Earticle

최근 글로벌시장에서 환대서비스를 제공하는 환대사업이 중요한 산업으로 부상하고 있다. 그 러나 국내의 경우 환대산업(Hospitality industry)의 개념과 그 중요성에 대한 인식이 아직까지 부족한 실정이다. 보통 환대산업은 고객을 대상으로 유무형의 서비스를 제공하는 것으로 숙박, 외식, 레저, 관광 및 휴식을 포괄할 정도로 광범위하다. 즉 서비스산업 중에서도 일국의 경제성장과 발전에 상당한 기여를 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 향후 한국이 내수시장의 성장을 발판삼아 선진국 경제로 도약하는데도 핵심 인프라로 작용할 것이다. 2010년 이후 한류 붐에 따라 한국을 찾는 외국인 관광객이 급증하면서 호텔서 비스업이 새로운 기회요인을 맞이하고 있다. 결국 사업상 기회요인을 어떻게 활용할 것인지에 따라 환대 산업의 경쟁력 제고와 서비스기업의 국제화가 가능할 것이다. 따라서 국내외 시장에서 환대산업의 경쟁 력을 강화하고 다국적 서비스기업의 국제화에 필요한 시사점을 도출할 시점이다. 국제경영에서 기업의 국제화, 직접투자, 다국적기업은 핵심 연구주제(Big Questions)에 해당한다. 지금 까지 신흥국으로 진출하는 제조기업의 현지화에 초점을 맞추어 다수의 연구가 수행되어 왔다. 보통 신흥 시장은 선진 경제권을 쫓아 경제적 고성장을 달성하고 있는 신속추격국가(Fast-follower)를 지칭한다. 대표적으로 신흥경제대국(브라질, 러시아, 인도 및 중국)과 포스트 브릭스 국가들(동유럽, 터키, 멕시코, 필리핀, 인도네시아, 베트남 등)이 이에 해당한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 신흥시장으로 진출하는 다국적 서 비스기업의 국제화 혹은 현지화를 다루는 연구는 부족한 현실이다. 이에 본고는 불확실성이 높은 신흥시 장에서 다국적 서비스기업의 현지화에 초점을 맞추려 한다. 즉 국내 호텔서비스시장에서 프랑스 아코르 그룹은 미시제도의 변화에 어떻게 대응을 하며, 어떤 식으로 현지화를 추구하는지 분석하였다. 분석결과를 보면 우선 호텔업의 글로벌 통합에 대응하고자 본사 주도로 글로벌 스탠다드 ―브랜드파워, 글로벌 네트워크, 서비스 표준화, 글로벌 운영시스템― 를 강화하는 전략을 실행한다. 둘째 이질적 고객 수요를 충족시키기 위해 멀티브랜드 전략으로 대응하기도 한다. 가령 아코르-앰배서더는 프랑스 본사의 여러 브랜드를 동시 다발적으로 국내시장에 런칭하고 있다. 셋째 진입방식의 경우 프랜차이징, 위탁경영, 합 자투자, 그리고 합작투자로 확대하면서 현지화 수준을 점진적으로 제고한다. 프랑스 아코르는 한국의 앰 배서더 호텔과 장기 파트너쉽을 유지하면서 로컬사업자의 제품/서비스 지식을 활용하고 있다. 넷째 국 내시장에 대한 분석을 토대로 명확한 브랜드 포지셔닝을 제안함으로써 국내외 고객들에게 폭넓은 선택 을 가능하도록 하고 있다. 끝으로 아코르 재단과 마찬가지로 로컬시장에서 사회공헌활동을 수행함으로 써 호의적 이미지를 제고한다. 결국 본사의 강력한 주도권과 로컬 자회사의 역량을 십분 활용하여 산업 의 글로벌화 수준과 로컬시장의 이질성에 성공적으로 대응하고 있다. 정리하면 불확실성이 높은 신흥국으로 진출하는 다국적기업일수록 제품/서비스시장의 이질성에 직면 할 가능성이 높다. 달리 말해 신흥국 제품/서비스시장의 이질성을 야기하는 미시제도(Micro institutions) ―소비, 고객, 로컬기업 및 경쟁상황― 의 변화에 주목할 것을 주장한다. 즉 다국적기업은 제도적 동질 성을 확보할 정도로 현지화 수준을 높여야지만 미시제도의 변화에 성공적으로 적응할 것이다. 연구결과 를 토대로 본고는 다음과 같은 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 우선 프랑스 아코르 그룹의 현지화는 한국계 서비스기업의 해외시장 진출과 내수시장 방어를 위한 전략적 함의를 내포한다. 다음으로 환대산업의 글 로벌 경쟁력 강화를 위해 정부 주도의 지원과 육성 정책을 수립할 정책적 시사점을 제시하였다. 즉 한국 계 서비스기업의 가속적 국제화를 촉구하는 동시에 정부가 정책 입안에 대한 의지를 피력할 것을 제언 하는 것이다. 다만 본고는 아코르-앰배서더 합작법인을 중심으로 단일기업 사례분석에 치중하였다. 달리 말해 단일기업 사례분석이 가지는 연구결과에 대한 일반화가능성의 부족을 본 연구의 한계점으로 지적 하고자 한다. 향후 서비스 다국적기업의 현지화 성공사례를 추가하여 복수기업 사례연구를 수행하는 후 속연구를 기대해 본다.

Recently hospitality service or hospitality industry has been emerging as a major business in global market. However, As for Korea, there is room for to define business model and to realize the potential of hospitality industry. In general, hospitality industry ―accommodation, food and beverage, leisure tourism and healing―is recognized to provide tangible and intangible service via customer contact point. Among other service sectors hospitality service is closely relevant to economic growth and development of a country. As for Korea, competitive advantage in hospitality industry will play a major role to advance developed country. Meanwhile, hotel business are faced to business opportunity, given that foreign tourists have been growing since 2010 owing to Hanryu fever, or Korean cultural boom in asia. In the end, global competitiveness depends on how to realize business opportunities in hospitality industry. Therefore, it is high time to build competitive advantage in the industry and nurture service multinationals viable in global and local markets. ‘Big question’ in international business is concerned in foreign direct investment, internationalization of a firm and MNE’s strategy. In this vein, extant research has been focused on manufacturing multinationals especially in emerging markets. As widely known, emerging country is a fast follower, which is to seek economic growth rapidly after advanced countries in the Western. For example, the country was recognized as BRICs(Brazil, Russian, India and China) and Post-BRICs like Eastern Europe, Turkey, Mexico, Vietnam and Indonesia, etc. However, there is little study on service multinationals in hospitality industry like hotel service. Against this backdrop, we are to try to explain the localization of service multinationals in emerging market with heterogeneity. That is, this study analyzed how to respond micro institutions in hotel service market, and how to tailor its strategy to the local market in Korea. According to the case analysis, Primarily, headquarter tried to take initiative with global standard ―brand power, global network, standardized service, global operation system―to respond global integration by industry globalization potential. Second, Accor-Ambassador Korea(hereafter, AAK) tailored multi-brands strategy to customer needs & wants in the local market. For example, AAK simultaneously introduces Accor hotels brands, e.g. Sofitel, Pullman, Novotel, Mercure, and Ibis, to the Korean market with the help of headquarter. Third, as for entry mode, AAK incrementally enhances localization in accordance with sequential entry like franchising, management contract, partnership, and joint venture. In other words, Accor tried to gain access to local service knowledge from the Korean counterpart Ambassador hotel while both have long-term relationship. Fourth, AAK proposed clear-cut brand positioning with the help of market research, considering heterogeneous customer needs and wants. Last and the least, under the guideline of Accor Foundation, AAK has carried on social responsibility to build local friendly brand image. Until now, AAK has conducted on successful localization to deal with both industry globalization potential and local market heterogeneity, combining headquarter initiative and local market knowledge. In conclusion, multinationals in emerging market with high volatility are inclined to be heterogeneous situation of product/service market. In other words, this study suggests that MNEs pay attention to the change of micro institutions, e.g. consumption, customer, dominant local player, local competition, which give rise to heterogeneity of product/service market. That is, MNE has to enhance localization to the point of institutional isomorphism to respond micro institutions. From the results, implication and future research are elaborated as follows. First of all, as for Korean service multinationals, foreign market entry is required to gain stronghold in domestic market in terms of strategic implication. Next, as policy implication, government-initiated incentive and program is indispensible to build competitive advantage in hospitality industry. Therefore, it suggests that both accelerated internationalization of Korean service multinationals and systematic policy planning are required to advance developed economies, enhancing competitiveness of hospitality industry. Whereas, we tried to elicit analysis results from Accor-Ambassador Korea only. In other words, this study has limitation of lower possibility of generalization due to single case study. Follow-up research is required to elaborate successful localization of service multinationals from multiple cases.

본고는 孝田沈魯崇(1762~1837)의 기행문학에 나타난 공간인식을 분석하여 그 의미를 살펴보는 데에 그 목적이 있다. 조선시대 명승의 형성 과정을 살펴보면 인간과 낯선 공간이 존재하고, 그 사이에 인간의 인식 〔知, 知覺〕이 더해지면서 공간이 장소로 변모한다. 이러한 공간인식을 분석하는 것은 문학적․사회적․역사적 측면을 아울러 중요한 의미를 지닌 다. 이를 통해 작가의 세계관과 당시의 사회적 맥락, 지역문화와 정체성 등을 깊이 이해할 수 있다. 우선 심노숭의 기행 이력을 살펴보고 작품을 개관하였다. 그는 유람 중 인상적인 경관을 치밀하게 묘사하고 감회를 자유롭고 솔직하게 표현한 기 행 작가로, 기행은 그의 삶에서 빼놓을 수 없는 요소였다. 심노숭의 기행문학에 나타난 공간인식 양상을 세 가지 측면에서 살펴보고, 그 의미를 검토하였다. 첫째, 평안도 유람과 역사적 공간으로서의 인식 에 대하여 살펴보았다. 개성과 평양 등 평안도 일대는 역사적 명승지로 이 름난 곳으로, 이 무렵 작품에서는 그가 공간의 역사성에 주목하여 작품을 창작했음을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 臥遊의 공간으로 인식되었던 丹陽지역의 시 적 형상화에 대하여 검토하였다. 丹陽은 조선 후기 堤川․淸風․永春과 함께 四郡으로 불리며 금강산과 더불어 이름난 명소로, 심노숭의 시문에서 臥遊 의 공간으로 인식되거나 아우 심노암에 대한 그리움의 표상으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 佛界⋅仙界공간으로서의 금강산에 주목하였다. 1818년, 56세 의 나이에 금강산을 유람한 심노숭은 금강산을 신선 세계로 인식하거나 친 불교적 성향을 드러내며 불교 세계로 인식하기도 하였다. 이처럼 심노숭의 기행문학에서 낯선 공간들이 새로운 공간으로 인식되 는 과정을 검토하고 그 의미를 살펴보았다. 이러한 연구는 심노숭의 산수관 과 문학관, 나아가 그가 지향한 바의 삶을 이해하는 데 중요한 기여를 할 것으로 생각된다.

This paper aims to analyze the spatial awareness exhibited in the travel literature of Hyojeon(孝田) Shim No-sung(沈魯崇, 1762~1837) and to explore its significance. The term 'travel literature' refers to writings about observations, experiences, feelings, and events encountered during a journey. Thus, encountering unfamiliar spaces is an essential aspect of such literature. During the Joseon Dynasty, the formation of famous scenic spots involved first the existence of humans and unfamiliar spaces and then the spatial localization through human cognition[知, 知覺]. Understanding the author's spatial awareness not only sheds light on one aspect of their literary perspective but also contributes to a deeper understanding of their literary world. First, investigates Shim No-sung's life with a focus on his travel experiences. He was a travel writer who, upon encountering impressive landscapes during his travels, described the natural scenery in meticulous detail and expressed his thoughts and feelings freely and honestly. Travel was an indispensable element of his life. Examines the aspects of spatial awareness in Shim No-sung's travel literature from three perspectives and explores their meanings. First, the study reviews his perception of Pyeongan Province as a historical space. In 1783, Shim first toured the South Pyeongan Province, including Gaeseong, and in 1791-92, he visited the North Pyeongan Province, including Pyongyang and Myohyangsan. Gaeseong and Pyongyang, known for their historical scenic beauty, indicate his focus on the historical significance of spaces, as evident in his numerous works from this period. Secondly, the paper analyzes the poetic representation of the Danyang region, perceived as a space for Wayu (臥遊). Danyang, along with Jecheon, Cheongpyeong, and Yeongcheon, was one of the four counties renowned at that time and, together with Mount Geumgang, was a much-desired travel destination. In Shim’s poetry, Danyang was portrayed as a space for Wayu and as a symbol of longing for his younger brother, Shim No-am. It was also viewed as a coveted destination for scenic site tours. Lastly, the paper focuses on Mount Geumgang as a space of the Buddhist and Taoist realms. In 1818, at the age of 56, Shim undertook a journey to Mount Geumgang. He perceived the mountain as a Taoist realm based on local legends and also recognized it as a Buddhist realm, reflecting his pro-Buddhist tendencies. This study examines how Shim No-sung's travel literature transformed unfamiliar spaces into new realms of recognition and explores the significance of each space. Analyzing Shim’s spatial awareness and deriving its meaning is expected to significantly aid in understanding his landscape perspective, literary perspective, and worldview.

It is generally important to get a precise position information for autonomous unmanned vehicle(AUV) to run safely. For getting the position of AUV, the GPS has been using to navigation in a vehicle. Though it is useful to finding a position, it is difficult to precisely control a trajectory of the AUV due to large measuring error which may reach over 10 meters. Therefore to apply AUV it needs to compensate for the error. This paper proposes a method to more precisely localize AUV using three low-cost differential global positioning systems (DGPS). The distance errors between each DGPS are minimized as using the least square method (LSM) and the Kalman filter to eliminate a Gaussian white noise. The selected DGPS is cheaper and easier to set up than the RTK-GPS. It is also more precise than the general GPS. The proposed method can compensate the relatively position error according to stationary and moving distance of the AUV. For evaluating the algorithm by simulation, the DGPS signal with the Gaussian white noise to any points is generated by the AR model and compared with the measurement signal. It is confirmed that the proposed method can effectively compensate the position error as comparing with the measurement signal. The compensated position signal can be used to localize and control the AUV in the road.

The distance vector-hop wireless sensor node location method is one of typical range-free location methods. In distance vector-hop location method, if a wireless node A can directly communicate with wireless sensor network nodes B and C at its communication range, the hop count from wireless sensor nodes A to B is considered to be the same as that form wireless sensor nodes A to C. However, the real distance between wireless sensor nodes A and B may be dissimilar to that between wireless sensor nodes A and C. Therefore, there may be a discrepancy between the real distance and the estimated hop count distance, and this will affect wireless sensor node location error of distance vector-hop method. To overcome this problem, it proposes a wireless sensor network node location method by modifying the method of distance estimation in the distance vector-hop method. Firstly, we set three different communication powers for each node. Different hop counts correspond to different communication powers; and so this makes the corresponding relationship between the real distance and hop count more accurate, and also reduces the distance error between the real and estimated distance in wireless sensor network. Secondly, distance difference between the estimated distance between wireless sensor network anchor nodes and their corresponding real distance is computed. The average value of distance errors that is computed in the second step is used to modify the estimated distance from the wireless sensor network anchor node to the unknown sensor node. The improved node location method has smaller node location error than the distance vector-hop algorithm and other improved location methods, which is proved by simulations.

For the issue of subsurface target localization by reverse projection, a new approach of target localization with different distances based on symmetric sub-array multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar is proposed in this paper. By utilizing the particularity of structure of the two symmetric sub-arrays, the received signals are jointly reconstructed to eliminate the distance information from the steering vectors. The distance-independent direction of arrival (DOA) estimates are acquired, and the localizations of subsurface targets with different distances are realized by reverse projection. According to the localization mechanism and application characteristics of the proposed algorithm, the grid zooming method based on spatial segmentation is used to optimize the locaiton efficiency. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed localization method and optimization scheme.

The art museums in South Korea are mostly small-scaled institutions with small amount of art works. Thus, internationally accepted metadata standards such as CDWA and VRA Core may not be efficient to manage their collections. Because of these distinct local characteristics, there is a need to create a set of metadata elements that can be used for the art museum community in the country. This research aims to propose a set of metadata elements customized to fit into the context of small-scaled art museums in South Korea. The construction of the element set was not from scratch but on the basis of existing standards such as CDWA, VRA Core, and Dublin Core. By identifying core elements that are indispensable in describing art works and collecting opinions of experts in art museums, the proposed set of metadata elements is expected to support the operation and management of art works and satisfy the localized needs of the art museum community.

6G cellular networks are expected to support a full service for autonomous driving. A super-resolution localization is required for the full service. When TDoA measurements are available, most localization systems usually rely on Kalman filtering for tracking of high-speed vehicles. However, TDoA outages considerably deteriorates the localization performance for Kalman filtering especially in wireless environments such as 6G cellular networks. This paper addresses a localization method based on TDoA projection for the autonomous vehicles in 6G cellular networks. The proposed approach exploits a TDoA projection in order to replace the TDoA measurement whenever a TDoA measurement outage occurs. For the TDoA projection, we derive the probability distribution of the TDoA measurement conditioned on the previous location estimate. Then, the presented technique establishes the hyper-ellipsoid for the TDoA projection using the conditional distribution. Finally, the approach selects a TDoA projection sample on the hyper-ellipsoid, which gives a minimum distance between the projection sample and the measurement-based coordinate. Simulation results exhibit that the projection method effectively avoids the performance degradation due to the TDoA outages.

In this paper we consider the localization of a sensor network where the nodes are heterogeneous, in that some of them are able to measure the distance from their neighbors, while some others are just able to detect their presence, and we provide a post-processing algorithm that can be used to improve an initial estimate for the location of the nodes, based on a mass?spring optimization approach, taking into account presence and distance information, as well as one-hop and two-hop information.

Objective To identify the anatomical motor points of the abductor hallucis muscle in cadavers. Methods Motor nerve branches to the abductor hallucis muscles were examined in eight Korean cadaver feet. The motor point was defined as the site where the intramuscular nerve penetrates the muscle belly. The reference line connects the metatarsal base of the hallux (H) to the medial tubercle of the calcaneus (C). The x coordinate was the horizontal distance from the motor point to the point where the perpendicular line from the navicular tuberosity crossed the reference line. The y coordinate was the perpendicular distance from the motor point to the navicular tuberosity. Results Most of the medial plantar nerves to the abductor hallucis muscles divide into multiple branches before entering the muscles. One, two, and three motor branches were observed in 37.5%, 37.5%, and 25% of the feet, respectively. The ratios of the main motor point from the H with respect to the H?C line were: main motor point, 68.79%±5.69%; second motor point, 73.45%±3.25%. The mean x coordinate value from the main motor point was 0.65±0.49 cm. The mean value of the y coordinate was 1.43±0.35 cm. All of the motor points of the abductor hallucis were consistently found inferior and posterior to the navicular tuberosity.Conclusion This study identified accurate locations of anatomical motor points of the abductor hallucis muscle by means of cadaveric dissection, which can be helpful for electrophysiological studies in order to correctly diagnose the various neuropathies associated with tibial nerve components.

In upcoming 5G networks, key prospects such as increased bandwidth, smaller cells, higher mobile terminal (MT) densities, multiple radio access technologies, and the capability of device-to-device communication are beneficial for localization. Meanwhile, technologies suggested in 5G, such as massive multiple-in multiple-out, would also benefit from the accurate locations of MTs. Therefore, an opportunity to develop and integrate mobile localization technology in 5G networks has presented itself at this early stage. This paper reviews recent literature relating to localization in 5G networks, and emphasizes the prospect for implementing cooperative localization, which exploits the location information from additional measurements between MTs. To evaluate the accuracy of cooperative localization, a performance evaluation approach is also suggested.

This paper describes an implementation of automatic mutual localization of swarm robots using a particle filter. Each robot determines the location of the other robots using wireless sensors. The measured data will be used for determination of the movement method of the robot itself. It also affects the other robots' self-arrangement into formations such as circles and lines. We discuss the problem of a circle formation enclosing a target that moves. This method is the solution for enclosing an invader in a circle formation based on mutual localization of the multi-robot without infrastructure. We use trilateration, which does require knowing the value of the coordinates of the reference points. Therefore, specifying the enclosure point based on the number of robots and their relative positions in the coordinate system. A particle filter is used to improve the accuracy of the robot's location. The particle filter is operates better for mutual location of robots than any other estimation algorithms. Through the experiments, we show that the proposed scheme is stable and works well in real environments.

"Accurate localization is essential for next-generation wireless systems. Traditional millimeter-wave (mmWave) techniques rely heavily on line-of-sight (LOS) paths, which limits their performance in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments. To overcome this challenge, we propose a non-terrestrial network (NTN) framework that employs an unmanned aerial vehicle?mounted reconfigurable intelligent surface (UAV-RIS) in conjunction with a Transformer-based refinement model. Unlike conventional regression or filtering approaches, the Transformer leverages self-attention mechanisms to refine coarse geometric estimates. Simulations using the DeepMIMO dataset show that more than 90% of users achieve sub-meter localization accuracy, representing a 35% improvement over existing baselines. These results demonstrate the novelty and effectiveness of integrating RIS adaptability with Transformer-based learning to enable robust, high-precision localization. ⓒ 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)."

This qualitative investigation explores the cuisine of the Tai Lue people, an ethnic minority group in Northern Thailand. Through documentary analysis, field study and participatory action research, four traditional Tai Lue dishes were transformed for presentation to visitors. Community members developed these products in cooperation with a trained chef. The final products were marketed through a university podcast project and at a cultural fair. The results of the investigation were disrupted by the Covid pandemic, but the initial impact of the project indicates a prospective place in the wider post-pandemic environment for the indigenous cuisine of the Tai Lue. The following paper discusses this potential through the lens of the foodscape, regional development and authenticity.

Maximum likelihood is a criterion often used to derive localization algorithms. In particular, in this paper we focus on a distance-based algorithm for the localization of nodes in static wireless networks. Assuming that Ultra Wide Band (UWB) signals are used for inter-node communications, we investigate the ill-conditioning of the Two-Stage Maximum-Likelihood (TSML) Time of Arrival (ToA) localization algorithm as the Anchor Nodes (ANs) positions change. We analytically derive novel lower and upper bounds for the localization error and we evaluate them in some localization scenarios as functions of the ANs’ positions. We show that particular ANs’ configurations intrinsically lead to ill-conditioning of the localization problem, making the TSML-ToA inapplicable. For comparison purposes, we also show, through some examples, that a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based algorithm guarantees accurate positioning also when the localization problem embedded in the TSML-ToA algorithm is ill-conditioned.

In this paper, we present a fine-grained localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks using a mobile beacon node. The algorithm is based on distance measurement using RSSI. The beacon node is equipped with a GPS sender and RF (radio frequency) transmitter. Each stationary sensor node is equipped with a RF. The beacon node periodically broadcasts its location information, and stationary sensor nodes perceive their positions as beacon points. A sensor node's location is computed by measuring the distance to the beacon point using RSSI. Our proposed localization scheme is evaluated using OPNET 8.1 and compared with Ssu's and Yu's localization schemes. The results show that our localization scheme outperforms the other two schemes in terms of energy efficiency (overhead) and accuracy.

The blood-epididymis barrier (BEB) forms a unique microenvironment that is crucial for the maturation, protection, transport, and storage of spermatozoa in the epididymis. To characterize the function of tight junctions (TJs), which are constitutive components of the BEB, we determined the expression and localization of TJ proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1, 2, and 3, occludin, and claudin3 (Cldn3) during postnatal development in the goat epididymis. To assess the expression patterns of TJ proteins in immature (3 months of age) and mature (14 months of age) goat epididymides, two different experimental methods were used including immunofluorescence labeling and western blotting. We show that, ZO-1, 2, and 3, and occludin, were strictly expressed and localized to the TJs of the goat epididymis, whereas Cldn3 was present in basolateral membranes as well as TJs. All TJ proteins examined were more highly expressed in the immature epididymis compared to levels in mature tissue. In conclusion, our study indicates that at least five TJ proteins, namely ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, occludin, and Cldn3, are present in TJs, and the expression strength and pattern of TJ proteins tend to be age dependent in the goat epididymis. Together, these data suggest that the distinct expression patterns of TJ proteins are essential for regulating components of the luminal contents in the epididymal epithelium and for forming adequate luminal conditions that are necessary for the maturation, protection, transport, and storage of spermatozoa in the goat epididymis.

In this paper, a sparsity-aware hybrid target localization method in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radars from time difference of arrival (TDOA) and angle of arrival (AOA) measurements is proposed. This method provides a maximum likelihood estimate of target position by employing compressive sensing techniques. A blockwise approach is addressed in order to achieve better accuracy for a constant computational complexity. The mismatch problem due to grid discretization is also tackled by a dictionary learning technique. The Cramer-Rao lower bound for this model is derived as a benchmark. Numerical simulations are included to corroborate the theoretical developments.

It is important to find the random estimation points in wireless sensor network. A link quality indicator (LQI) is part of a network management service that is suitable for a ZigBee network and can be used for localization. The current quality of the received signal is referred as LQI. It is a technique to demodulate the received signal by accumulating the magnitude of the error between ideal constellations and the received signal. This proposed model accepts any number of random estimation point in the network and calculated its nearest anchor centroid node pair. Coordinates of the LQI sphere are calculated from the pair and are added iteratively to the initially estimated point. With the help of the LQI and weighted centroid localization, the proposed system finds the position of target node more accurately than the existing system by solving the problems related to higher error in terms of the distance and the deployment of nodes.

본 논문에서는 미지의 환경에서 알려지지 않는 이동 물체를 추적하는 기법을 제안하였다. 이 기법은 기존의 JPDA 방법에 비해서 컴퓨터 계산시간이 매우 단축되는 장점이 있다. 제안된 기법은 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통하여 추적의 특성을 확인하였다. 본 기법은 파라메터의 선정이 매우 중요한데 본 논문에서는 파라메터 선정을 위한 relaxation 기법을 함께 제안하여 실제 응용에 문제가 없는 것을 확인하였다.

In this paper, I have presented a new approach which can track moving objects in unknown environments. This scheme is important in providing a computationally feasible alternative to complete enumeration of JPDA which is intractable. I have proved that given an artificial measurement and track's configuration, proposed scheme converges to a proper plot in a finite number of iterations. In this light, even if the performance is enhanced by using the relaxation, I also note that the difficulty in tuning the parameters of the relaxation scheme is critical aspect of this suggestion.

The K. aerogenes ureal gene product was previously shown to facilitate assembly of the crease metallocenter (Lee, M. H., Mulrooney, S. B., Renner, M. J., Markowicz, Y., and Hausinger, R. P. (1992) J. Bacteriol. 174, 4324-4330). UreG protein has now been purified and characterized. Although the protein is predicted to possess a putative NTP-binding P-loop motif, equilibrium dialysis studies showed negative results. Immunogold electron microscopic studies using polyclonal antibodies directed against UreG protein confirm that UreG is located in the cytoplasm as predicted in the DNA sequence.