Earticle

현대 예배학은, 실천신학 연구방법론에서 볼 때에, 질적 연구 위주의 역사적 문헌연구와 예전 문서의 신학적 해석 등과 같은 해석자 중심으로 이루어져왔다. 이렇게 예배연구에서 해석자 중심은 예배의 전통과 구성요소에 대한 성서적·신학적·역사적 정당성을 확보하였지만, 문화의 다양성과 환경의 변화에 능동적으로 대응해야 하는 문제에 있어서는 적절하게 반응하지 못하여 왔다. 그 결과 현대 예배학은 예전에 관한 입장의 차이, 기독교 예배와 세상 문화 사이의 관계, 예배에서 회중의 능동적 참여 문제 등과 같은 예배 이슈들에 직면하게 되었다. 무엇보다, 공예배는 초대교회에서부터 신앙형성과 신앙강화의 강력한 수단이었지만(Ut legem credendi, lex statuat supplicandi), 회중이 어떻게 신앙이 형성되는지 그리고 공예배와 신앙형성의 상호작용 간에 어떤 메커니즘이 작동하는지를 다루지 못해 왔다. 본 논문은 신앙생활(lex agendi, lex vivendi)에서 믿음과 순종을 지향(lex credendi)하는데 바람직한 예배(lex orandi)가 무엇인지를 찾는 과정 중 ‘예전에 의한 신앙형성’의 핵심인 회중의 인지구조를 제시하고 실증 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 연구결과, 공예배에서 회중의 인지구조(지·정·의)는 4중 구조 예배의 전 영역에서 감정이 의지(행동)에 영향(또는 형성)을 줄 때 이성이 일정부분 조절역할을 하였고, 설교 영역에서는 이성이 의지에 영향을 줄 때 감정이 일정부분 조절역할을 하였다. 그래서 회중의 인지구조는 4중 구조 예배를 통해 신앙형성을 유발하였다. 본 논문의 시사점은 회중의 인지구조는, 4중 구조의 예배에서 설교를 강조하기 보다는 예배요소 그 자체를 강조하는 관점을 제공하고, 이것은 공예배를 통해 하나님의 임재경험 뿐 아니라, 생활예배를 통한 하나님의 임재의식을 갖게 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to show how cognitive structures such as Reason, Emotion, and Will interact with worship situation for faith formation in the four-fold structure of worship. As a result, Reason moderated the Emotion between Will in all areas of worship. Emotion moderated the Reason between Will in preaching areas of worship. In other words, the four-fold structure of worship led to faith formation through cognitive structure of congregation. Specifically speaking, the congregation opened the door to the heart through intercession and praise in all areas of worship, yearning for God and feeling and experiencing the presence of the Holy Spirit through the eyes of the heart. And so the congregation listens and realizes the Word more. Also the congregation reflection and enlightenment through the Word led to determination and practice through repentance and devotion, as well as praise and prayer of devotion. On the other hand, in the field of preaching, when the word of God was transmitted through the congregation's reason in a spiritual atmosphere, it appeared to be an emotional reaction and volitional action. As such, the cognitive structure of congregation is a concept that emphasizes worship elements rather than preaching in worship. And it is a concept that not only brings God's presence through public worship, but also take God's presence through life worship.

Much interest has been recently focused on the production of large quantities of hydrogen, due to its potential importance in our economy and needs in the petroleum and chemical industries. Formate dehydrogenase H (FDH-H) from Escherichia coli containing selenocysteine that oxidizes formate to carbon dioxide with the release of hydrogen is a component of the anaerobic formate hydrogen-lyase complex of E. coli. To make full use of FDH-H, we need effective expression condition. In this approach, we investigated the effect of pH on FDH-H stability and observed the effect of selenite and formate concentration on the activity of FDH-H. Additionally, coexpression of selenocysteine insertion genes were tried to improve the expression of FDH-H. The highest level of FDH-H expression was achieved by coexpression of selenocysteine insertion genes (pSUABC) as well as by the addition of 10 μM selenite and 10 mM formate. At this optimized condition, a 2.6 fold elevation of expression of FDH-H was achieved.

Much interest has been recently focused on the reducing of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a kinetically and thermodynamically stable molecule. It is easily formed by the oxidation of organic molecules, during combustion or respiration, but is difficult to reduce. The production of reduced carbon compounds from CO2 is an attractive proposition, because carbon-neutral energy sources could be used to generate fuel resources and sequester CO2 from the atmosphere. However, available methods for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 require excessive overpotentials (are energetically wasteful) and produce mixtures of products. Formate dehydrogenase H (FDH-H) from Escherichia coli containing selenocysteine that oxidizes formate to carbon dioxide with the release of hydrogen is a component of the anaerobic formate hydrogen lyase complex of E. coli. In this approach, we investigated the effect of pH on FDH-H stability and observed the effect of selenite and formate concentration on the activity of FDH-H. Additionally, coexpression of selenocysteine insertion genes were tried to improve the expression of FDH-H. The highest level of FDH-H expression was achieved by coexpression of selenocysteine insertion genes (pSUABC) as well as by the addition of 10 μM selenite and 10 mM formate. At this optimized condition, a 2.6 fold elevation of expression of FDH-H was achieved.

Much interest has been recently focused on the production of large quantities of hydrogen, due to its potential importance in our economy and needs in the petroleum and chemical industries. Formate dehydrogenase H (FDH-H) from Escherichia coli containing selenocysteine that oxidizes formate to carbon dioxide with the release of a hydrogen, is a component of the anaerobic formate hydrogen lyase complex of E. coli. In this approach, the fdhF gene was subcloned into expression vector, pET-22b(+), and a 6xHis tag was fused to FDH-H at the C-terminus and overexpressed in E. coli. However, overexpression of FDH-H in E. coli resulted in the formation of inclusion body. Several efforts including low temperature for induction and optimization of inducer concentration were tried to improve the functional expression of FDH-H.

Strategies for environmental-friendly reduction of CO2 to organic compounds have gained worldwide attention due to the growing consensus that increasing emissions of CO2 are causing global warming. The efficient utilization of CO2 will not only help to alleviate greenhouse effect, but also to obtain useful chemicals as well. In this work, biocatalytic reduction of CO2 by formate dehydrogenase (FDH) was investigated. In order to improve the catalytic stability of FDH, the enzyme was immobilized through cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs). The optimal conditions for the preparation of CLEAs were determined by changing kinds and concentration of cross-linker. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also used as a proteic feeder to increase the immobilization yield. The recovered activities of CLEAs were highly dependent on the concentration of glutaraldehyde, while the recovered activity was not severely influenced by the content of dextran polyaldehyde as a mild cross-linker. The recovered activity of CLEAs was about 18% under optimized conditions. The residual activity of FDH CLEAs cross-linked with dextran polyaldehyde (Dex-CLEAs) was over 95% after 10 times reuse. Thermal stability of Dex-CLEAs was 3.4 times enhanced compared with free enzyme. CLEAs of FDH could reduce CO2 to formate with very low reduction of activity after repeated use.

The fixation of carbon dioxide is one of the most important issues for global sustainability. Formate dehydrogenase could be used for direct reduction of carbon dioxide to formate. Most formate dehydrogenases used in formate production were selenium-dependent and were not industrially feasible due to rapid inactivation upon exposure to oxygen. Recently, NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenases were utilized for reduction of carbon dioxide with advantages of oxygen stability, easy recombinant expression. Formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii (CbF) is commercially available and is most widely used. The reduction of carbon dioxide requires proton and reduction reaction at acidic pH is more efficient than at neutral pH. However, commercial CbF showed low reduction efficiency at acidic pH and it is necessary to look for efficient formate dehydrogenases for reduction of carbon dioxide at acidic pH. In this study, reduction activity of five formate dehydrogenases with acidic optimum pH was investigated. Four formate dehydrogenases showed higher reduction activity than the CbF and most efficient formate dehydrogenase had 3.2, 3.3, and 4.4 times higher reduction activity than the CbF at pH 5.5, 6.0, and 7.0, respectively. Further discussion will be presented.

The carbon fixation is one of the most important worldwide issues for global sustainability and for prevention of global warming. Development of ways to reduce the atmospheric CO2 concentration is urgent demand. Biocatalysts such as carbonic anhydrase and formate dehydrogenase (FDH) could be utilized for carbon capture and sequestration. Though carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the rapid hydration of CO2, formate dehydrogenase could directly convert CO2 into formate through reduction reaction. Most of the NAD-independent FDHs used for CO2 reduction are oxygen-labile due to their tungsten or molybdenum-containing active site. For practical application under aerobic condition, NAD-dependent FDHs, which are widely used for enzymatic NADH regeneration, are currently applied to CO2 reduction with advantages of oxygen stability and easy recombinant expression. However, NAD-dependent FDH from Candida boidinii (CbFDH), which is commercially available and is the most widely used, has very low CO2 reduction activity. Five NAD-dependent FDHs reported to have more acidic optimum pH than that of CbFDH were examined. Among tested enzymes, formate dehydrogenase from Thiobacillus sp. FDH (TsFDH) showed the highest CO2 reduction activity under acidic condition. The ordered ternary complex model for two substrates enzyme kinetics showed TsFDH had 33.7-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) than that of CbFDH in the reduction of CO2. Formate produced through the CO2 reduction reaction was detected. Further discussion will be presented.

Direct writing of copper lines has been achieved by pyrolytic decomposition of copper formate films using a focused argon ion laser beam($\lambda$ =514.5nm) on a glass. The thickness and linewidth of the deposited copper films were considered as a function of laser power and scan speed. As the result from AES, there are no other elements except for copper after decomposition in the atmospheric ambient.

We performed the tests of acute and subchronic inhalation toxicity of methyl formate, which has limited toxicological data in spite of its widespread use and enhanced hazard consequent on its high volatility. The median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) was evaluated to be above 5,000ppm(12.27 mg/L). In the test with subchronic inhalation, there are no deaths, but with reduction of body weight, food intake, organ weight by exposure to 400 (0.98 mg/L) and 1,600 (3.92 mg/L) ppm, dose-dependently. There were statistical differences in some hematological and blood biochemical parameters as compared to control (e.g. neutrophile and lymphocyte in the 1,600 ppm group, calcium and A/G in 1,600 ppm group). Methyl formate under the exposure of 1,600 ppm showed the respiratory findings with nasal, it was confirmed that the chemical has respiratory hazard with 1,600 ppm inhalation exposure, induces nasal epithelial atrophy, olfactory cell degeneration/regeneration and the contraction of olfactory cells, etc. According to the notification with Ministry of Labor (No. 2009-68) for classification, labeling and MSDS of chemicals, it is suggested for methyl formate to be classified as category 4 in acute (10.0<category $4\leq20.0$ mg/L), category 2 (0.2<concentration$\leq$1.0 mg/L/6h, 90 days) in specific target organ-repeated exposure.

Effect of potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid in a sulfate solution on the deposit composition and current efficiency of trivalent chromium plating was studied. The trivalent chromium layers prepared by solutions with potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid contain a few carbon inside. The solutions containing potassium formate, glycine and oxalic acid are relatively stable with pH change. The solution with the potassium formate shows 6-30％ current efficiency with current density, whereas, the solutions with oxalic acid and glycine show about 5％ current efficiency, respectively. The improved current efficiency is related to enough supply of chromium ions to the electrode due to the increase of pH at the front of electrode.

Formate dehydrogenase(FDH)는 포름산이온을 이산화탄소로 산화하는 반응을 촉매하는 효소로서, 건조와 저온 그리고 병원균 감염 등에 반응하는 스트레스 단백질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 현사시나무에서 FDH의 cDNA를 분리하여 구조와 발현 특성 등을 조사하였다. 현사시나무의 FDH cDNA(PagFDH1)는 1,499개의 염기쌍으로 이루어져 있으며, 388개의 아미노산으로 구성되는 예상 분자량 42.5 kDa의 단백질을 암호화한다. PagFDH1 단백질은 미토콘드리아 신호펩티드와 $NAD^+$ 결합부위를 가지고 있다. PagFDH1은 현사시나무의 염색체에 1 copy가 존재하며, 배양세포에서 가장 높게 발현되고 뿌리와 꽃 그리고 잎에서도 발현되었다. 현탁배양세포의 생장주기에서 유도기와 초기 지수생장기에 높게 발현하였다. PagFDH1은 건조와 염 스트레스에 반응하여 ABA를 경유한 신호전달경로에 의해 발현이 유도되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 FDH 유전자의 도입과 발현조절을 통한 환경 스트레스 저항성나무의 개발에 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

Formate dehydrogenase (FDH), catalyzing the oxidation of the formate ion to carbon dioxide, is known as the stress protein in response to drought, low temperature and pathogen infection. To study the functions of FDH in poplar (Populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa), we isolated a FDH cDNA (PagFDH1) and examined its expressional characteristics. The PagFDH1 is 1,499 base pairs long and encodes a putative 388 amino acid protein with an expected molecular mass of 42.5 kDa. The PagFDH1 protein has N-terminal mitochondria signal peptide and $NAD^+$ binding domain. Southern blot analysis indicated that a single copy of the PagFDH1 is present in the poplar genome. PagFDH1 is expressed highly in the suspension cells (especially in the lag and early exponential phases) and moderately in roots, flowers and leaves. ABA-mediated enhanced expression of PagFDH1 in response to drought and salt stress treatments indicates that the gene product could play an important role in the development of stress resistant trees.

A solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry utilizing $^{13}C$-formate as an internal standard for the determination of formate was proved to be applicable as a reliable quantitative method in several plants. We were the first to discover that trees contain larger pool sizes of formate than herbs. Our data also showed that the formate level of the leaves increased after the methanol-spraying, suggesting that methanol oxidation could convert formaldehyde into formate. In addition, drought and chilling led to the increase of endogenous formate in Arabidospsis thaliana. These results confirmed that formate is a universal stress signal in plants.

CO₂ emissions are the primary reason for global warming; hence, biological and chemical technologies for converting CO₂ into useful compounds are being actively studied. Biological methods using enzymes can convert CO₂ under mild conditions. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is a representative CO₂ conversion enzyme. Its function was revealed after isolation from bacteria, yeast, and plants. In this study, we evaluated the CO₂ conversion potential of FDH isolated from wood-rotting fungi. After isolating the FDH gene (TvFDH) from Trametes versicolor, we cloned the full-length FDH from T. versicolor and expressed it in a cell-free expression system. The gene encoding TvFDH was identified as 1,200 bp open reading frame (ORF) and the expected molecular weight of the protein was approximately 42 kDa. Overexpression of the recombinant crude protein including TvFDH was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Enzyme activities and metabolite analyses confirmed the efficiency of TvFDH for CO₂ reduction.

Fumigation of fruits and vegetables during quarantine and pre-shipment(QPS) treatment should be effective with a shorter fumigation time to minimize phytotoxicity. In this research study, a shorter fumigation time, 2 hours exposure which is shorter than that of the current commercial fumigation procedures using a lower dose of ethyl formate (EF) mixed with phosphine (PH₃) on strawberry was investigated. The reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ against nymphs and adult Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus urticae (Koch) was evaluated. In addition, L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of EF only and EF mixed with PH₃ were analyzed at 5℃ and 20℃. The synergistic ratio (SR) of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ for the nymph and adult stages of M. persicae were >1.0, which indicated a synergistic effect between EF and PH₃. However, the SR values of L(Ct)₅₀ and L(Ct)₉₉ of the nymph and adult stages of T. urticae were ≤1.0 indicating that there was no synergistic effect between the two fumigants against T. urticae. Our results showed that the reciprocal effect between EF and PH₃ has different effects on M. persicae and T. urticae. This could be attributed to the biological and physical differences between the class Arachnida and Insecta. The synergistic effect between EF and PH₃ against M. persicae within a shorter exposure period and without phytotoxicity on fruits and vegetables will significantly benefit the horticultural industry.

A $Pd/TiO_2$ catalyst was prepared by a conventional impregnation method, and further characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The as-prepared material was employed to accelerate dehydrogenation of potassium formate in the presence of light at different temperatures. The $Pd/TiO_2$ catalyst showed distinct dehydrogenation activities, and particularly, the material exhibited a higher turnover frequency (TOF) of $2,097h^{-1}$ at $80^{\circ}C$ after 10 minutes in the presence of light compared to that (TOF of $1,477h^{-1}$) obtained in the absence of light. Numerous analytical techniques suggest that the increased dehydrogenation activity likely originates from light-excited electron and hole at the photocatalyst, i.e., $TiO_2$, in conjunction with metal-support interaction.

Ethyl formate (EF) was tested in mixtures with natural products (NPs) as a fumigant against the internal stages of Sitophilus oryzae. These novel formulations of EF [EF:NPs = 9.0:1.0, (v/v)] were shown to be chemically stable for 1 month after initial mixing. Therefore, EF acts as a good solvent for various NPs having insecticidal activity. The toxicity of EF alone, and of the various EF formulations, was evaluated on each developmental stage at different concentrations and exposure times. The results show that the effect of EF alone, as compared with the various EF formulations, was similar or lower in the mixed age cultures (MAC) of S. oryzae after 6 hr of exposure. For the pupal stage of S. oryzae, EF + thujone showed increased toxicity (>20%) at both 6 hr of exposure at 67.4 mg/L, as well as at 24 hr of exposure at 37.6 mg/L. Also, EF + thujone, EF + menthone, and EF + carvone showed higher toxicities as compared to EF alone, on the pupal stage of S. oryzae after 24 hr of exposure at 37.6 mg/L. However, we couldn't find significant differences in the formulations in terms of their synergistic effects. The most significant result of this research was the ability to use EF as a solvent for the application of various natural materials as fumigants and/or protectants. Our continuing research is aimed at finding natural product formulations that possess enhanced toxicity with respect to the internal stages of stored grain pests, as well as low mammalian toxicity.

Copper ink has been prepared by mixing copper(II) formate and 2-ethyl-1-hexylammonium bicarbonate (EHABC) to overcome some weak points such as aggregation and degradation of copper nano-type ink. Ink was coated on glass substrate and calcined at $110^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$ to generate electrically conductive copper film under two different atmospheres such as nitrogen gas and gaseous mixture of formic acid and methanol. The lowest resistivity of $1.88{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ of copper film was obtained at $150^{\circ}C$ in gaseous formic acid condition. The long-term resistivity shows to increase from $1.88{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ to $2.61{\mu}{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ after one month.