Earticle

본 논문은 엘리트개념과 엘리트에 관한 이론을 고찰한다. 엘리트의 개념은 인간사회속에서 반드시 부수적으로 뒤따른 현상을 분석하기 위한 기초적 요소이며, 사회의 지속과 발전은 엘리트의 활동과 인식에 커다란 영향을 받는다. 엘리트의 개념에 대한 논의는 매우 다양하고 아직도 상당한 논쟁가운데 있다. 이러한 관점에서 엘리트개념의 변화를 논하고 있다. 나아가 이 논문은 엘리트개념과 이론이 민주주의이론과 과연 상반적인가 또는 상보적인가를 다루고 있다.

Der Elitebegriff ist wissenschaftlich sehr umstritten. Dies erklärt sich beispielsweise daraus, daß er zum Gleichheitsprinzip moderner demokratischer Gesellschaften in einem Widerspruch zu stehen scheint. Darüber hinaus besteht Uneinigkeit unter den Sozialwissenschaftlern darüber, was unter einer Elite zu verstehen sei. Die Elitenforschung ist wichtig für das Verständnis der zeitgenössischen Gesellschaft. Die politischen Eliten beteiligen sich an Entscheidungsprozeßen und üben Einfluß auf die Entscheidungen aus, die Ressourcen unter den sozialen Einheiten verteilen. Diese Aktionen einer Wahl bilden den prinzipiellen Teil des Regierungsprozeßes. Im Mittelpunkt jeder Untersuchung über Eliten, ob politisch oder soziologisch orientiert, steht zunächst die Frage nach der Macht, nach der sozialen und politischen Macht. In der Elitenforschung wird der Begriff der Elite nicht einheitlich verwendet, weil nicht alle Eliten – Besitzer der hohen Positionen in den politischen und/oder staatlichen Hierarchien – für Führer gehalten werden können. Umgekehrt sind viele Führer nicht Angehörige der Eliten. Die Verwirrung ergibt sich eigentlich daraus, daß Eliten im allgemeinen hinsichtlich der hierarchischen Position definiert werden, während Führer ein relativer Ausdruck ist. Die sozialwissenschaftliche Elitendefinition ist eine deskriptiv–klassifikatorische und beruft sich auf führende gesellschaftliche Positionen und/oder Personen(gruppen), denen ein besonderes Maß an Macht und Einfluß zugesprochen wird. Darüber hinaus stimmen die unterschiedlichen Definitionen der Autoren in einem Punkt überein, dem Merkmal des Auserlesenseins, d. h. es handelt sich um eine Minderheit, die dem Rest der Gesellschaft überlegen ist und durch Auslese zustande kommt. Völlig umstritten ist dagegen, als was für ein soziales Phänomenen die Elite anzusehen ist, ob als Gruppe, Schicht, oder Klasse usw. Als allgemeine Bezeichnung des Elitebegriffs wurde “das soziale Subjekt” vor diesem Hintergrund einmal vorgeschlagen, um den Streit auf einem formalen Wege zu vermeiden. Das soziale Subjekt wäre also der gemeinsame Oberbegriff für Elite, Gruppe, Schicht usw., die damit auf dieselbe Begriffsebene gestellt würden. Aber nach meiner Meinung können die verschiedenen Begriffen bezüglich der Eliten je nach den konkreten sozialen Umständen als Klassen, als Schicht usw. interpretiert werden. Denn in der Empirie sind konkrete Eliten in vielfältiger Weise zu kategorisieren. Die Skepsis gegenüber der Vereinbarkeit von Demokratie und Elite entstammt dem Fehlen des pluralistischen Gedankens. Zunächst wird die Demokratie als ein spezieller Typ von Herrschaft verstanden, der eine Zähmung der Herrschaft durch die Begrenzung der Kompetenzen von Regierungen beinhaltet. Demokratien zeichnen sich durch die zwei Grundprinzipien der Assoziationsfreiheit sowie der Institution allgemeiner und freier Wahlen zur Besetzung politischer Herrschaftspositionen aus, sind jedoch mit einem hohen Maß an sozialer und politischer Ungleichheit vereinbar.

국제적 무력충돌에서 전투원과 민간인을 구별하는 원칙의 예외로서 levée en masse는 프랑 스혁명 이후 국제관습법으로 확립되어 성문화되었다. Levée en masse 참가자들은 아직 점령되 지 않은 영토의 거주민으로서 적이 접근하여 올 때, 정규군 부대에 편입할 시간이 없이 침입 하는 군대에 대항하기 위하여 자발적으로 무기를 든 자들이다. 국제법은 원래 민간인인 이들 이 공공연하게 무기를 휴대하고, 전쟁법규 및 관행을 존중하는 경우에 한해 전투원 및 포로의 지위를 인정한다. 이 논문은 그동안 한글 용어의 정리에 관한 논의가 다소 부족했음을 인지하 고 본래적 의미에 더욱 부합하는 의미로 levée en masse를 (자발적인) 주민 봉기로 한역하거 나, 국제사회에서 그러하듯 고유어의 느낌을 강조하여 원어 그대로를 사용하는 것도 가능하다 고 본다. 역사적으로 levée en masse의 성문 규정의 내용이 형성되어 온 과정을 검토한 후, 그 구체적인 개념 정의의 내용과 적용에 대하여 살펴본다. 마지막으로 한 세기를 넘어 존재해 온 levée en masse가 과연 사이버 작전을 수반하거나 혹은 순수한 사이버 무력충돌까지도 상정해 볼 수 있는 현대전에서도 전통적인 의미를 그대로 유지할 수 있는지 검토한다. 국제인도법의 가장 중요한 원칙 중의 하나인 구별의 원칙의 극히 예외적인 규정으로서의 levée en masse는 오늘날 무력충돌의 현실에서 그 실질적인 중요성과 존재 의의를 거의 상실했다고 봐도 무방할 것이다. 다만, 성문 조항들이 존재하고 있으므로 levée en masse의 국제관습법적 지위에 대한 재고와 함께 빠르게 변해가는 무력충돌의 상황에 맞는 수정‧보완도 고려해 볼 만하다.

The concept of levée en masse originated from the French Revolution had been established as a customary international humanitarian law approving an exception of the principle of distinction. Levée en masse participants refer to the “inhabitant of non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist invading forces, without having time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect that laws and customs of war”. These participants are exceptionally entitled to the status of combatants and prisoners of war. This article first tries to reconsider how translate levée en masse into Korean language. After reviewing the historical course of codification of levée en masse, the detailed conditions for applying levée en masse and state practice are examined. Then, it is critically analysed whether the concept of levée en masse is still applicable to modern warfares accompanied by cyber operations or even stan-alone cyber armed conflicts. As an exceptional provision of distinction in the law of armed conflict, levée en masse nearly lost its practical importance in these days. But, the provision itself still exists, so it is necessary to reconsider its normative value and how to modify it to apply in the novel trend of armed conflicts.

Objective: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of a preformed assembly of nickel-titanium (NiTi) and stainless steel (SS) archwires (preformed C-wire) combined with temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs) as the sole source of anchorage and to compare these effects with those of a SS version of C-wire (conventional C-wire) for en-masse retraction. Methods: Thirty-one adult female patients with skeletal Class I or II dentoalveolar protrusion, mild-to-moderate anterior crowding (3.0-6.0 mm), and stable Class I posterior occlusion were divided into conventional (n = 15) and preformed (n = 16) C-wire groups. All subjects underwent first premolar extractions and en-masse retraction with preadjusted edgewise anterior brackets, the assigned C-wire, and maxillary C-tubes or C-implants; bonded mesh-tube appliances were used in the mandibular dentition. Differences in pretreatment and post-retraction measurements of skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue cephalometric variables were statistically analyzed. Results: Both groups showed full retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth by controlled tipping and space closure without altered posterior occlusion. However, the preformed C-wire group had a shorter retraction period (by 3.2 months). Furthermore, the maxillary molars in this group showed no significant mesialization, mesial tipping, or extrusion; some mesialization and mesial tipping occurred in the conventional C-wire group. Conclusions: Preformed C-wires combined with maxillary TSADs enable simultaneous leveling and space closure from the beginning of the treatment without maxillary posterior bonding. This allows for faster treatment of dentoalveolar protrusion without unwanted side effects, when compared with conventional C-wire, evidencing its clinical expediency.

제1소구치 또는 제2소구치 발치 후 발치공간 폐쇄 시 치아이동의 양상 즉, 치아이동방향과 이동량을 구명하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이었다. 상악 우측 인공 치조골부에 제1소구치 또는 제2소구치를 제외한 중절치부터 제2대구치 까지 실험용 치아들을 식립하고 bull loop이 형성된 반쪽 호선에 15도의 gable bend를 부여한 후 전치부를 후방견인하여 발츠공간을 폐쇄시켰다. 실험 전후에 교합면 방사선사진과 시상면 방사선사진을 촬영하고 인공치조골부 하단에 식립된 기준표지점에 중첩하여 이동방향 및 이동량을 계측하였다. 그 결과 제2소구치 발치군의 전치부후방이동량이 제1소구치 발치군에 비해 더 적었으며 구치부의 고정원 소실 및 고정원의 근심설측회전량은 제2소구치 발치군에서 더 크게 나타났다.

The purpose of this experimental study was to evaluate aㅜd compare maxillary arch dimensional and positional changes between first and second premolar extraction groups. The Calorific Machine was used to illustrate tooth movement in three dimensions. The experimental teeth except the first or second premolars were embedded in artifical alveolar bone. The extraction space was closed using arch wires with bull loops into which 15 degree gable bends were placed. Before and after space closure, radiographs were taken in the sagittal and occlusal directions using occlusal films. The results showed greater mean maxillary incisor retraction and less anchorage loss in the maxillary first premolar extraction group than in the maxillary second premolar extraction group. Mesiopalatal rotation of anchor teeth was greater after extraction of a maxillary second premolar than a maxillary first premolar (P<.001).

Objective: The aim of this finite element study was to clarify the mechanics of tooth movement in palatal en-masse retraction of segmented maxillary anterior teeth by using anchor screws and lever arms. Methods: A three-dimensional finite element method was used to simulate overall orthodontic tooth movements. The line of action of the force was varied by changing both the lever arm height and anchor screw position. Results: When the line of action of the force passed through the center of resistance (CR), the anterior teeth showed translation. However, when the line of action was not perpendicular to the long axis of the anterior teeth, the anterior teeth moved bodily with an unexpected intrusion even though the force was transmitted horizontally. To move the anterior teeth bodily without intrusion and extrusion, a downward force passing through the CR was necessary. When the line of action of the force passed apical to the CR, the anterior teeth tipped counterclockwise during retraction, and when the line of action of the force passed coronal to the CR, the anterior teeth tipped clockwise during retraction. Conclusions: The movement pattern of the anterior teeth changed depending on the combination of lever arm height and anchor screw position. However, this pattern may be unpredictable in clinical settings because the movement direction is not always equal to the force direction.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the treatment duration and dentoskeletal changes between two different anchorage systems used to treat maxillary dentoalveolar protrusion and to examine the effectiveness of en-masse retraction using two miniscrews placed in the midpalatal suture. Methods: Fifty-seven patients (9 men, 48 women), who had undergone level anchorage system treatment at Aichi-Gakuin University Dental Hospital (Nagoya, Japan) were divided into two groups according to the method of maxillary posterior anchorage reinforcement: midpalatal miniscrews (25 patients, mean age 22 years) and conventional anchorage (32 patients, mean age 19 years). The en-masse retraction period, overall treatment duration, pre-treatment effective ANB angle, and change in the effective ANB angle were compared with an independent-samples t -test. Results: Compared to the headgear group, the duration of en-masse retraction was longer by approximately 4 months in the miniscrew group (p < 0.001). However, we found no significant difference in the total treatment duration between the groups. Moreover, a greater change in the effective ANB angle was observed in patients treated with miniscrews than in those treated with the conventional method (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The level anchorage system treatment using miniscrews placed in the midpalatal area will allow orthodontists more time to control the anterior teeth during en-masse retraction, without increasing the total treatment duration. Furthermore, it achieves better dentoskeletal control than does the conventional anchorage method, thereby improving the quality of the treatment results.

본 연구의 목적은 상하악 제 1소구치를 발거하고, 6전치 일괄(en masse)견인과, 견치 견인 후 4전치 견인 시, 구치부의 고정원 소실과 전치부의 후방이동량, 치축변화량, 전치부와 구치부의 수직적변화에 대해 비교하는 것이다. 만 17세 이상의 성인 여자이며, 1급 구치 관계이고, 상하악 밀생(crowding)이 각각 4mm이하인 전돌(protrusion) 환자이며, 상하악 제 1소구치를 발거하고 .022" straight wire appliance로 치료하였으며, TPA를 사용하지 않았고, head gear와 같은 구외고정원을 사용하지 않은 총 30명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 그중 6전치 일괄(on masse) 견인을 시행한 제 1군 15명과 견치 견인 후4전치 견인을 시행한 제 2군 15명에 대해, 치료전후의 두부방사선 계측사진을 투사하여 비교 분석하였다. 각 군에 대한 치료 전 후의 변화를 independent samples t-test를 이용하여 통계처리 하였으며, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 두 군에서 구치부의 고정원 소실량에는 차이가 없었다. 2. 두 군에서 전치부의 후방이동량에는 차이가 없었다. 3. 두 군에서 전치부의 치축변화량은 제 2군에서 다소 컸다. 4. 두 군에서 전치부 절단연의 수직적 변화는, 제 2군에서 약 1mm 정도의 정출이 더 나타났다. 5. 두 군에서 전치부 치근첨과 구치부의 수직적 변화에는 차이가 없었다.

The purpose of this study was to compare on masse retraction of six anterior teeth with separate canine retraction in the amount of the anchorage loss and the retraction of the anterior teeth. The subjects consisted of 30 adult female patients with Angle Class 1 malocclusions who were treated by .022' straight wire appliance with 4 first permolar extraction. They were composed of two groups. Group 1 consisted of 15 subjects, whose six anterior teeth were retracted by on masse retraction. Group 2 consisted of 15 subjects, whose canines were retracted separately. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. All data were processed statistically with independent samples t-test, and the conclusions were as follows. 1. There was no significant difference in the amount of the anchorage loss between two groups(p>0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in the amount of the retraction of the anterior teeth between two groups(p>0.05). 3. There was a significant difference in the amount of the inclinational change of the upper incisors between two groups. It was greater in Group 2. 4. There was a significant difference in the vertical positional change of the upper incisal edges between two groups. The upper incisal edges in Group 2 were more extruded than Group 1 by about 1mm. 5. There was no significant difference in the vertical positional change of the root apex of the upper incisors between two groups(p>0.05). And there was no significant difference in the vertical positional change of the upper molar(p>0.05).

본고에서는 1927년에 집필된 에세이 「대중의 장식」에서의 크라카우어의 변증법적 분석에 대한 체계적인 재구성이 시도된다. 변증법의 전형적인 논리 전개 방식이라고 볼 수 있는 테제 - 안티테제 - 신테제의 패턴을 크라카우어는 범주 차원에서 잘 지켜 가고 있는 것으로 보이지만 그보다도 그 저변의 생철학적 세계관이 크라카우어의 논리 전개 방식을 오늘날의 수준으로 보더라도 상당히 독창적으로 만들어준다. 최종적 신테제로서의 진리를 분석해 낼 수 있다. 세 개의 테제인 인간, 이성, 현실이 크라카우어의 사고 구조로부터 논증적으로 도출 가능하며 유기체, 합리성, 형상이 안티테제로서 여기에 추가될 수 있다. 계속 분석을 해 보면 주제적 상징의 사물이라고 볼 수 있는 ‘대중의 장식’ 안에서 인간/유기체, 이성/합리성, 현실/형상이라는 테제/안티테제 쌍에 대해 이 둘을 매개시켜주는 부정적/긍정적 지평을 발견할 수 있다. 그것은 목적 없는 합목적성/정의, 상부 구조와 토대의 애매모호함/동화, 미학/역사이다.

In this study a systematic reconstruction of the author, Kracauer's dialectical analysis for the essay “The Mass Ornament” from the year 1927 is carried out, whereby the thesis - antithesis - synthesis, which characterizes the typical logical course of dialectics, is followed categorically by Kracauer, but the underlying Lebensphilosophie makes the entire reasoning also for today significantly original. As a final synthesis, the idea of truth can be worked out, and the three theses of man, reason, reality can also be deduced from Kracauer's whole thought-building. In addition, there are the three ideas that turn out to be antithesis: organism, rationality, gestalt. In the thematic thing-symbol, the ornament of the mass, with a more extensive interpretation, there are to be found for three thesis-antithesis pairs of man / organism, reason / rationality, reality / gestalt negative or positive ideal horizons which play a mediating role here: purposeless self-purpose /justice, ambiguity of superstructure and substructur / fairytale, aesthetics / history.

Objective: The objective of this two-arm parallel trial was to compare the type of tooth movement during en masse retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth using labial versus lingual biocreative therapy. Methods: Twenty-eight subjects were randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to either the labial or lingual group. En masse anterior retraction was performed using labial biocreative therapy in group A and lingual biocreative therapy in group B. Cone beam computed tomography scans were taken before and after retraction and the primary outcome was the type of tooth movement during anterior retraction. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests for comparisons within each group and independent-sample t-test for comparison of the mean treatment changes between the two groups. Results: Significant differences were found between the two groups in relation to the type of tooth movement (labiolingual inclination of the central incisor; mean difference, $5.85{\pm}1.85^{\circ}$). The canine showed significant distal tipping in the lingual group (mean difference, $6.98{\pm}1.25^{\circ}$). The canine was significantly more intruded in the lingual group (mean difference, $1.67{\pm}0.49mm$). Good anchorage control and significant soft tissue changes occurred in both groups. No serious adverse effects were detected. Conclusions: With a 10-mm retraction hook, the labial biocreative technique with the reverse curve overlay provided anterior retraction with good torque control, while in the lingual group, anterior retraction occurred with controlled tipping movement with significant distal tipping and intrusion of the canine (trial registration: The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT03239275]).

Objective: To investigate how bracket slot size affects the direction of maxillary anterior tooth movement when en-masse retraction is performed in sliding mechanics using an induction-heating typodont simulation system. Methods: An induction-heating typodont simulation system was designed based on the Calorific Machine system. The typodont included metal anterior and resin posterior teeth embedded in a sticky wax arch. Three bracket slot groups (0.018, 0.020, and 0.022 inch [in]) were tested. A retraction force of 250 g was applied in the posterior-superior direction. Results: In the anteroposterior direction, the cusp tip of the canine in the 0.020-in slot group moved more distally than in the 0.018-in slot group. In the vertical direction, all six anterior teeth were intruded in the 0.018-in slot group and extruded in the 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups. The lateral incisor was significantly extruded in the 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups. Significant differences in the crown linguoversion were found between the 0.018- and 0.020-in slot groups and 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the central incisor and between the 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups and 0.020- and 0.022-in slot groups for the canine. In the 0.018-in slot group, all anterior teeth showed crown mesial angulation. Significant differences were found between the 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the lateral incisor and between the 0.018- and 0.020-in slot groups and 0.018- and 0.022-in slot groups for the canine. Conclusions: Use of 0.018-in slot brackets was effective for preventing extrusion and crown linguoversion of anterior teeth in sliding mechanics.

교정용 미니 임플랜트 고정원을 이용한 교정 치료가 보편화되며, SWA와 이를 이용한 on masse sliding retraction 은 임상에서 흔히 사용하는 치료법이 되었다. 그러나 고정원을 성공적으로 보존하려는 노력에 비해, 발치 공간 폐쇄시 전치부 치축 조절에 관여하는 요인에 대한 보고는 아직까지 부족한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 제1소구치를 제거한 상악 치아와 치주 인대 그리고 치조골에 대한 3차원 유한요소 기준모델을 제작하였고, 제1대구치와 제2소구치 사이 주호선 10 mm 상방에 식립된 교정용 미니 임플랜트를 고정원으로 사용할 경우, 측절치-견치 사이의 견인 훅의 높이를 변화시키며 후상방 견인력을 가하거나, 주호선에 보상 만곡을 부여하는 것이 전치부 치축 조절에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 시뮬레이션 하였다. 또한 전치부 치축이 설측 경사된 모델을 같은 실험 조건으로 시뮬레이션 하여 발치 공간 페쇄 시 설측 경사된 전치부 치축을 유지하거나 개선할 수 있는 요인을 검토하였고, 다음과 같은 연구 결과를 얻었다. 2 mm 높이의 견인 훅에 대하여 후상방으로 견인력을 가할 경우 발생하는 함입력으로 인하여 전치부 설측 경사가 더 감소되지는 않았다. 견인 훅의 높이가 5 mm인 경우 후상방 견인력을 가하면, 측절치의 치관 순측 및 치근 설측 이동이 일어나고, 견치의 비조절성 후방 경사 이동이 심화되었다. 4 mm의 보상 만곡은 측절치의 치관 순측 및 치근 설측 이동을 일으키고, 견치의 비조절성 후방 경사 이동을 감소시켰다. 또한 전치부가 설측 경사된 모델을 기준모델과 같은 실험 조건으로 시뮬레이션 한 경우 치근면의 응력 분포와 25000배 확대된 그래프 상에서의 치아 이동 양상은 매우 유사하였다 이상의 결과는 미니 임플랜트-SWA sliding 생역학을 구사 시 견인 훅의 위치와 와이어 상의 보상 만곡의 유무에 의해 전치부의 치축 조절이 달라지며 실제 임상에서 가이드라인으로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 따라 수용자들의 적극적 인식도 심화되었다고 결론지을 수 있을 것이다. 신문이 일제의 지배방식에 순응해 독자들에게 내선일체와 전쟁협력을 강요했다는 역사적 평가를 듣게 만들었다.사되었으며 그 다음은 근 현대가 18편으로 26.47%, 중세 7편 10.3%, 선사시대 5편 7.35%, 상고시대가 1편으로 1.47%로 나타나 고대 중세, 근 현대 순으로 선호하는 것으로 나타났다.기인계 농약의 특징인 불안정성에 의해 광분해 및 미생물 분해를 통해 이미 분해가 진행 중이어서 본래의 유기인 화합물이 검출되지 않았을 가능성이 있다. 그리고 유기인계 농약이 완전히 분해되어 생성된 유기인계 농약 기원의 영양염류가 저수지 내로 많은 양이 유입된다면, 부영양화에 기여할 가능성이 있다. 따라서 농업용 저수지에서 유기인계 농약의 농도 분포는 물론이고 중간 생성물과 그 독성, 광분해 및 미생물 분해의 메커니즘, 그리고 최종 산물에 대한 연구가 필요하다.삭감율은 BOD의 경우 Scenario 1-1(처리용량 1,500 $m^3$ $day^{-1}$인 인공습지), scenario 1-2 (처리용량 1,000 $m^3$ $day^{-1}$인 인공습지), scenario 2(면적 4.2ha인 저류지)가 각각 연평균 6.9%, 4.8%, 7.1%의 감소를 보였다. TN은 4.7%, 3.4%, 13.4%의 삭감율을 나타내었으며, TP는 5.6%, 3.9%, 7.3%의 삭감율을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 적용하지 못하였으나, 인공습지와 저류지의 적절한 연계시스템을 적용한다면 저감시설 설치 부지면적과 비용의 감소뿐만 아니라 보다

Objective: With development of the skeletal anchorage system, orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) assisted on masse sliding retraction has become part of general orthodontic treatment. But compared to the emphasis on successful anchorage preparation, the control of anterior teeth axis has not been emphasized enough. Methods: A 3-D finite element Base model of maxillary dental arch and a Lingual tipping model with lingually inclined anterior teeth were constructed. To evaluate factors influencing the axis of anterior teeth when OMI was used as anchorage, models were simulated with 2 mm or 5 mm retraction hooks and/or by the addition of 4 mm of compensating curve (CC) on the main archwire. The stress distribution on the roots and a 25000 times enlarged axis graph were evaluated. Results: Intrusive component of retraction force directed postero-superiorly from the 2 mm height hook did not reduce the lingual tipping of anterior teeth. When hook height was increased to 5 mm, lateral incisor showed crown-labial and root-lingual torque and uncontrolled tipping of the canine was increased.4 mm of CC added to the main archwire also induced crown-labial and root-lingual torque of the lateral incisor but uncontrolled tipping of the canine was decreased. Lingual tipping model showed very similar results compared with the Base model. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that height of the hook and compensating curve on the main archwire can influence the axis of anterior teeth. These data can be used as guidelines for clinical application.

Objective: Orthodontic mini-implants (OMI) generate various horizontal and vertical force vectors and moments according to their insertion positions. This study aimed to help select ideal biomechanics during maxillary incisor retraction by varying the length in the anterior retraction hook (ARH) and OMI position. Methods: Two extraction models were constructed to analyze the three-dimentional finite element: a first premolar extraction model (Model 1, M1) and a residual 1-mm space post-extraction model (Model 2, M2). The OMI position was set at a height of 8 mm from the arch wire between the second maxillary premolar and the first molar (low OMI traction) or at a 12-mm height in the mesial second maxillary premolar (high OMI traction). Retraction force vectors of 200 g from the ARH (-1, +1, +3, and +6 mm) at low or high OMI traction were resolved into X-, Y-, and Z-axis components. Results: In M1 (low and high OMI traction) and M2 (low OMI traction), the maxillary incisor tip was extruded, but the apex was intruded, and the occlusal plane was rotated clockwise. Significant intrusion and counter-clockwise rotation in the occlusal plane were observed under high OMI traction and -1 mm ARH in M2. Conclusions: This study observed orthodontic tooth movement according to the OMI position and ARH height, and M2 under high OMI traction with short ARH showed retraction with maxillary incisor intrusion.

Piezoelectric surgery is a novel surgical approach used in orthodontic treatment for rapid tooth movement. This paper presents a case series wherein osseous outgrowths were observed in response to piezosurgery-assisted en-masse retraction. Sixteen patients requiring upper premolar extractions were treated with miniscrew-supported en-masse retraction and received minimally invasive decortication via piezosurgery. Computed tomography (CT) of the maxillary anterior region was performed to investigate the nature of the outgrowths. In 8 of the 16 patients, hemispheric or disc-shaped osseous outgrowths were observed on the sites where piezosurgery was performed during retraction. CT images revealed that these outgrowths were alveolar bone. This case series presents a previously unreported osseous response to piezosurgery-assisted tooth movement during orthodontic treatment. The response is mostly transient and is observed in 50% of the treated patients, suggesting a bone turnover that can be assessed clinically and radiographically.

This study sought to compare the amounts of posterior anchorage loss during the en masse retraction of the upper anterior teeth between orthodontic mini-implant (OMI) and conventional anchorage reinforcement (CAR) such as headgear and/or transpalatal arch. The subjects were 52 adult female patients treated with sliding mechanics (MBT brackets, .022" slot, .019X.025" stainless steel wire, 3M-Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). They were allocated into Group 1 (N=24, Class I malocclusion (CI), upper and lower first premolar (UP1LP1) extraction, and CAR), Group 2 (N=15, Cl, UP1LP1 extraction and OMI), and Group 3 (N=13, Class II division 1 malocclusion, upper first and lower second premolar extraction, and OMI). Lateral cephalograms were taken before (T0) and after treatment (T1). A total of 11 anchorage variables were measured. Analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. There was no significant difference in treatment duration and anchorage variables at T0 among the three groups. Groups 2 and 3 showed significantly larger retraction of the upper incisor edge (U1E-sag, 9.3mm:7.3mm, P<.05) and less posterior anchorage loss (U6M-sag, 0.7~0.9mm:2mm, P<.05; U6A-sag, 0.5mm:2mm, P<.01) than Group 1. The ratio of retraction amount of the upper incisor edge per 1 of anchorage loss in the upper molar made for the significant difference between Groups 1 and 2 (4.6mm:7.0mm, P<.05). Group 3 showed a relatively distal inclination of the upper molar (P<.05) and the intrusion of the upper incisor and first molar (U1E-ver, P<.05; U6F-ver, P<.05) compared to Groups 1 and 2. Although OMI could not shorten the treatment duration, it could provide better maximum posterior anchorage than CAR.

We compared the egg-hatching of Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire) with and without moisture treatment to test whether moisture is necessary during egg incubation when a large number of eggs are gathered into a mass. Moisture treatment exhibited significant undesirable effects on hatching (reduction of hatchability, delay of hatching, and increase of the variance of hatching date) compared to no moisture treatment. In addition, moisture treatment significantly increased the incidence of fungus on the egg surface, which can subsequently contaminate the larval artificial diet. Based on these results, we concluded that moisture is not necessary for incubating E. postfasciatus eggs. Two possible explanations for the undesirable effects of moisture on hatching were discussed: a direct effect by preventing respiration of the eggs and an indirect effect through fungal infection of the eggs.

『서푼짜리 오페라』에 대한 당대의 지식인들의 불만은 예기치 못한 대중의 호응에서비롯되었다. 그들은 우선 이 오페라가 음악극 역사상 전무후무한 대중적 인기에 휩싸인 것에 당황했고 그 이유가 ‘대중이 작품을 제대로 이해하지 못했기 때문에’ 발생한 환호라고 단정 지었다. 아도르노는 당대 현실을 치열하게 반영하고 있는 작품의 진정성을 지키기 위해서는 『서푼짜리 오페라』를 대중적 인기로부터 보호해야 한다고까지말했다. 하지만 많은 대중이 작품을 즐기고 환호했다고 해서 작품을 제대로 이해하지못했다고 단정할 수 있을까? 호응과 이해가 별개의 것이 아니라 언제나 동일한 층위를지녀야 한다는 것일까? 『서푼짜리 오페라』의 성공을 둘러싼 이런 논란마저 사실은 그환호하는 대중들로부터 비롯된 현상임에 틀림이 없음에도 이러한 아이러니가 발생한것은 무슨 까닭일까? 그렇다면 당대 지식인들과 대중 사이에는 작품을 감상하는데 따른 일치될 수 없는 어떤 인식적 차이가 있었다고 볼 수밖에 없는데 그 서로 다른 인식의 심저에 작품을 바라다보는 어떤 오해나 입장의 차이가 개입되고 있었던 것은 아닐까? 작품을 만든 원작자인 브레히트마저 대중들의 열광에 불만을 드러냈던 점을 상기한다면 이 문제는 단순한 작품 수용의 인식적 차이만으로 치부할 수 없는 이유를 지니고 있다고 해야 한다. 본 논문은 이러한 질문에 대한 답을 찾아보는 시도로서 당대의 대중과 대중성에 중점을 두고 이런 측면을 논의하고자 한다. 먼저, 1920년대 독일에서 대중이라는 개념이어떻게 이해되었는지를 알아본다. 그리고 대중이 어떠한 맥락에서 출현하게 되었는지를 짚어본다. 이후 대중이 작품에 환호한 이유를 당대의 사회적 배경에 비춰 살펴보면서 작품의 대중성이 대중의 호응을 이끌어내는데 성공한 것인지, 아니면 — 당대 지식인들이 생각했던 것처럼 — 대중의 오독에 기인한 단순한 향유의 즐거움이 작품의 성공비결이었는지, 아니면 우리가 놓치고 있었던 또 다른 이유가 있었는지에 대해 고찰해 보고자 한다.

Theodor W. Adorno bereitete der Massenerfolg der Dreigroschenoper offensichtlich Unbehagen. Darum meinte er, dass das breite Publikum das Werk missverstanden habe und dass deshalb das Werk gegen seinen Erfolg in Schutz zu nehmen sei. Aber allein aus dem Erfolg des Stuckes kann nicht gefolgert werden, dass das Publikum es nicht verstanden hat. Denn Erfolg und Verstandnis konnen nicht gleichgesetzt werden. Daraus ergibt sich die Frage, worin eigentlich Adornos Unbehagen grundet. Ist es der Erfolg an sich? Oder ist es, weil die Masse dem Werk zugejubelt hat? Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht, auf diese Fragen eine Antwort zu finden. Im ersten Teil wird untersucht, wie der Begriff der Masse im Deutschland der 1920er Jahre verstanden wurde. Anschliessend wird uberlegt, wie im Falle der Dreigroschenoper Popularitat verstanden werden konnte und welche Faktoren die Massenbegeisterung ausgelost haben konnten. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass die Intellektuellen wie Adorno gegenuber der Masse ablehnend eingestellt waren, weil sie ? vor allem im Blick auf die Massengesellschaft der Weimarer Republik ? zum Verlust des Individuums zu fuhren drohte. Eine Haltung, die im Gegensatz zu Brecht und Weill den Wandel der Gesellschaft und damit die Notwendigkeit des Wandels im Bereich der Kunst zu akzeptieren verweigert. Die Dreigroschenoper aber war ein Versuch, diesem Wandel Rechnung zu tragen. Die Untersuchung ergab andererseits auch, dass die Popularitat des Stuckes nicht auf die Trivialitat, die dem Werk durchaus eigen ist, zuruckgefuhrt werden sollte. Es ware weit erkenntnisreicher, den Erfolg als eine gelungene Kommunikation mit der Massengesellschaft im Berlin der 1920er Jahre zu begreifen. Aus dieser Perspektive wird dann deutlich, wie die damalige Gesellschaft realitatsnahe auf die Buhne geholt wurde und wie Brecht und Weill auch das Prinzip der Trennung theatralischer Elemente, insbesondere die Songs, dazu verwenden, dem Betrachter zu ermoglichen, das Stuck mit seiner Lebenswelt zu einer Geschichte zusammenzustricken, was dann zur Einsicht fuhren kann. Es ist wichtig, den einzelnen Menschen in der Masse nicht aus den Augen zu verlieren. Denn schliesslich ist er es, der sich an dem Werk erfreut und sich selbst darin wieder erkennt. Der Massenerfolg der Dreigroschenoper ist daher kein Erfolg, der durch die konsumierende Masse herbeigefuhrt wurde, sondern der gegluckten Kommunikation mit den einzelnen Betrachtern zu verdanken ist.

In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, die Massenbilder in Andreas Gurskys Fotografien aus der Perspektive der Kritik am Kapitalismus zu analysieren. Gurskys Fotografien markieren vor allem sein Interesse an Situationen, in denen der Mensch nicht oder nur als Ornament vorkommt. In den jungsten Arbeiten zeigt Gursky, dass Fotografie fur ihn kein Medium der Abbildung, sondern eines der Konstruktion von Wirklichkeit ist. Sein Blick auf die kapitalistische Gesellschaft orientiert sich an der industrialisierten Massenkultur. Die Massenszenen aller Art entsprechen immer mehr der gangigen politischen Lesart und Gursky selbst charakterisiert sein Projekt als globale Enzyklopadie der Gegenwart. In den fur Gursky typischen Massenszenen zeigt sich die Oberflachlichkeit der gegenwartigen Massenkultur: “Das Massenornament ist der asthetische Reflex der von dem herrschenden Wirtschaftssystem erstrebten Rationalitat.” Wahrend es sich bei Kracauer um die Reflexion eines menschenfeindlichen Wirtschaftssystems handelt, entlarvt Gursky daruber hinaus die kapitalistisch gesteuerte Fixierung der Masse auf die Konsumentenrolle in der Kulturindustrie.

이 글은 주인공 파울 악커만의 ‘욕망의 일대기’를 통해 『마하고니의 흥망성쇠』에 구현된 소비자본주의 시대의 대중욕망을 살핀다. <마하고니>는 먼저 대중욕망의 본질로서 욕망의 무한성에 주목한다. 파울을 정체 모를 결핍에 시달리게 한 욕망의 기본적 속성이다. 다음으로, 이런 욕망의 본질에 대한 인식을 기대하기 어려운 파울과 동료들이 추구한 무분별한 욕망을 그려낸다. 현실에 불만 가득한 이들이 탐닉한 욕망은 ‘이기주의적 욕망’과 ‘쾌락적 욕망’이다. 이타적 가치와 이성적 가치를 부정하는 이들 욕망은 모두가 저마다의 ‘황금시대’를 꿈꾸는 가운데 마하고니의 몰락을 가져온 일차원적 욕망이다. 결국 반사회적이고 무도덕적인 대중욕망으로 인해 ‘쾌락의 도시’ 마하고니는 돌이킬 수 없는 파국의 길로 들어선다. 이처럼 인간과 공동체를 위기로 몰아넣은 대중욕망의 실상을 고발하는 <마하고니>는 자본주의 질서에 대한 일개 비판을 넘어 인류 문명의 존립 자체를 위협하는 소비자본주의적 욕망에 대해 근본적인 성찰을 촉구한다. 이 점에서 <마하고니>가 전례없이 극단화된 욕망의 굴레에 빠진 작금의 인류를 향해 절체절명의 메시지를 발신할 작품으로 재삼 읽힐 수 있기를 고대한다.

Bertolt Brechts Der Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny handelt wesentlich von der zerstorerischen Gier, die die Stadt in den Untergang treibt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird diese Gier betrachtet am Beispiel der Auspragung, die sie - seiner Lebensbeschreibung folgend - im Helden des Stuckes, der Figur des Holzfallers Paul Ackermann, annimmt. Als wesentliches Merkmal dieser Gier wird in diesem Stuck vor allem das Verlangen ohne Ende herausgestrichen, an dem Paul wie an einem unerklarlichen Mangel leidet. Das Verhalten Pauls und seiner Kameraden wird geschildert als eines, das allen Umstanden zum Trotz vollstandig von Begierden getrieben ist. Dabei handelt es sich zudem um eine individualistische und hedonistiche Gier; diese ganz eindimensionale Gier, die jeden von seinem eigenen ‘Goldenen Zeitalter’ traumen lasst, die aber letztendlich auch den Untergang der Stadt Mahagonny mit herbeifuhrt. An Paul Ackermanns Lebensgeschichte zeigt sich deutlich, wie umfassend die konsumgetriebene Masse von ihren rabiaten und beschrankten Begierden durchdrungen ist. Damit fordert der Stuckeschreiber Brecht das Publikum letzten Endes dazu auf, nicht nur die kapitalistische Gesellschaftsordnung kritisch in den Blick zu nehmen, sondern auch grundsatzliche Uberlegungen zum Wesen der konsumkapitalistischen Gier anzustellen. In diesem Sinne lasst sich dem Stuck Der Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny auch die dringende Botschaft entnehmen, der Menschheit dabei behilflich sein zu wollen, auf Distanz zu der mittlerweile ins Extrem ausgeuferten kapitalistischen Gier zu gehen.