Earticle

In this paper, the uAPSS(u-APartment Service System) that is based on location-aware technology is designed and implemented for a luxury apartment. On the real luxury apartment the developed system has been employed and tested to provide convenient and secure living for residents. It provides services such as emergency call, intelligent elevator operation, and hands-free door access based on the location of the residents with personal device as called smart tag. It can also be applied to other service areas such as the location-aware u-Service for hospitals, high-rising complex buildings, silver towns, etc.

In this paper, the u-Service system that is based on location-aware technology is designed for a silver town. It provides services such as emergency call, intelligent elevator operation, and hands-free door access based on the location of the residents with personal device as called smart tag. It can also be applied to other service areas such as the location-aware u-Service for Hospital, high-rising complex building, APT, etc.

본 논문에서는 실제 값과 같은 데이터의 불확실성과 유사성을 측정 할 수 있는 퍼지 엔트로피와 유사성 측정이 소개되고 있다. 퍼지 엔트로피와 유사성 측정의 디자인이 설명하고 입증했다. 획득 수단은 연산 프로세스에 적용되고 논의되었다. 이러한 의사 결정과 퍼지 게임 이론과 같은 데이터 정량화 결과의 연장도 논의되었다.

In this paper, fuzzy entropy and similarity measure to measure the uncertainty and similarity of data as real value were introduced. Design of fuzzy entropy and similarity measure were illustrated and proved. Obtained measures were applied to the calculating process and discussed. Extension of data quantification results such as decision making and fuzzy game theory were also discussed.

본 논문에서는 근거리 무선 통신 기술인 Zigbee를 활용하고, RSSI 핸드오버 기법을 통하여 보다 정확하고 효율적인 실내 위치 인식 시스템을 제안한다. RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication) 값을 이용한 실내 위치 인식방식에는 여러 가지가 있는데 가장 대표적인 방법으로는 삼각측량법을 이용하는 경우이다. 하지만 단순히 삼각측량법으로 측정된 RSSI 값은 여러 가지 환경적 요인으로 인해 불규칙하게 되는데, 본 논문에서는 보다 정확한 실내위치 인식을 위하여 RSSI 값의 채널 간 이동, 즉 핸드오버 (Handover)를 이용하여 각 채널간의 간섭을 줄여 안정적인 RSSI 값을 측정하는 방식을 제안한다. 이때 핸드오버는 고정 노드가 아닌 이동노드의 이동식 셀을 사용한 핸드오버를 사용하여 위치 인식에 필요한 세 개의 고정노드만을 선택하는 방법을 사용하였다. MLE(Maximum Likelihood Estimation) 방법을 통해 이동 노드와 고정노드의 거리를 측정하는 동시에 삼각 측량법을 이용하여 이동노드의 좌표를 구하여 보다 정확한 실내 위치를 인식할 수 있는 시스템을 제안하고 구현하여 검증하였다.

In this paper, an accurate and efficient indoor location-aware system is proposed through RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indication) handover technique and using the Zigbee, short-range wireless communication protocol. Among the solutions of several indoor location-aware systems with the use of RSSI value, the using of triangulation measuring method is the most popular. However, due to various environmental factors, the measured RSSI values with the triangulation measuring method are unstable. In this paper, for accurate indoor location-aware system, we propose more stable RSSI value measurement method using the RSSI value transfer between channels, that is, the handover approach. The handover of the mobile node instead of the fixed nodes by using a removable cell handover with the need for location-aware how to select only three fixed nodes were used. Through the finding of the mobile node's coordinates using triangulation measuring method in addition to the measuring the distance between the fixed node and the mobile node using the MLE (Maximum Likelihood Estimation) technique, more accurate indoor location-aware system is proposed, implemented and proved.

센서 네트워크에서는 데이터의 실시간 처리가 중요한 요소 중의 하나이다. 각 노드들이 감지한 데이터들은 정해진 시간 내에 전송 되어야만 필요한 시기에 정확한 처리가 가능하다. 따라서 노드들이 데이터를 정해진 시간 내에 제대로 전달하고 있는가를 점검하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 최근 리얼타임 임베디드 시스템이 점점 더 정확해져 서 신뢰성 있고 정교한 서비스를 제공할 수 있게 되었다. 임베디드 시스템의 본래의 복잡함 때문에 물리세계에서의 예측의 어려움과 안전한 설계의 어려움은 런타임에서 시스템 제약사항에 위배되는 것과 예상치 못한 상황을 야기시 키는 원인이 된다. 각 노드들이 감지한 데이터를 정해진 시간 내에 전달해야 필요한 시기에 적합한 처리가 가능하기 때문에 본 논문에서는 데이터 전송시간에 대한 모니터링을 통하여 센서 네트워크에 존재하는 노드들이 허용시간 범위 내에서 서버로 데이터를 전송하고 있는가를 확인하기 위한 데이터 전송시간 분석 시스템을 구현 하였다. 시스 템 구현을 위하여 데이터 전송시간 분석을 위한 절차를 제시했고, 제시한 절차에 따라 전송시간을 분석하기 위해 필요한 시간차 분석 방법, 데이터 송수신 시간 수집 방법 및 데이터 전송시간 계산 방법을 제시했다.

Real-time processing of sensor data network, is one of the important factors. Each node in the detected data are required to be transmitted within a certain time since the accurate processing is possible. Thus, the data nodes are successfully delivered within a specified time, it is very important to check whether the. Recently more and more accurate real-time embedded systems are reliable and haejyeoseo been able to provide sophisticated services. Because of the inherent complexity of embedded systems in the physical world and the difficulty of predicting the difficulty of a safe design constraints on the runtime violation of system as to cause unexpected causes. Each node data in time detected by the time required to be passed in the appropriate processing is possible because the data transfer time in this paper, the monitoring of the sensor network through a node are allowed to exist within the time range and transmits data to the server Analysis of the data transfer time for checking whether the system was implemented. Implementation of the data transmission time to the process for analyzing and presenting, according to the procedure suggested by the transit time required for analysis a time difference analysis method, a data collection method and a data transmission time and transmission time calculating method presented.

With the development of mobile technology, Internet and GIS, LBS plays an important role in various applications. In this paper, we present our work on this area. The LaMOC1system, a location based mobile spatial cooperative system with cooperative and spatial group decision supported characters, developed by ICA-ECNU is presented. LaMOC is a Location Based System, a Mobile Cooperative System and a Spatial Group Decision Support System. A map based co-browser is designed as user interface. The design of the LaMOC, its system architecture, user interface, and key issues are discussed here.

Location-based Services (LBS) have brought the potential threats of mobile users’ sensitive personal information. Privacy-aware in LBS is including location privacy and query privacy. Unfortunately, existing privacy protection algorithms rarely pay attention to both of them. This paper proposes a novel privacy protection method which combines K-anonymity and L-diversity to protect both location privacy and query privacy. Two effective query-privacy-aware methods are introduced into the cloaking algorithm. One is the history sharing scheme which confuses history queries within tolerance time. Another is the batch query scheme which confuses real queries presented by the peers. Our technique is suitable for P2P mobile networks, which can effectively eliminate the bottleneck of system brought by the anonymizer. In addition, we develop an imprecise location scheme to prevent the inference attack of few malicious peers. The experiments show that the proposed algorithms are effective to protect users’ location privacy and query privacy in the mobile P2P system.

The majority of existing falling recognition techniques provide service by recognizing only that the falling occurred. However, it is important to recognize not only the occurrence of falling but also the situation before and after the falling, as well as the location of the falling. In this paper, we design and propose the falling notification service system to recognize and provide service. This system uses the acceleration sensor of the smartphone to recognize the occurrence of a falling and the situation before and after the falling. In order to check the location of falling, GPS sensor data is used in the Google Map API to map to the map. Also, a crosswalk map converted into grid-based coordinates based on the longitude and latitude of the crosswalk is stored, and the locations before and after falling are mapped. In order to reduce the connection speed and server overload for real-time data processing, fog computing and cloud computing are designed to be distributed processing.

실내 위치인식 기술은 유비쿼터스 구현의 기반이 되는 중요기술요소 중 하나이다. 특히 병원의 환자 관리, 실버타운의 노인관리, 스마트 홈의 구현을 위해서는 실외의 광역범위보다는 실내에서의 사용자 위치인식에 대한 기술이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 무선랜기기 및 통신기술을 이용한 실내 위치 인식 시스템의 설계 구현에 관해 기술한다. 사용자 위치인식을 위한 기반기술로 무선랜의 전파신호강도(Received Signal Strength Indication, RSSI)를 이용한 삼변측량 기법을 이용하였다. 구현될 시스템은 무선랜기기와 지형 맵핑서버, Access Point(AP)로 구성되며, 시스템의 개발 및 실제 환경에서의 테스트를 통하여 실생활 응용에 대한 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Ubiquitous implementation of indoor location-based technology is recognized that one of the important elements of the technology. Specifically, the hospital management of patients, the silver-town management, the implementation of the smart home for the indoors rather than outdoors in a range of broadband users for location-aware technology is needed. This paper in wireless devices with an indoor location awareness shows about the system's technical design and implementation. Location-based technology for wireless LAN users aware of the strength of radio signals (Received Signal Strength Indication, RSSI) using trilateration. Topographic mapping system will be implemented wireless devices and servers, Access Point (AP), which is the system's development and testing throughout the physical environment to determine the potential for real-life applications.

A location-aware system, which is capable to detect a user's whereabout in a region and provide real-time location information in outdoor environment is designed and fabricated, specifically using the GPS (global positioning system) as key technology in view of its stability and high precision in outdoor environment. Experiment is conducted to test this application in campus-based environment. Once GPS receiver detects specific location which is tagged with GPS coordinates, the system provides information relevant to that context and user can operate and react accordingly. Besides, this location-aware system is able to provide user with the route in order to get to a desired place by detecting the direction that the user is moving towards from his/her initial location. The mapping data is transferred via wireless LAN to PDA carried by the user as well as to the back-end system on real-time basis. The test result is analyzed and discussed to validate the effectiveness of using GPS in implementing this system and indicates future works that could be made to improve this prototype to be implemented in other applications, such as theme park, tourist attraction spot or recreational park.

The exceptional development of electronic device technology, the miniaturization of mobile devices, and the development of telecommunication technology has made it possible to monitor human biometric data anywhere and anytime by using different types of wearable or embedded sensors. In daily life, mobile devices can collect wireless body area network (WBAN) data, and the co-collected location data is also important for disease analysis. In order to efficiently analyze WBAN data, including location information and support medical analysis services, we propose a geohash-based spatial index method for a location-aware WBAN data monitoring system on the NoSQL database system, which uses an R-tree-based global tree to organize the real-time location data of a patient and a B-tree-based local tree to manage historical data. This type of spatial index method is a support cloud-based location-aware WBAN data monitoring system. In order to evaluate the proposed method, we built a system that can support a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) and Binary JSON (BSON) document data on mobile gateway devices. The proposed spatial index method can efficiently process location-based queries for medical signal monitoring. In order to evaluate our index method, we simulated a small system on MongoDB with our proposed index method, which is a document-based NoSQL database system, and evaluated its performance.

For many applications particularly in navigation system, a three-dimensional representation improves the usability of information. This paper introduces 3D Graphical User Interface (GUI) of indoor location tracking system, 3D Navigation View. The application provides users a 3D visualization of the indoor environments they are exploring, synchronized with the physical world through spatial information obtained from indoor location tracking system. It adopts widely used Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to construct, represent, distribute and render 3D world of indoor environments over Internet. Java, an all-purpose programming language is integrated to comprehend spatial information received from indoor location tracking system. Both are connected through an interface called External Authoring Interface (EAI) provided by VRML. Via EAI, Java is given the authority to access and manipulate the 3D objects inside the 3D world that facilitates the indication of user's position and viewpoint in the constructed virtual indoor environments periodically.

본 논문에서 구현하고자 하는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 응용에 필요한 위치 인식 시스템의 주 요소는 블루투스 프로토콜 스택(BlueZ)에서 제공하는 RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator) 값을 측정하는 블루투스 AP, 측정된 RSSI 값을 위치 인식 서버에 전달하기 위한 무선 AP 공유기 그리고, 받은 데이터로 위치 값을 측정하는 위치 인식 서버 및 Context Broker(고 수준의 상황 정보를 추론하는 서버 역할)로 이루어져있다. 전체적인 동작 시스템은 위치 값을 측정하고자 하는 이동 매제(마스터)를 중심으로 최대 여덟 개까지 네트워크가 가능한 블루투스 AP(슬레이브)장치로 구성된 피코넷(Piconet) 영역에서 삼각측량 필요에 적절한 세 개의 블루투스 AP를 RSSI값을 이용하여 분류 한 후 이동 매체의 위치를 측정한다. 그 결과로 나온 데이터는 피코넷 영역에서 가장 가까운 무선 AP 공유기를 거쳐서 위치 값을 측정하는 위치 인식 서버에 전달한 후, 그 결과 값으로 Context Broker에서 상황 정보를 추론해서 Community Manager에서 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅 응용에 맞게 서비스를 구현한다. 또한, 위와 같은 시스템 내부 구조 된 데이터처리는 리눅스 운영체제 내에서 디바이스 드라이버와 사용자 프로그램으로 구현된다.

위치정보는 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅의 가장 중요한 항목 중 하나이다. 일반적인 위치 인식 시스템은 GPS가 대표적이지만, 실내에서 사용할 수 없고 건물내부와 같은 좁은 지역에서의 위치 인식이 어렵다는 단점이 있다. 특히 핸드폰, PDA와 같은 개인용 장비 에서는 더욱 정교한 위치 인식 기술이 필요한데, 무선랜을 기반으로 하는 위치 인식 기술은 그러한 목적을 달성하기에 적절하다. AP (Access Point)로부터 수집된 무선 신호의 세기는 모바일 기기의 위치를 측정하는데 필요한 지도로써 사용할 수 있지만, 건물의 벽, 사물, 사람 등과 같은 장애물의 간섭으로 변화가 심해 쉽게 사용할 수 없다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위하여 신경망 모델을 이용한 무선랜 환경에서의 위치 인식 시스템을 제안한다. 아울러 신경망 학습에 사용될 학습데이터의 오차를 보정하고, 중복을 제거하기 위하여 칼만 필터를 사용하였다.

본 논문에서는 Weighted Cenrtoid Localization(WCL) 알고리즘을 적용하여, 고정 노드 (Anchors) 사이의 측정된 수신 신호 강도(RSSI)로 Zigbee 실내 위치 인식 시스템을 구현하였다. 센서 노드의 위치는 RSSI에 의해 선택된 가상 고정 노드에 WCL을 적용하여 결정한다. WCL에서 부여하는 가중치는 고정 노드와 RSSI 센서 노드 위치의 거리에 대한 함수이며, 고정 노드 간의 측정된 RSSI 값으로 구한다. 고정 노드 간의 RSSI로 가상 고정 노드를 이용한 WCL은 기존의 방식에서 사용되는 고정 노드의 수를 줄이고, 측정 대상의 위치 정확도를 측정된 RSSI 값만으로 추정한 위치보다 7.8% 향상되는 것을 확인 하였다.

This paper presents a control algorithm of supply and exhaust diffusers by recognizing a contaminant source location. CFD analysis has been conducted to calculate steady state airflow and concentration distributions in a model room, which has two supply and two exhaust openings on the ceiling. Calculations have been performed for five cases out of nine different ventilation modes by combining on/off control of the supply and exhaust openings. Local mean residual life times are obtained and compared at 9 internal points for each ventilation case. Depending on the contaminant source location, the ventilation system is operated at an optimum ventilation mode, which can results in maximum exhaust performance.

We have implement indoor positioning system to supply orientation information, We have used ultrasound in indoor positioning system for distance and orientation measurements, then propose a set of methods to calculate orientation from an array of well placed ultrasonic sensors operating in the indoor positioning system, We have design and implement a indoor positioning system using a combination of hardware and software and demonstrate end-to-end functionality of the system, We have implement ZigBee based home automation system using location-aware System.

If we are to realize the everyday benefits promised by pervasive computing and context-aware applications, we must first develop the infrastructure to provide contextual location and orientation information through pervasive computing elements. We have implement indoor positioning system to supply orientation information. We have used ultrasound in indoor positioning system for distance and orientation measurements, then propose a set of methods to calculate orientation from an array of well placed ultrasonic sensors operating in the indoor positioning system. We have design and implement a indoor positioning system using a combination of hardware and software and demonstrate end-to-end functionality of the system.