Earticle

김정은은 2011년 12월 김정일 사망 이후 북한의 최고지도자가 되었으나, 초기 3대 세습 과 급격한 권력 이양 과정에서 완전한 권력 장악에 어려움을 겪었다. 그러나 외부의 부정적 인식을 극복하며 점차 권력을 확립해 나갔다. 본 연구는 김정은 집권 초기부터 2025년까지 그의 통치 이데올로기 변화를 분석하였다. 특히 2026년 김정은 체제 15주년과 제9차 당대 회 전후 시기를 중심으로 이데올로기 변화를 심층적으로 고찰하고, 향후 방향을 예측하였다. 결론적으로 김정은은 수령론에 기반하여 체계적인 통치 이데올로기를 구축하였으며, 이를 체제 붕괴 방지와 정권 내구성 강화에 전략적으로 활용하고 있다. 또한 그는 북한의 공식 통치 이데올로기인 ‘김일성·김정일주의’를 발전시켜 지도 사상으로 격상시켰으며, 2026년 제 9차 당대회를 기점으로 ‘인민대중제일주의’를 포함한 ‘김정은주의’를 제시할 가능성이 있다.

Kim Jong-un became North Korea's supreme leader after Kim Jong-il's death in December 2011, but he had difficulty in taking full power during the initial three generations of hereditary succession and rapid power transfer. However, he gradually established power by overcoming negative external perceptions. This study analyzed the changes in his ruling ideology from the beginning of Kim Jong-un's reign to 2025. In particular, ideological changes were considered in-depth and future directions were predicted, focusing on the 15th anniversary of Kim Jong-un's regime in 2026 and before and after the 9th Party Congress. In conclusion, Kim Jong-un has established a systematic ruling ideology based on the leader theory, which is strategically used to prevent system collapse and strengthen regime durability. In addition, he developed North Korea's official ruling ideology, 'Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Ilism', and elevated it to a guiding ideology, and there is a possibility that he will present 'Kim Jong Unism', including 'People's Popular First', starting with the 9th Party Congress in 2026.

Recently, various novel biosensors have been widely studied and developed for early diagnostics of various diseases. Dopamine is one of the large of number of neurotransmitters which plays a role as the excitement transmission in a brain cell. Development of neurotransmitter sensor using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is expected to diagnosis or medical treatment for a disease related to the brain such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinsonism and High blood pressure in an aging society due to possibility for measurement of low concentration and brain pressure of the brain trouble. FRET is a physical phenomenon between two fluorophores which transfers emission energy from donor to acceptor for excitation. In this paper, FRET between carboxyl quantum dots and Alexa Fluor has been investigated and the effect of FRET efficiency depending on dopamine concentration has been studied. Quantum Dots 525 (QDs 525) as a donor has been immobilized on surface of well plate which is modified functional group, and conjugated protein A with anti-dopamine labeled by Alexa Fluor 546 (AF 546). AF 546 is used as an acceptor. The fluorescent excitation and emission scans for two fluorophores have been obtained using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). The FRET efficiency was obtained from intensity ratio of the fluorescent spectra with and without acceptor group. The dependence of FRET efficiency on dopamine concentration shows that dopamine can be detected by monitoring the FRET phenomena between two fluorescent dyes. Neurotransmitter sensor will be able to establish the system which is possible to diagnosis and medical treatment

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid compound contained in many fruits, vegetables and honey. In our experiment, we investigated genotoxicity of chrysin using bacterial reverse mutation assay, chromosomal aberration test, in vivo micronucleus test. In bacterial reverse mutation assay, chrysin did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, TA102 with and without metabolic activation. In chromosome aberration test, chrysin did not also induce structural and numerical abberations regardless of metabolic activation in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells. In mouse micronucleus test, no significant increase in the occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was observed in ICR male mice orally administered with chrysin at the dose of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 g/kg body weight. Taken together these results, chrysin has no mutagenic potential in our experiment.

본 연구는 최근 3년간($2002{\sim}2004$년) 미국 지리학대회와 두 개의 미국 지리학회지에 발표된 논문 중 지형학과 수문지리학 분야의 논문을 검토하여 최신 연구동향을 파악하고, 미래의 한국 지리학계를 이끌어 나갈 신진 연구자들에게 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 지리학대회에 발표된 지형학 논문 437편 중 하천지형학이 전체의 $40\%$를 차지하여 가장 많고 환경지형, 빙하${\cdot}$주빙하지형의 순으로 논문이 많이 발표되었다. 수문지리학에서는 총 452편의 논문 중 법제도적 측면의 연구가 $20\%$로 가장 많고, 수문지형학, 수문모델 순으로 논문이 많이 발표되었다. 미국 지리학회지에는 총 21편의 논문이 게재되었으며, 하천/수문 환경을 연구한 논문이 압도적으로 많았다. 연구방법으로 GIS를 이용한 논문은 지형학이 전체의 $29\%$, 수문지리학이 $35\%$로 조사되었다. 이는 연구방법으로 GIS 뿐만 아니라 지리통계방법이나 필드조사, 정성적 방법 등이 함께 이용되고 있음을 나타낸다. 이러한 방법론적인 다양성은 종합 하천유역관리와 같은 복합적인 환경문제의 해결과 관련된 것으로 보이며, 지형학자와 수문지리학자들이 전통적인 영역을 초월하여 인간-환경지리학자, 인문지리학자들과의 연계를 강화하려는 노력의 일환으로 해석할 수 있다. 지형학자와 수문지리학자들은 당면한 또는 앞으로 다가올 환경문제의 원인을 구명하고 이를 해결하려는 노력을 계속할 것으로 예상된다.

We examined research trends in geomorphology and hydrogeography in America based on papers presented at the annual meetings of the Association of American Geographers(AAG) and papers published in two AAG journals between 2002 and 2004. Among the 437 papers in geomorphology, $40\%$ of the papers concerned fluvial geomorphology, followed by environmental geomorphology and glacial and periglacial geomorphology concern. Among the 452 papers in hydrogeography, about $20\%$ of the papers focused on water, law and institutional aspects, followed by hydrogeomorphology and hydrologic modeling. Twenty one papers examining geomorphology and hydeogeography were published in two AAG journals, and fluvial geomorpholoy was the dominant theme. GIS was used for $29\%$ papers in geomorphology and $35\%$ of papers in hydrogeography($35\%$), suggesting that other methods, including geostatistics, field survey, and qualitative methods, are employed as well. This methodological diversification seems to be associated with solving such complex environmental problems as integrated watershed management and implies that geomorphologists and hydrogeographers are expanding their traditional territories and are making close connections with human-environment geographers and human geographers. Geomorphologists and hydrogeographers are likely to continue examining the causes of and solving environmental problems that humans are currently facing and might face in the future.

Background The distribution of species and characteristics of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) differ, and surveillance data for changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities of NTM is insufficient. This study analyzed the changes in antimicrobial susceptibility trends across NTM species and assessed the appropriateness of empirical antimicrobial drugs for NTM. Materials and Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics, including demographics, distribution of NTM species, antimicrobial drug susceptibilities, and outcomes, at a teaching hospital in Jeju Island from 2009 - 2022. Results Overall, 342 patients were included in the analysis; 93.0% were classified into the pulmonary group (PG) and 7.0% into the extrapulmonary group (EPG). The isolation rate of Mycobacterium avium was significantly higher in PG (36.8% vs. 0%, P = 0.001), while that of Mycobacterium fortuitum was significantly higher in EPG (4.5% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.001). The antimicrobial susceptibility rate is higher against clarithromycin (89.9%) and amikacin (83.3%) and lower against rifampin (54.7%) and ethambutol (28.1%). The susceptibility rate to clarithromycin was over 80%, but those to rifampin and ethambutol showed decreasing annual trends. Of the 162 patients who received empirical antimicrobial therapy, actual antimicrobial susceptibility rates were high (90.1%) using empirical macrolide, and relatively low using ethambutol and rifampin (28.0% and 58.8%, respectively). Conclusion This is the first study of analysis of the distribution, baseline characteristics, and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated NTM species in pulmonary and extrapulmonary patients in Jeju Island over 10 years. Policies that continuously monitor changes in susceptibility rate are required to ensure effective treatment strategies.