.

Emotional distress tolerance has been considered a lower-order dimension of distress tolerance as well as being closely related to pain tolerance. However, there is accumulating evidence that emotional distress tolerance and pain tolerance might not be associated with each other in individuals with psychological problems related to repetitive painful events. This study aimed to examine the role of painful events in the relationship between emotional distress tolerance and pain tolerance. Three hundred undergraduate students completed measures of emotional distress tolerance, pain tolerance, painful events, depression, and anxiety. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that painful events moderated the relationship between emotional distress tolerance and pain tolerance even after controlling for the effects of depression and anxiety on pain tolerance. More specifically, it was found that painful events weakened the relationship between emotional distress tolerance and pain tolerance. These findings highlight the need for further exploration of the relationship between emotional distress tolerance and pain tolerance.

The purpose of this study was to examine how positive and negative emotions fluctuate over time within one workday and to investigate the moderating effects of neuroticism and job satisfaction. Data were obtained from 201 Seoul citizens in Korea using the Day Reconstruction Method (Kahneman, Krueger, Schkade, Schwarz, & Stone, 2004). Data revealed that negative emotions increased over time; positive emotions did not show such a pattern. Job satisfaction correlated positively with average positive emotions and negatively with average negative emotions. Neuroticism correlated significantly and in opposite directions with average positive and negative emotions, but did not correlate significantly with the variability of emotions within a work day. Additionally, neuroticism had a significant moderating effect on the changing pattern of negative (but not positive) emotions over time, such that the negative emotions of workers with high levels of neuroticism increased more sharply than the negative emotions of workers with low levels of neuroticism. Contrary to expectation, job satisfaction did not moderate the pattern of positive or negative emotions at work. Changing patterns of negative emotions may be predictive of occupational accidents and diurnal patterns of positive emotions may be predictive of optimal concentration and efficiency at work. These patterns may also have implications for when we administer surveys in the workplace, when a boss should share bad news with his/her employees.

This study examined whether subjective age (SA) protects against the adverse effects of low social activity on cognitive func tion in older people. Data from the National Survey of Older Koreans collected during the COVID-19 pandemic were ana lyzed to test this hypothesis. Among the 10,097 older adults aged 65 and older, 9,878 who met the inclusion criteria were se lected. Participants were classified into “older SA” (n=6,437) and “youthful SA” (n=3,441). The results demonstrated that low social activities decreased cognitive function (B= .55, t= 6.20, p< .001), and this effect was more pronounced in the older SA group (B=.82, t=11.55, p<.001), suggesting that the older SA group is more vulnerable to limited social activities. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the reduced social activity of older adults negatively affected their cognitive function. However, these results suggest that maintaining a youthful mind can protect older adults against the adverse effects of limited social ac tivity on cognitive function.

The study tested a hybrid model with constructs drawn from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory in order to examine the moderating effect of productivity and relative advantage (RA) on perceived usefulness (PU) vis-a-vis electronic information resources (EIR) adoption in private university libraries in Ogun and Osun States of Nigeria. The descriptive research design was adopted in the study. The population consisted of 61 (55.0%) librarians and 50 (45.0%) library officers (totaling 116?100%) in Babcock University, Bells University, Covenant University, Bowen University, Oduduwa University, and Redeemer's University. Purposive sampling procedure was adopted after which total enumeration was used since the total population is small. The questionnaire was used for data collection. Of the 116 copies of the questionnaire administered, 111 (95.7%) were found usable. The instrument was structured based on a 4-point Likert agreement scale of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics like tables of frequency counts and percentage. The findings revealed that productivity and relative advantage are significant moderators of perceived usefulness of EIR adoption in private university libraries in Ogun and Osun States, Nigeria.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the moderate effect of social support on the relationship between death anxiety and depressive symptoms among poor older women in rural areas. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of the data from 209 women who were participated in the intervention study to evaluate the effectiveness of depression prevention program. Data were collected between April and September 2012. The data were analyzed using moderate multiple regressions. Results: Among these poor older women, depressive symptoms were associated with death anxiety and social support. Self-esteem support had a moderating effect on the relationship between death anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The results indicate that the self-esteem support was effective in decreasing depressive symptoms and death anxiety in poor older women. In order to reduce their depression and make positive changes in their lives, self-esteem improvement programs are needed.

본 연구의 목적은 공항 내 혁신시설에 대한 공항이용객의 평가를 통해 혁신적 서비스 양상과 기틀을 파악하는 것이다. 본 연구는 소비행동의 관점에서 공항이용객의 추구 혜택, 지각된 혁신성, 수용 의도, 구조화에 대한 욕구 등 4가지 개념의 이론에 근거하여 수행되었다. 공항의 혁신시설을 이용한 경험이 있는 299명 성인을 대상으로 2022년 7월 5일부터 9일까지 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 공항이용객의 추구혜택과 수용의도 간의 관계에서 공항이용객의 지각된 혁신성의 매개효과 및 공항 이용객의 추구혜택과 지각된 혁신성 간의 관계에서 구조화에 대한 욕구의 조절효과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 공항이용객의 추구 혜택은 수용 의도에 긍정적 영향을 미치고, 지각된 혁신성은 수용 의도에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 공항 이용객의 욕구에 근거하여 혁신적인 기능을 향상시켜야 함을 시사한다.

오늘날 불확실한 경영환경 변화 속에서 기업의 생존과 발전에 혁신의 중요성은 갈수록 높아지고 있다. 직원들은 기업 혁신의 주체로, 그들의 업무는 기업 혁신 과정에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 이에 따라 직원의 혁신 행동을 자극하는 것은 경영에서 주목받는 과제 중 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 중국 산둥성 소재 하이테크 기업의 직원들이 인지한 임파워링 리더십이 혁신 행동에 미치는 영향을 중심으로 연구를 진행하였다. 또한, 심리적 임파워먼트와 조직 공정성이 두 변수 간의 관계에서 매개 효과와 조절 효과를 가지는지 검증하였다. 이를 위해, 산둥성 하이테크 기업의 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사 를 실시하여 데이터를 수집하였고, SPSS와 AMOS를 활용하여 데이터를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 임파워링 리더십은 구성원의 혁신 행동에 유의미한 양의 영향을 미쳤 다. 둘째, 심리적 임파워먼트는 임파워링 리더십이 구성원의 혁신 행동에 미치는 영향 에 대해 매개 효과를 보였다. 셋째, 조직 공정성은 임파워링 리더십과 혁신 행동 간의 관계에서 조절 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 하이테크 기 업의 혁신 행동을 향상하기 위하여 임파워링 리더쉽과 심리적 임파워먼트, 조직공정성 에 대하여 실천적·정책적 제언을 제시하였다.

Today, in the midst of uncertain international external environment and changing management environment, the importance of innovation for the survival and development of enterprises is increasing day by day. Employee work has become the subject of enterprise innovation, and its important role in the process of enterprise innovation does not need to be concerned, and how to stimulate innovative behavior of members has already become a notable issue in the management field. Existing literature points out that leadership has a significant influence on employee behavior. Therefore, this paper studied the effect of empowering leadership perceived by members of high-tech enterprises on innovative behavior in the Chinese management context, and also verified the mediating and moderating effects in the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational justice. This paper collected data through a survey of 208 members of 10 high-tech enterprises in Shandong Province, and analyzed the data using SPSS and AMOS. The results of the analysis are as follows: (1) empowering leadership had a significant positive effect on members' innovative behavior; (2) psychological empowerment had a mediating effect on the effect of empowering leadership on members' innovative behavior; and (3) organizational justice had a moderating effect on the relationship between empowering leadership and innovative behavior. The significance of this study is that it enriches the theory of empowering leadership and provides a new way of thinking about the innovative behavior of organizational members. On the basis of results of the study, we suggest that (1) empowering leadership should be fostered; (2) psychological empowerment should be emphasized and communication within the organization should be strengthened; and (3) differences in employee values should be paid attention to and differentiated management should be implemented.

배경: 아동의 전인발달을 위한 개인 및 환경적 요인에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있으며, 아동의 안정적인 심 리, 사회, 정서 발달과 관련하여 개인 및 환경적 요인이 되는 아동의 자기통제와 부모의 양육행동 및 사 회적 지지에 대한 관심이 요구되고 있다. 목적: 본 연구의 목적은 부모의 양육행동이 아동의 공격성에 미치는 영향과 함께 아동의 자기통제의 매 개효과와 부모의 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법론/접근: 이를 위해 본 연구는 한국아동패널의 조사자료(Panel Study on Korean Children)인 자녀 아 동의 나이가 60개월 이상의 만5～6세 대상의 7차(2014년) 조사 자료를 사용하였다. 한국아동패널 7차 조 사는 총 1,620명이 참여하였으며, 분석에 사용된 측정지표에 모두 응답한 1,561명의 자료를 SPSS 25와 PROCESS Macro 프로그램을 활용하여 분석하였다. 결과/결론: 부모의 양육행동이 온정적일수록 아동의 자기통제가 유의미하게 증가하였다. 증가한 아동의 자기통제는 아동의 공격성을 줄이는 방향으로 유의미하게 영향을 미쳤다. 아동의 자기통제가 높을수록 공격성이 유의미하게 감소하였으며, 사회적 지지가 높을수록 아동의 공격성이 유의미하게 감소하였다. 아 동의 자기통제와 사회적 지지의 조절된 매개효과는 유의미한 것으로 확인되었다. 시사점: 연구결과를 바탕으로 부모의 양육행동과 아동의 자기통제를 향상시키는데 기여할 수 있는 정책 적, 실천적 개입을 위한 함의를 제시하였다.

Background: Attention is focused on individual and environmental factors for children's holistic development, and stable psychology of children. In relation to social and emotional development, attention is required to self-control of children, parents' parenting behavior, and social support, which are individual and environmental factors. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to confirm the mediating effect of children's self-control and the controlled mediating effect of parents' social support, along with the effect of parents' parenting behavior on children's aggression. Methodology/Approach: To this end, this study used the 7th (2014) survey data of children aged 5 to 6 years old who are over 60 months old, which is the Panel Study on Korean Children. A total of 1,620 people participated in the 7th survey of the Korean Children's Panel, and data from 1,561 people who responded to all the metrics used in the analysis were analyzed using the SPSS 25 and PROCESS Macro programs. Findings/Conclusions: The more compassionate the parenting behavior of parents, the more significant the child's self-control increased. Increased child self-control significantly affected the direction of reducing child aggression. The higher the child's self-control, the more significantly the aggression decreased, and the higher the social support, the more significantly the child's aggression decreased. It was confirmed that the controlled mediating effect of children's self-control and social support was significant. Implications: Based on the results of the study, implications for policy and practical interventions that can contribute to improving parents' parenting behavior and children's self-control were presented.