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최근에는 COVID-19 인해 의료기관에서 원격으로 관리되는 환자케어 시스템의 보급이 증가되고 있다. 특히 수액 모니터링인 경우 환자의 안전과 간호사의 업무를 줄일 수 있는 시스템으로 병원에서 도입을 고려하고 있다. 현재 개발되어 있는 제품은 무게를 측정하는 로드셀 방식과 적외선 센싱으로 수액 방울을 검출하는 방식의 두 가지 제품이 있다. 각 제품은 동작원리, 센서의 종류, 크기, 사용법, 가격등의 차이가 있지만, 의료기관에서는 획득되는 데이터의 정확도에 관심이 높다. 본 연구에서는 센서 방식이 다른 두 가지 시제품을 제작하여 수액모니터링 장치의 핵심인 정확도를 실험하기 위해 시간당 총 수액량을 측정하였다. 또 외부의 움직임이 있을 경우 수액 측정값의 변화를 실험하여 측정방식에 따른 정확도를 평가하였다. 실험 결과 두 장치의 측정값 오차는 5% 미만의 차이가 있었고, 로드셀 방식은 저용량 측정값에서 적외선 방식은 고용량 측정 값에서 차이를 보였다. 본 연구결과 수액모니터링장치의 센서방식에 따른 정확도 차이는 거의 없었고, 향후 의료기관에서 사용할 경우 정확도의 문제는 없을 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, the prevalence of remotely managed patient care systems in medical institutions is increasing due to COVID-19. In particular, in the case of fluid monitoring, hospitals are considering introducing it as a system that can reduce patient safety and nurses' work. There are two products under development: a load cell method that measures weight and a method that detects drops of sap by infrared sensing. Although each product has differences in operation principle, sensor type, size, usage, and price, medical institutions are highly interested in the accuracy of the data obtained.In this study, two prototypes with different sensor methods were manufactured and the total amount of infusion per hour was measured to test the accuracy, which is the core of the infusion monitoring device. In addition, when there was an external movement, the change in the measured value of the sap was tested to evaluate the accuracy according to the measurement method. As a result of the experiment, there was a difference of less than 5% in the measurement value error of the two devices, and the load cell method showed a difference in the low-capacity measurement value and the infrared method in the high-capacity measurement value. As a result of this experiment, there was little difference in accuracy according to the sensor method of the infusion monitoring device, and it is considered that there is no problem in accuracy when used in a medical institution.

본 논문에서는 Wi-Fi신호로 제어되는 융합형 라벨기 설계에 대하여 기술하였다. 현재 산업체에서 사용되는 라벨기는 산업현장에서 단독 장비로만 사용되고 인터넷이나 다른 네트웍 연결을 가지고 있지 않아서 라벨기가 수집한 자료를 전송하는 기능이 없어서 매우 불편하였다. 본 연구에서는 라벨기가 작업한 라벨의 종류와 사용량을 실시간 Wi-Fi를 사용하여 서버 컴퓨터로 전송할 수 있도록 정보통신(IT) 융합기술을 이용하여 설계하였다. 이러한 융합형 라벨기 시스템은 서버 컴퓨터에서 실시간으로 작업량과 작업상태를 파악할 수 있어서 기존 라벨기를 사용하는 경우보다 작업능력을 향상시키고 실시간으로 품질을 파악할 수 있게 되었다.

In this paper, we describe the design of a fusion labeling system which is controlled by the Wi-Fi signals. The Current labeling system which is used in the industry is designed to work independently on the production line not connected with internet network services. For such reasons, it is very inconvenient for the labeling system to transfer such labeling data of the production line to the server computer. We propose a labeling system connected to the Wi-Fi service being able to send real-time transmission of labeling data. This system can supply the labeling data of production line to the server computer in realtime and improve the production quality than the existing system.

Detection of estrus is an essential factor as a method of successful breeding in the sow. As increasing the adaption of the information and communication technology (ICT) into swine industry, this study focuses on a possibility and quantification of standing time, vulva and body temperature as methods of estrus detection, comparing each time and temperature in estrus and non-estrus period, and analyzing each success rate of new and existing methods. Ultrasonic sensor array and digital infrared thermography were used to evaluate whether new methods such as standing time and number, and vulva and skin temperature can be replaced, or these methods can be quantifiable in estrus period. Ultrasonic sensor array was installed beside the stall and digital infrared thermography was placed in the rear of sow to collect the dates of sow in estrus and non-estrus period. This study showed total standing time, number and number over 10 minutes, and vulva temperature of the sow in estrus period were increased (p < 0.05) compared with those of sow in non-estrus period, respectively. Detection of estrus using standing time and vulva temperature tended (p = 0.06) to increase the success rate when artificial insemination (AI) was performed. In conclusion, standing time and vulva temperature increased when estrus happened. Success rate of AI of sow using these methods showed an increasing trend. Therefore, existing method using the naked eye can be replaced to new method such as vulvar temperature and standing time when detecting the estrus.

Vision, Radar, and LiDAR sensors are widely used for autonomous vehicle perception technology. Especially object detection and classification are primarily dependent on vision sensors. However, under poor lighting conditions, dazzling sunlight, or bad weather an object might be difficult to be identified with general vision sensors. In this paper, we propose a sensor fusion system that combines a thermal infrared camera and a LiDAR sensor that can reliably detect and identify objects even in environments with poor visibility, such as day or night. The proposed method obtains the external parameters of the two sensors by designing and manufacturing a 3D calibration target to externally calibrate the thermal infrared camera and the LiDAR sensor. To verify the performance, experiments were conducted in day and night environments. The proposed sensor system and fusion algorithm show that it can reliably detect and identify objects even in environments with poor visibility, such as day or night.

In this paper, the gait parameter detection system using an infrared rays elements was developed. This system consist of the transmission unit and receiver of an infrared LED light and the gait parameter were calculated by the non-transmission timing of infrared LED light from user’s leg movement Based on this method, we calculated the velocity of gait and gait stride of the person during the gait motion on the treadmill. To confirm the effectiveness of this system, we analyzed the real velocity of the treadmill using tachometer on treadmill compared with controlled velocity of treadmill.

본 논문은 환경변화에 강인한 센서 융합 교통정보 수집 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 각 센서의 특징을 융합하여 영상 검지기에 비해 환경에 강인하고, 주·야간 등 시간에영향을 받지 않으며 루프 검지기에 비해 유지보수에 드는 비용이 적다. 이는 레이더의 물체추적 기법과 영상검지기의 차량분류, 적외선거리계의 신뢰성 높은 객체검지 정보를 융합하고 각 센서의 문제점을 보완하여 개선을 이루었다. 구현된 시스템을 보행자의 통행이 가능한 도로에서 주·야간 5일에 걸쳐 6시간 동안 실험한 결과 88.7%의 분류정확도와 95.5%의 차량 검지율을 나타내었다. 본 시스템의 파라미터 최적화 작업을 실험환경에 따라 적응되는 방식으로 보완한다면 교통정보 수집 체계의 고도화에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multi-sensor fusion-based traffic information acquisition system with robust to environmental changes. it combines the characteristics of each sensor and is more robust to the environmental changes than the video detector. Moreover, it is not affected by the time of day and night, and has less maintenance cost than the inductive-loop traffic detector. This is accomplished by synthesizing object tracking informations based on a radar, vehicle classification informations based on a video detector and reliable object detections of a infrared range finder. To prove the effectiveness of the proposed system, I conducted experiments for 6 hours over 5 days of the daytime and early evening on the pedestrian - accessible road. According to the experimental results, it has 88.7% classification accuracy and 95.5% vehicle detection rate. If the parameters of this system is optimized to adapt to the experimental environment changes, it is expected that it will contribute to the advancement of ITS

Infrared scanning systems have emerged as an effective solution for detecting physical contact with surfaces. These systems typically consist of infrared transmitters and receivers installed on opposite edges of a plane, aligned to face each other. Conventionally, such systems utilized a one-to-one configuration—each transmitter paired with a specific receiver—enabling quick response and straightforward system design. However, this setup suffers from a key drawback: the inability to detect multiple contact points at the same time. To overcome this limitation, the one-to-many scanning approach has been introduced. In this method, a single transmitter sends out infrared signals that are simultaneously received by multiple detectors on the opposing side. This allows the system to analyze real-time signal disruptions to estimate both the position and size of contacting objects. Recent advances in computational power have significantly enhanced the speed and accuracy of this method. Nevertheless, its application has largely remained confined to flat surfaces, and there has been a lack of theoretical tools for evaluating performance across diverse sensor arrangements and surface geometries. In response to this gap, our study presents a mathematical model of an infrared sensor array system, enabling predictive analysis of performance across various sensor placements on both planar and curved surfaces. Furthermore, we investigate how positional deviations, including misalignments in sensor orientation, impact detection accuracy, which offers a robust framework for quantitatively predicting system performance and will serve as a valuable tool for designing customized sensor configurations for a wide range of future applications.

Infrared-based scanners are utilized as a promising method for detecting objects that contact on a surface. In this system, infrared transmitters and receivers are positioned at opposite ends of the plane, facing each other. Traditionally, this system employed a one-to-one scanning method, where a single infrared transmitter emits a light signal that is detected by a corresponding receiver on the opposite side. While this method offers advantages such as fast response times and system simplicity, it is limited by its inability to detect multiple objects simultaneously. To address this limitation, recent applications have adopted the one-to-many scanning. In this scanning method, a single infrared transmitter emits a light signal that is detected by multiple receivers on the opposite side. The results are then read in real-time to determine the position and size of the object. With the recent advancements in computing power, the response speed and accuracy of one-to-many scanning have significantly improved. However, in most cases, this method has been limited to object detection on simple planes, and there is no analytical method available to support performance prediction when considering various sensor installation configurations with various form-factors. In this study, we mathematically modeled an infrared sensor array system to predict the performance of various sensor configurations installed on twodimensional planes or curved surfaces. Additionally, we assess the critical effect of inevitable positional errors (including orientation mismatches) on the system's performance. The unique approach introduced in this paper will provide highly reliable quantitative predictions, aiding in the design of sensor network form factors tailored for various applications in the future.

소형 적외선영상 호밍센서는 지상의 표적에 대하여 주야간 적외선 영상처리를 통하여 표적을 식별하고 주요 표적에 대하여 표적을 탐색, 탐지하여 추적하는 적외선 영상센서를 보유한 유도무기의 눈에 해당된다. 유도무기 내부에 여러 구성품들과 함께 전원과 통신 라인을 함께 사용하기 때문에 전자기파 간섭에 대한 부분이 매우 중요하다. 특히 케이블로 연결되어 있는 전원과 통신 라인을 통한 CE(Conducted Emission)의 영향이 매우 중요하다. 케이블을 통하여 유도무기 다른 구성품들에 전기적 영향을 직접적으로 줄 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 케이블을 통하여 입력되는 전원과 통신 라인에 대한 전자기 간섭 회피를 위한 EMI 필터와 케이블 설계에 대하여 설명한다. 또한 설계된 EMI 필터 제작 후 MIL-STD-461G의 CE102 시험을 통하여 설계 만족에 대하여 설명한다.

The small infrared image homing sensor is the eye of a guided weapon that has an infrared image sensor that identifies a target on the ground through day and night infrared image processing and searches, detects, and tracks the target. Inside the guided weapon since the power supply and communication line are used together with various components, the part against electromagnetic wave interference is very important. In particular, the effect of CE (Conducted Emission) through the power and communication lines connected by cables is very important. Through this method, it is possible to directly affect other components of the guided weapon. In this paper, the EMI filter and cable design for avoiding electromagnetic interference to the power input through the cable and the communication line are described. Also, the designed EMI filter is manufactured After the CE102 test of MIL-STD-461G, design satisfaction will be explained.

The rising demand for the high efficiency and high covertness in UAV motivates the miniature design of the high performing mission sensors, or payloads. One of the promising payload sensors, EO/IR sensor has evolved satisfying its demands and became the main stand-alone mission sensor for 200kg-range UAV. One aspect in development of EO/IR sensor concerns lack of specification criterions to represent its performance. Even though the high demand and competition among each manufacturer caused EO/IR features subject to rapid change collateral to new technology, the datasheets maintained the conventional outdated formats which leave some of the major components in ambiguity. Making comparisons or predicting actual performance with such datasheets is hardly worthwhile; yet, they could be important reference guide for the potential customers what to expect for the upcoming EO/IR. According to UAS Roadmap 2007-2032 published by DoD, one of the main potential customers as well as a main investor of EO/IR technology, EO/IR is expected to play key roll in solving urgent problems, such as see and avoid system. This paper will examine the recent representative EO/IR specialized in UAS missions through datasheets to find out current trend and eventually extrapolate the possible future trend.

광응용 분야는 광학, 전기, 전자 기술의 진보에 따라 괄목할만한 발전을 하고 있으며 그 응용폭 또한 넓다고 할 수 있겠다. 적외선 센서의 응용은 산업, 의학, 군사, 가전제품, 통신, 방재 등 다양하며 이 응용 분야 확대에 따라 센서의 고성능화 가격의 저렴화가 요구되므로 각분야에서 이른바 Intelligent화로의 연구가 활발한 실정이며 적외선 센서의 한 종류인 초전형 적외선 센서는 유전체에 조사되는 적외선에 의해 표면 전하가 변화하는 초전효과를 이용한 센서로서 이를 사용한 제품으로는 Human Detecting을 하는 Light control, Home Automation, 도난 경보기가 있으며, 화재 경보기, 가정용 조리기구, 비접촉식 온도계 등에도 사용되고 있다. 본 고에서는 광분야 중에서도 적외선 센서의 종류와 당사에서 개발하여 상품화시킨 초전형 적외선 센서에 대한 기술적인 개요와 응용분야를 기술하고자 한다.

A pyroelectric sensor using $PbTiO_3$/P(VDF/TrFE) nanocomposites thin film for sensing materials has been fabricated and evaluated with other commercial pyroelectric sensors that use ceramic materials for sensing. The device was mounted in a TO-5 housing to detect infrared light of 5.5 ~ 14 ${\mu}m$ wavelength. The NEP (noise equivalent power) and specific detectivity D of the device were 1.30 ${\times}$ $10^{-8}$W and 1.53 ${\times}$ $10^7$cm /W respectively under emission energy of 13 ${\mu}$W/c$m^2$ respectively. This result shows a better characteristic than the other commercial pyroelectric infrared sensors.

Optical measurements have been used to study the biaxial tensile strain in heteroeptaxial ZnTe epilayers on the (100) GaAs substrate by hot wall epitaxy (HWE) with Zn reservoir. It is effect on the low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum of the material. Optimum growth condition has been determined by a four-crystal rocking curve (FCRC) and a low temperature photoluminescence measurement (PL). It was found that Zn partial pressure from Zn reservoir has a strong influence on the quality of grown films. Under the determined optimum growth condition, ZnTe epitaxial films with thickness of 0.72~24.8$\mu\textrm{m}$ were grown for studying the effect of the thickness on crystalline quality. The PL and FCRC results indicated that the quality of ZnTe films becomes higher rapidly with increase of thickness up to 6$\mu\textrm{m}$. The best value of the FWHM of the four crystal rocking curve, 66 arcsec, was obtained on the film with 12$\mu\textrm{m}$ in thickness. The PL spectrum shows the splitted strong free exciton emissions and very weak deep band emissions. These results show the high quality of films.

ZnTe epilayers have been successfully grown on (100) CaAs substrate by hot wall epitaxy (HWE) with Zn reservoir. Optimum growth condition has been determined by a four-crystal rocking curve (FCRC). It was found that Zn partial pressure from h reservoir has a strong influence on the quality of grown films. Under the determined optimum growth condition, ZnTe epitaxial films with thickness of 0.72~24.8${\mu}m$ were grown for studying the effect of the thickness on crystalline quality. The FCRC results indicated that the quality of ZnTe films becomes higher rapidly with increase of thickness up to 6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. The best value of the FWHM of the few crystal rocking curve, 66 arcsec, was obtained on the film with $12{\mu}m$ in thickness. Until now, this result shows the best quality of ZnTe/GaAs films in reported.

The high quality and a nearly stoichometric growth of $Cd_{1-y} Zn_y$/Te(y＝0.04) epilayers have been successfully grown on GaAs substrate by hot wall epitaxy (HWE) by optimizing the growth condition including the preheating treatment and Cd reservoir temperature. The relationship between quality and thickness was examined and best value of FWHM from X-ray rocking curve of 121 arcsec are obtained. Also, emission peaks related to the recombination of free excitons such as the ground state and the first excited state were observed in the PL spectrum at 4.2K. The ($A^0$, X) emission related to Cd vacancy and deep level emission was not measured. These results indicated that the grown CZT/GaAs epilayer was high qualify and purity.

Hand gesture is the most common tool used to interact with and control various electronic devices. In this paper, we propose a novel hand gesture recognition method using fuzzy logic based classification with a new type of sensor array. In some cases, feature patterns of hand gesture signals cannot be uniquely distinguished and recognized when people perform the same gesture in different ways. Moreover, differences in the hand shape and skeletal articulation of the arm influence to the process. Manifold features were extracted, and efficient features, which make gestures distinguishable, were selected. However, there exist similar feature patterns across different hand gestures, and fuzzy logic is applied to classify them. Fuzzy rules are defined based on the many feature patterns of the input signal. An adaptive neural fuzzy inference system was used to generate fuzzy rules automatically for classifying hand gestures using low number of feature patterns as input. In addition, emotion expression was conducted after the hand gesture recognition for resultant human-robot interaction. Our proposed method was tested with many hand gesture datasets and validated with different evaluation metrics. Experimental results show that our method detects more hand gestures as compared to the other existing methods with robust hand gesture recognition and corresponding emotion expressions, in real time.

Infrared bolometer sensor's variation is detected by voltage drop between reference resistor and bolometer resistor in this architecture. One of the serious problems in this architecture is that these resistors value has a process variation. So common-mode level could be different from expectation in room temperature. Different common-mode level could lead to wrong output at the end of readout circuit. We suggest useful method to solve this problem. Difference correction using capacitor has reduced CM level difference to 86% for 1 $M\Omega$. bolometer and reference resistor's 10% variation.

The electric circuit of an infrared photo diodeelectrode (IPDE) was utilized for the monitoring ofartist's painting pigments such as white blue andred (Zn, Fe, Hg) color ions by voltammetry. Here,red color were optimized using stripping and cyclicvoltammetry. Analytical parameters were determinedas follows: pH 3.5 electrolyte solution; depositionpotential of 0.0 V; and accumulation time of 160 sec. Working ranges were observed within theconcentrations of 100?900 ugL-1 and 3-30 mgL-1,and the relative standard deviations in measuredconcentrations of 12 mgL-1 (n=15) was found to be0.2%. The analytical detection limit was attained at80.0 ugL-1, to which the IPDE method was foundto be applicable to pigment sensor or color variationin painting art image

Piezoelectric pressure sensors and pyroelectric infrared detectors based on ZnO thin film have been integrated with GaAs metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET) amplifiers. Surface micromachining techniques have been applied in a GaAs MESFET process to form both microsensors and electronic circuits. The on-chip integration of microsensors such as pressure sensors and infrared detectors with GaAs integrated circuits is attractive because of the higher operating temperature up to 200 oC for GaAs devices compared to 125 oC for silicon devices and radiation hardness for infrared imaging applications. The microsensors incorporate a 1${\mu}$m-thick sputtered ZnO capacitor supported by a 2${\mu}$m-thick aluminum membrane formed on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate. The piezoelectric pressure sensor of an area 80${\times}$80 ${\mu}$m2 designed for use as a miniature microphone exhibits 2.99${\mu}$V/${\mu}$ bar sensitivity at 400Hz. The voltage responsivity and the detectivity of a single infrared detector of an area 80${\times}$80 $\mu\textrm{m}$2 is 700 V/W and 6${\times}$108cm$.$ Hz/W at 10Hz respectively, and the time constant of the sensor with the amplifying circuit is 53 ms. Circuits using 4${\mu}$m-gate GaAs MESFETs are fabricated in planar, direct ion-implanted process. The measured transconductance of a 4${\mu}$m-gate GaAs MESFET is 25.6 mS/mm and 12.4 mS/mm at 27 oC and 200oC, respectively. A differential amplifier whose voltage gain in 33.7 dB using 4${\mu}$m gate GaAs MESFETs is fabricated for high selectivity to the physical variable being sensed.

This paper introduces a LED CUBE tool interacting with a distance sensor to solve real life problems in the physical computing field. Students can experience interactive education and intuitively understand the cubic operations with 3-dimensional animations obtained from a $3{\times}3{\times}3$ LED CUBE and a distance sensor connecting to Arduino. If the proposed LED CUBE is applied in physical computing section of the Information curriculum of middle school, students are expected to improve their computational thinking ability to solve problems in real life and other areas creatively and efficiently.