Earticle

개정된 DSM-5에 인터넷 게임장애가 앞으로의 연구를 위해 포함되면서 이전에 비해 보다 합의된 명칭과 진단준거에 따른 진단 및 평가가 가능하게 되었지만, 여전히 진단준거의 적절성/타당성과 관련한 논의가 필요한 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 우선 DSM-5 진단준거에 맞춰 개발해 청소년을 대상으로 타당화를 거친 인터넷 게임장애 구조적 면담검사(SCI-IGD)를 성인을 대상으로 실시하여 타당화하고, 이어서 DSM-5에 제시된 9개 진단준거의 진단적 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 만 19세 이상 38세 미만의 성인 99명을 대상으로 개별면담을 통해 SCI-IGD를 실시하였고 스트레스 척도, 간이 증상평가 척도, 정서조절곤란 척도가 포함된 자기보고식 설문을 작성하게 하였다. 연구 결과, SCI-IGD가 적절한 수준의 구성타당도, 수렴타당도, 변별타당도를 갖추고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 DSM-5의 9개 진단준거는 모두 유의한 수준의 문항변별력을 갖고 있었지만, 사용시간 속임, 부정적 기분 조절이 상대적으로 변별력이 가장 낮았고 내성 진단문항의 충족률이 정상군 진단군 모두에서 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 끝으로 이전 연구결과와 본 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 비교하고 그 의미를 논의하였다.

The inclusion of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in the DSM-5 appendix has facilitated research on the development and validation of assessment tools of IGD. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the validity of the Structured Clinical Interview for IGD (SCI-IGD) was examined using a community sample of adults. Second, the diagnostic accuracy of the nine IGD criteria proposed in the DSM-5 was evaluated. A total of 99 adults participated in this study, and the administration of SCI-IGD was individually conducted, and self-report measures such as the Perceived Daily Stress Scale (on daily life and self), Brief Symptoms Inventory, and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were also carried out. The results were as follows: 1) Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the SCI-IGD has good construct validity; and 2) 2PL-IRT showed that the “deception” and “escape” criteria have relatively low discrimination accuracy, and the probability of fulfilling “tolerance” criteria was lowest among the nine diagnostic criteria. Implications and suggestions for the future research were discussed.

Internet related crimes are a crime which is inter-related with high specialization technicality leakage of information intellectual-offence and deviant behavior. Without the accurate countermeasure, we can't achieve the desired end. So we should find out multilateral and general measure. Always crimes go in advance of the measure, so the counter measures against, computer crime can not be final. Nevertheless, we can't be careless in making the measure, but we should always consider a counter measure. 1995. 12. 29. our country revised criminal law and consolidated direct provisions, especially on the computer-hacking. But, inspite of the revision, especially on the computer-hacking. But, inspite of the revision, we have many problems'. So, first of all, through the positive and empirical study, we should revise criminal law and computer crime related provisions systematically. As the aspects and techniques of internet related crimes are always changing with the development of computer technology, there will be many problems with principle of legality, when we apply the existing abstract provisions to the new crime. We can not be lazy in studying the emerging internet related crimes and taking concrete shape of the provision. And it will be a big help to that desirable to import the foreign provision without consideration of our reality. Without the positive and empirical study on internet related crimes, sometimes important crime will be out of reach of the punishment. Due to these day's development of computer and technology of communication, the personal computers are widely supplied and especially PC communication and exchange of the informations became the most important function. With the advent of internet, new aspects of crimes are appearing. Up to now, the fraud by using the computer or the interference in the execution of duty by the illegal operation of computer was the leading aspects of computer crime, but nowadays with the advent of internet, database crime or network crime like the computer hacking became the important aspects of internet related crimes. These new aspects of internet related crimes are defusing into domains of traditional crimes. Nevertheless to follow and punish the acts on the internet is not technically easy, and as it is emerging international shape, to settle it by international law is not that easy. Harmful acts in the information-oriented society are very diverse in kinds and aspects, and it is difficult to enumerate. The point is that among the new acts in the information-oriented society we should decide which acts are to be punished and which acts are not to be punished. It is needless to say that the criminal law should be the last resort. But owing to the characters of the characteristics of the information-oriented society, when the traditional standards can be applied, the question of what is the basis and how it can be applied in a concrete way is not settled. And if it cannot be applied, how can we make new standard is also an unsettled question.

The application placement strategies in the hierarchical fog-cloud environment based on the directed acyclic graph (DAG) for rapid execution is an NP-hard optimization problem. Although heuristics have been proposed to generate sub-optimal solutions based on non-preemptive placement policy, merging multiple DAG-based applications into one application is simple but ineffective for minimizing the overall makespan due to the lack of consideration of fairness among multiple DAG-based applications. We design an application placement strategy based on dynamic scheduling that can effectively utilize the schedule gaps in the virtual machines of the different layers to minimize the makespan that meets the deadlines.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, scholars at institutions of higher education around the world are transitioning their teaching, service, and research into online settings; for many this may be a new and challenging experience. While many of the best practices associated with research in traditional or face-to-face settings also apply to research in or via online settings, there are some additional challenges and nuances that researchers must adequately address and plan for due to the affordances and limitations of online settings. This paper discusses the key issues of privacy, informed consent, trust and trustworthiness, and retention through the literature and provides practical recommendations based on evidence and experience from two different online research projects. The reflections on and examples from these two research projects contextualize the above issues and act as evidence to inform research as a practice. The authors hope this evidence and practical guidance may help researchers better prepare for research in a socially distanced world.

본 논문에서는 산업용 사물 인터넷(IIoT)의 효율적인 데이터 관리를 위한 새로운 접근법을 제시한다. 기존의 IIoT 시스템들은 데이터의 실시간 처리에 초점을 맞추었지만, 본 논문에서는 데이터의 위험도를 고려한 효과적인 데이터 관리 전략을 제안한다. 이를 위해 제시된 RL-AoI(Risk-Level aware Age of Information)는 데이터의 신선도를 측정하는 Age of Information(AoI) 개념에 위험도를 반영하여, 더 신속하고 안전한 데이터 처리를 가능하게 한다. 본 논문은 또한 RL-AoI를 최적화하는 모델링 방법을 상세하게 제시한다. 이는 상태, 행동, 보상을 정의하고 최적화 방정식을 통해 문제를 해결한다. 그 결과, 기존의 방식에 비해 더욱 효과적인 데이터 관리가 가능함을 보여준다.

In this paper, we propose a novel approach for efficient data management in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). While existing IIoT systems have focused on real-time data processing, our paper introduces an effective data management strategy that takes into account the risk level of the data. To this end, we present the Risk-Level aware Age of Information (RL-AoI), which incorporates risk level into the Age of Information (AoI) concept, a measure of data freshness, enabling more rapid and secure data processing. This paper also provides a detailed presentation of the modeling method to optimize RL-AoI. This involves defining states, actions, and rewards, and solving the problem through optimization equations. The results demonstrate that our approach enables more effective data management compared to traditional methods.

현재 우리 사회는 4차 산업혁명의 물결 속에서 지능정보사회로 전개되고 있으며 이러한 변화는 모든 분야를 혁신시키는 긍정적 효과를 가져 올 것이다. 하지만 기술의 양면성으로 순기능과 동시에 역기능이 발생되고 있다. 지능화에 의해 해킹, 테러, 개인정보 침해, 불법콘텐츠 유통 등 사이버 역기능에 대한 위협은 더욱 심각해 질 것이다. 지금까지 인터넷의 보안 체계는 사후적(Proactive) 보안체계였으나 근래에 예방적(Preventive) 보안체계 방안인 신뢰네트워크에 대한 제안이 이루어지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 신뢰네트워크 기술 중 하나인 Bright Internet에 대해서 지능정보사회의 사이버 역기능 해소 가능성을 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 지능정보사회의 사이버 역기능을 정의하고 Bright Internet 5대 원칙 도입에 대한 지능정보사회의 사이버 역기능 변화에 대한 인식을 분석한다. 연구결과 Brighit Internet 신뢰네트워크 도입으로 인한 지능정보사회의 역기능 해소가 가능하며 특히 사이버 범죄 및 테러, 권리침해 영역의 개선이 클 것으로 예측되었다. 5대 원칙 중에는 확인 가능한 익명성의 원칙과 국제 협력 조사 원칙이 역기능 해소의 기대치가 높게 나타나 효과가 클 것으로 분석되었다.

At present, our society is developing into the intelligent information society in the wave of the 4th industrial revolution, and this change will have the positive effect of innovating all industry fields. However, due to the duality of technology, there will be positive and negative effects. With intelligence, threats to cyber dysfunction such as hacking, terrorism, privacy infringement, and illegal content distribution will become more serious. Until now, the security system of the Internet has been a proactive security system, but in recent years, a proposal for a trust network, a preventive security system, has been introduced. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the possibility of resolving cyber dysfunction of intelligent information society about Bright Internet, one of trust network technologies. This study defines the cyber dysfunction of the intelligent information society and analyzes the perceptions of changes in the cyber dysfunction of the intelligent information society on the introduction of the five principles of the Bright Internet. The change of cyber dysfunction severity of the intelligent information society due to the introduction of the trust network is analyzed to reflect the technical and social demands. This work will guide the structure of the trust network and the direction of practical technological introduction and its influence.

The main purpose of this study is to statistically analyze the difference between Korea and Japan's consumer attitudes towards e-commerce through the use of auction websites. Here are the results. First, there was a significant difference between the Korean user's attitude and the Japanese user's attitude towards Internet usage; especially, the Japanese user's attitude towards convenience showed a much higher degree than that of the Korean user. Second, Korean users preferred brand image to price, while Japanese users preferred price to brand image. Third, both the Korean users and the Japanese showed a positive relationship between Internet usage and the use of e-commerce. In contrast to the Korean user's frequent use of the bulletin board, Japanese users tended to use the bulletin board less frequently.

This exploratory study with a small, non-representational sample attempts to explain the possible interplay between traditional Internet and social media and their combined influence on young voters’ everyday, face-to-face political discussion. Assumed and tested herein was that close-tie social media use would moderate the positive influence of exposure to heterogeneous opinions on the Internet on college students’ participation in offline political discussion due to the cocooning effect inspired by circular affirmation in close networks. From hierarchical regression analyses of a sample of 123 Korean university students, results supported the negative moderation of close-tie social media use. Lighter close-tie social media users were more likely to participate in offline political discussion as a result of heterogeneous exposure than heavier close-tie social media users. In addition, close-tie social media use facilitated higher political discussion for students with lower heterogeneous exposure. In discussion, however, it was cautioned that the increased political discussion due to higher close-tie social media use may not transfer to higher perspective-taking ability and political tolerance. Implications were provided for future research.

Based on the Information-Centric Networking (ICN) concept and the mature model of the current TCP/IP-based Internet, we propose content searching based on universal and scalable resource description, namely ISBORD (Internet Searching based on Resource Description). This novel concept aims to improve the efficiency of content searching and simplifies the end-user functionality to support the evolution of the content-centric Internet.

The Internet lies at the heart of new media ecology that has changed the structural relations of traditional media such as print and broadcast. The Internet offers its users a wide range of communication opportunities. For example, content is available 24 hours a day and users can interact with each other, asynchronously or synchronously. The number of Internet users has doubled in each of the last 6 years. Such phenomenal growth may be explained by media system dependency theory (MSD). Media system dependency theory posits that people are increasingly dependent on the media (a) to understand the social world, (b) to act meaningfully and effectively in society, and (c) for fantasy and escape. Furthermore, the degree of audience dependence on media information is the key variable in understanding when and why media messages alter audience beliefs, feelings, or behavior. The Y2K problem can be the prime example of media dependency and how people’s attitudes and beliefs have changed due to Y2K problem. This paper will examine the Y2K problem using media system dependency theory and how people’s relationship to media has altered people’s behavior.

Internet Metering is one of service models in which the internet service provider(ISP) such as KT, SK Broadband in Korea, and AT&T, Time Warner Cable, CamCast in America tracks bandwidth use and charges high traffic customers accordingly. In June 2008, Time Warner Cable began testing Internet Metering in Beaumont, Texas. To illustrate a typical example of this, a customer selects a service package with a flat rate up to a specified limit and then pays additional fees beyond the limit. For approaching to this Metering, ISP veils the raising fee rather than advancing service quality for customers. Due to the fact that the paying system bases on the quantity of Internet traffic, a customer would be willing to reduce the time and traffic to internet access, and then web-based content provider would try to upload contents without giving heavy traffic to a customer under a broadband cap. Internet Metering could influence on the authorship of copyrighted works and the information culture on cyberspace. Under this circumstance ISP has become a gatekeeper of the internet to make decision whether to open door and appreciate the information society. It means that the free access to the internet conducts the social and cultural advance via the digital convergency. The ‘free’ comes without a burden rather than being gratuitous. Internet Metering may be the burden to a customer, and a content provider, but for putting the appropriate policy with respect to free access to the internet. It needs legislation, if necessary.

Recent developments in the fields of communications, smart transportation systems and computer systems have significantly expanded the potential for intelligent solutions in the domains of traffic safety, convenience and efficiency. The utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is presently prevalent across diverse sectors of application due to its significant capacity to augment conventional data-driven methodologies. In the domain of Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs), data is regularly gathered from several sources. The collected data serves multiple goals, such as facilitating efficient routing, enhancing driver awareness, forecasting mobility patterns to prevent potential risks, and ultimately enhancing passenger comfort, safety and overall road experience. Internet of thing (IoT) can be a good solution fro many issues that of VANETs. In order to make a complete system of VANETs communications are very essential like 5G and 6G. This study provides a detailed examination of AI, IoT and 5G/6G methodologies currently being investigated by multiple research endeavors in the field of VANETs. The merits and demerits of the AI-based methodologies suggested for the VANET domain have been analyzed with the using of IoT and 5G/6G. In conclusion, forthcoming research prospects in the field of VANETs are ascertained.

The Internet and social media bring many benefits to individuals, groups, organizations, and society. However, some users, groups, agents, businesses, institutions, and governments also manipulate and deceive the online environment, fostering negative consequences. This article describes one specific manifestation of this phenomenon: the Internet Water Army, a growing Internet/ social media phenomenon, especially in China. There has been no robust framework for referring to the Internet Water Army, nor an integrated social science review of this type of Internet/social media user, thus creating gaps and contradictions in discussions and research about it. First, the article defines, with examples, first the general domain of organized multiple online postings or contributions, second the more specific domain of paid posters or influencers promoting misinformation, and third the particular case of the Internet Water Army. Then, the explanation identifies four central dimensions of the Internet Water Army?characteristics (user demographics and activities, organization and process), purposes (at individual, organizational, and political levels), messages (content and valence) and an affordance (visibility), and consequences (desirable/ undesirable, direct/indirect, and anticipated/unanticipated)?with a wide variety of examples. The article ends with a discussion of several theoretical perspectives that could increase our understanding of phenomena such as the Internet Water Army.

There is a great demand for an efficient security framework which can secure IoT systems from potential adversarial attacks. However, it is challenging to design a suitable security model for IoT considering the dynamic and distributed nature of IoT. This motivates the researchers to focus more on investigating the role of machine learning (ML) in the designing of security models. A brief analysis of different ML algorithms for IoT security is discussed along with the advantages and limitations of ML algorithms. Existing studies state that ML algorithms suffer from the problem of high computational overhead and risk of privacy leakage. In this context, this review focuses on the implementation of federated learning (FL) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for IoT security. Unlike conventional ML techniques, FL models can maintain the privacy of data while sharing information with other systems. The study suggests that FL can overcome the drawbacks of conventional ML techniques in terms of maintaining the privacy of data while sharing information with other systems. The study discusses different models, overview, comparisons, and summarization of FL and DL-based techniques for IoT security.

Smart services based on the Internet of Everything (IoE) are gaining considerable popularity due to the ever-increasing demands of wireless networks. This demands the appraisal of the wireless networks with enhanced properties as next-generation communication systems. Although 5G networks show great potential to support numerous IoE based services, it is not adequate to meet the complete requirements of the new smart applications. Therefore, there is an increased demand for envisioning the 6G wireless communication systems to overcome the major limitations in the existing 5G networks. Moreover, incorporating artificial intelligence in 6G will provide solutions for very complex problems relevant to network optimization. Furthermore, to add further value to the future 6G networks, researchers are investigating new technologies, such as THz and quantum communications. The requirements of future 6G wireless communications demand to support massive data-driven applications and the increasing number of users. Unlike existing works, this paper highlights the recent activities and trends toward 6G technology, network requirement, essential enabling technologies for 6G networks, and a detailed use case analysis between 5G and 6G networks. Moreover, this paper surveys emerging 6G connectivity solutions, such as holographic beamforming, artificial intelligence-enabled IoT networks, edge computing, and backscatter communications to serve smart communities. Furthermore, several future research directions to accomplish 6G-based IoT networks are also highlighted.

The introduction of mobile communication devices disrupts the domestic sphere, including couple relations. Indeed, the individual may now establish more easily relations with the “intruders” at home (in various fields: friendship, love or career) and find themselves in poly-commitment situations causing de-synchronization of everyday life. This article will try to show that this intrusion of ICT at home questions the idea of the relationship and leads to new strategies of actors within the couple.

L’arrivée des appareils nomades de communication bouleverse la sphère privée notamment les relations conjugales. En effet, l’individu peut désormais nouer plus facilement des relations avec des «intrus» au foyer (dans les domaines amical, amoureux ou professionnel). Il se retrouve dès lors dans des situations de poly-engagement provoquant une désynchronisation de la vie à deux. Ainsi, cet article essaiera de montrer que l’intrusion des TIC dans les foyers réinterroge la notion-même de relation et crée de nouvelles stratégies d’acteurs au sein des couples.

Purpose: Dementia and altered cognitive function are highly prevalent among older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); hence, prevention is necessary before it develops into dementia. Treatment adherence?medication adherence and physical activity?is essential to prevent and delay dementia; however, comprehensive interventions to promote it in this population are lacking. This study aimed to develop a program for treatment adherence utilizing an Internet of things (IoT) device. Methods: The six-step mapping protocol was used to develop the IoT-based treatment adherence intervention (ITAI). The intervention was based on literature review, expert opinions, and input from older adults with MCI. Results: In Step 1, needs assessment was conducted to gain insights into health problems and their underlying determinants. In Steps 2 and 3, performance objectives were identified for behavior change and selected theoretical and evidence-based methods were linked to the intervention outcomes. In Step 4, the ITAI was designed with components and materials consistent with the identified change goals and methods, and specific intervention components developed. In Step 5, implementation plans and solutions to barriers to its application were identified. In Step 6, the plan to evaluate intervention effectiveness was outlined. Conclusion: The intervention mapping provided a systematic procedure for developing an ITAI for older adults with MCI and preparing a randomized controlled trial. Utilizing intervention mapping is useful as ITAI systematically processes treatment adherence for MCI using the IoT and is acceptable and valid. ITAI is expected to increase medication adherence and physical activity in older adults with MCI.

최근 응용 프로그램은 대다수가 웹기반 시스템으로 구현되고 있다. 그것은 정보의 호환 관점에서 웹 기반 정보통합이 사실상의 유일한 대안이 되고 있기 때문이며. 이러한 비즈니스 시장에서 살아남기 위해 기업들이 배포 및 유지보수가 쉬운 웹응용프로그램을 선호했기 때문이다. 문제는 다양한 고객의 요구조건을 웹 응용 프로그램이 충족시키기에는 한계가 있다는 점이다. 이런 문제를 해결하고자 많은 기업은 앞 다투어서 새로운 인터넷 구조인X-Internet기반의 응용프로그램을 출시하고 있으며 기업들도 도입을 서두르고 있다. 본 논문에서는 Internet 시스템을 소개하고 그에 기반을 둔 응용프로그램과 일반적 웹응용프로그램의 성능을 TPC-H 벤치마크 관점에서 비교 분석함으로써 X-Internet 구조의 기본 시스템구조 대비 그 가능성이 크다는 것을 입증하였다.

Application programs recently have been implemented in terms of web based systems. It mainly comes from the reason that the web based system integration is the only alternative of which vendors prefers the systems that they can easily distributed and maintained to the conventional client server systems. The web based systems, however, have their intrinsic limitations to cope with various user requirements. In order to solve these issues, many organizations and companies try to adopt X-Internet based application systems. In this paper, we introduce an X-Internet based system architecture by which it is outperformed in comparing the performance to the general web based systems in terms of TPC-H benchmark test.