Earticle

The representative study of Patellofemoral Joint Merchant method can show the view for inspection of the sulcus angle, congruence angle and diagnose whether there are the vertical fractures and recognize the degree of dislocation and patella subluxation. However, anatomical correlation about the degree of knee joint curvature changes during position adjustment and distortion of the image reduces reproducibility. In order to resolve these problems, Merchant method needs to use assisting device which reduces the occurrence of repeat projection and effectively to increase unification of examination and the consistency of the image. However, there are disadvantages for patients who take other examinations. For example, they have to change the position for every examination and it might cause the patient's discomfort and increase of examination time. In this study, we newly devised commercial assisting device which improves the reproducibility of the images and reduces inconvenience of patients movement. Further research should be taken to obtain a image without patient’s movement and to reduce the time of the examination than existing method.

해상 기업의 인적 수단으로서 선원들은 해운사업을 영위함에 있어 필수적인 요소이다. 최근에는 이런 선원들의 자리 대부분을 값싼 노동 력을 중심으로 한 동남아 선원들이 차지하게 되었다. 한국복지고용센 터의 2020년 『한국 선원통계 연보』에 따르면, 우리나라 외항 상선 에 종사하는 외국인 선원의 비중은 이미 한국 선원 수를 앞질렀다. 해 운업계가 극한 원가경쟁 구도로 돌입한 이상 선원의 인건비 절감을 위 해 외국인 선원의 고용 증가세는 당분간 꺾이지 않으리라 본다. 반면, 외국인 선원의 고용비율이 증가함에 따라 선박소유주는 외국인 선원과의 고용 관계에서 각 선원국의 법령을 알아야 할 필요성이 대두되었다. 특히 필리핀 선원의 비중은 전체 외국인 선원의 44%를 차지하고 있는 만큼 가장 중요하게 되었다. 해사노동협약의 제정으로 외항상선에서 해사노동협약을 하회하는 외국인 선원의 근로계약 사례는 찾아보기 힘 들어졌다. 반면 선원의 재해보상 분야는 계약 당사자들 간의 문제로 남겨 놓았기 때문에 경우에 따라 재해보상금액이 달리 해석되는 문제가 발생하였다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 대표적 외국인 선원국인 필리핀의 선원 보호 제도를 소개하고 외국인 선원과의 고용계약에서 별도의 준 거법 합의가 있을 경우 선원법이 배제되는가 하는 문제에 대해 살펴보 았다. 우리 선원법은 강행 법규성으로 그 규정의 적용에 있어 준거법의 배제는 이루어지지 않는다고 본다. 그럼에도 실무에서는 선원국법에 의해 재해보상이 청구되는 편으로 선원법의 강행 법규성 성격이 현실과 배치되고 있는 상황을 전달하고 이를 통해 선원법을 무조건적인 강행 규정으로 적용하는 것은 옳지 않다는 견해를 피력한다.

The continuous development of the Korean economy and changes in the external and domestic situation of the seafarer market has drastically reduced the number of Korean seafarers employed by foreign companies, on the other hand, developing countries’ foreign seafarers have increased. And now that the shipping industry has started to compete in cost, the trend will likely continue for the time being. As the employment ratio of foreign seafarers increased, the need for shipowners to know the laws of nationality where the seafarer belongs was raised. In particular, the proportion of Filipino seafarers has become the most important. With the enactment of the Maritime Labor Convention in 2006, it has become difficult to find cases of labor contracts for foreign sailors who fall short of maritime labor standards. However, the area of compensation was still left as a matter between the parties, which was interpreted differently in some cases. Therefore, this paper introduced the seafarer protection system in the Philippines and addressed the question of whether the seaman act would be excluded if there was an agreed compliance law between the contracting parties. In my opinion, the application of the Korean Seaman Act is not ruled out because it is a forced regulation. Nevertheless, I express that it is not right to apply in all-time under unconditional enforcement regulations at a time when the nature of the law is contrary to reality.

The Precise measurement of the knee's Congruence angle is required for diagnosis of patella dislocation. The purpose of this study is to consider the distortion diagram and usefulness about the test of the bilateral side and one side through the evaluating congruence angle from Merchant view of patellofemoral joint to central X-ray. We've evaluated the sulcus angle and Congruence angle following central X-ray's changes when we took Merchant view of patellofemoral joint aimed to right lower limb from human whole body phantom. The subject of the evaluation was classified as normal group and varus group, and the varus group has experimented with External rotation of legs as 15° and 30°. When normal groups result as 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was measured as 17.25 ± 1.34°, 19.60 ± 1.41°, 20.55 ± 1.77° each. The gap between minimal and maximum angle was 3.3°, and the value was shown as getting bigger when it further away from the centeral X-ray. When Congruence angle in 15° varus group was 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was each 16.45 ± 1.34°, 17.10 ± 0.99°, 17.80 ± 1.13°. And when Congruence angle in 30° varus group was 0, 7.5, 15 cm, it was measured each 18.35 ± 1.63°, 18.95 ± 1.06°, 19.60 ± 1.41°. The difference between minimum and maximum of angle in 15° varus group and 30° varus group was each 1.35° and 1.25°, the angles have shown as increasing the further away from the center. The patellofemoral joint showed that the congruence angle increases as the further away from Central X-ray, and also it is judged that is possible to change the congruence angle by a degree of varus knee. Thus, accurate measurement of the congruence angle is shown to advantage that methods for examining by split each side at two times than methods for examining both sides at a time. Therefore, it is expected to helpful on the diagnostic side of patella dislocation and subluxation.

중국은 전통적으로 ‘사농공상’이 엄격한 신분사회로 상업에 종사했던 상인계층은 사회적 지위가 낮았으나, 이러한 엄격한 사회계급은 명대 상업의 발전과 경세치용 사조의 흥기에 힘입어 큰 변화를 겪게 되었다. 이에 따라 단지 사회적으로 조연의 입장에 있었던 상인들은 이후 다양한 사회참여를 통해 자신의 정체성을 새롭게 정립함으로써 자신들의 역할을 분명하게 드러내게 되었다. 특히, 명 중기 이후 당시의 사회적 변화와 이해관계가 맞물리면서 치부에 대한 인식 변화가 널리 받아들여져 새로운 신분계층이 출현하게 되었다. 또한 상업에 대한 인식이 크게 달라지면서 사회적 기능 역시 중시되어 상인의 신분과 지위를 상승시키는 결과를 가져왔다.

China has traditionally been a class society with strict divisions between ‘scholar, farmer, artisan and merchant’. The merchant class who engaged in commerce was in a low social status position. However, this strict social class underwent a major change thanks to the development of commerce in the Ming Dynasty and the rise of the trend of Jingshizhiyong. As a result, the merchants, who had been in a position of expanding their scope from a merely supporting role in society, later clearly revealed their role by newly establishing their own identity through various social participation. In particular, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, changes in perception of wealth have been widely accepted in Chinese society as social changes and interests at that time have coincided, leading to the emergence of a new class of status. Therefore, at the same time as the status of merchants rose in society as a whole, it was an opportunity to break away from the traditional idea of looking at the rich in the past and change new perceptions. In addition, as the perception of commerce has changed significantly, social functions have also attracted attention, and the status of merchants has risen.

본 연구는 1960년에서 1990년까지 이르는 해운산업의 ‘자본주의 성장기’ 동안 한국 상선 해기사가 경험한 선상노동 환경 및 선원문화의 특징과 그들의 세계관을 살펴본다. 연구 방법에 있어서는 생애사 조사 방법을 이용하여 한국 해기사의 1세대에 해당하는 현재 50대 혹은 60대 연령의 전･현직 항해사들을 심층 인터뷰하였다. 당시 그들의 항해경험과 삶은 다른 국적의 해기사들과 공유되는 보편적인 특징이 있지만, 분단과 냉전이라는 특수한 한국의 시대상황 속에서 그들의 직업관과 국가관은 외국의 해기사들과는 다른 차이점을 보인다. 특히 한국의 근대화가 해운산업의 발전이라는 해양화와 일치한다는 점에서 한국적인 특이성이 나타난다. 한국의 1세대 해기사들이 외화 가득으로 한국 경제에 기여하였다는 평가만으로는 부족하다. 그들은 ‘마도로스’로 대변되는 선망의 직업군이자 한국 근대화를 추동한 국가경제발전의 한 축이었다. 당시의 정치적 경제적 상황으로 인해 그들이 뚜렷한 국가관과 사명감을 가졌지만, 동시에 원양항해를 통해 다양한 국가와 문화, 사람들과 접촉하면서, 어떠한 직업군보다 개방적이고 탈경계적인 사고와 삶을 경험한 유동적 주체였다. 이와 같이 그들은 하나의 국가 안에 갇히지 않고 문화상대주의적인 관점을 터득하였던 것이다. 이런 점에서, 한국 최초의 글로벌 노동자로서, 1세대 해기사들은 개방성, 초국가성, 탈경계성의 세계관을 가졌던 ‘세계인’이라 부를 수 있다.

This study aims to examine, in “the period of capitalist growth” about 30 years from 1960 to 1990, the characteristics of shipboard labor environment and seafarer culture experienced by Korean merchant officers and their world view. Methodically, we approach this subject from the point of view of “Sea humanities” and utilize life-history methods using interviews with the ex-officers in their 50s and 60s, who we call ‘the first generation’ of Korean merchant officers. The modernization of Korea coincides with the time of maritime development or maritimeization. In the modernization and industrialization era of Korea, merchant officers have formed ‘on-board labor’ and ‘seaman culture’ shared by them through the dangers and hard labor they faced. Under the division and Cold War system, ‘the first generation’ were not just wage earners, but leaders of Korean modernization and an axis of national economic development. They was even imaged by Madoros who plays leading roles in the Korean economy. We can assert that the center of their spirit was underlain by the nationalism or patriotism. In other respects, the first generation had a clear national identity and a sense of mission due to the political and economic situation in Korea, but Having transnational experiences, they were open to other cultures rather than being locked in a single country. As such, they would have learned the cultural relativism. It is evident that, as ‘the first global workers’ of Korea, they had a world view of “openness, transnationality and cross-border thinking”. In this respect, we can regard them as cosmopolitans.