Earticle

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, threatens tomato and potato crops in Nepal. This study explores developing and deploying a mobile application powered by a graph neural network (GNN) to predict late blight risk for Nepali farmers. The GNN trained on 43 years of NASA satellite weather data can generate 5-days forecast for 320 weather stations in Sudurpashim and Karnali Province, Nepal. The mobile application offers user-friendly forecasts and visualizes late blight risk through clear graphical interfaces. In the visited sites, 30% of tomato and potato crops were found infected with late blight, which the app had identified as high-risk. Samples infected with late blight were collected and analyzed in a wet lab setting. All infected samples tested positive for P. infestans, confirming the app's ability to predict real-world late blight outbreaks. This study showcases the successful development and deployment of a GNN-powered mobile application for assessing late blight risk in Nepal. The application disseminates critical weather information and localized risk assessments, potentially enhancing late blight management in tomato and potato crops. Further research, including extensive field trials comparing with farmers' practices, could increase the application's usability in Nepali fields.

Purpose: With the development of sports science, some major sports have made significant progress over the past few years by introducing big data analysis technology. Whereas, fitness sports events that are closer to the general public, such as weight training, are slow to use big data analysis techniques to increase the accuracy and precision of exercise methods. This study aimed to review the current big data analysis technology and discuss sports scientific application methods that can be used in the fitness field. Methods: A total of 10 articles related to big data published within the last ten years in sports science and medical fields were reviewed, and key contents were summarized to suggest a future fitness exercise case using big data and sports scientific research methodology. Results: The successful use of big data analysis in the sports field requires core technologies, including data collection ans storage, analysis algorithm accuracy, user experience-based interface, network protocols and security etc. As a result of reviewing all articles, an integrated platform was derived that technically provides a function of coaching and notifying accurate posture in 3D model simulation while capturing trainee's posture and movements in real time during fitness exercise, and in terms of research methodology, it was confirmed that the integrated big data platform needs to be verified through randomized controlled studies on bodybuilding performance, health fitness level, quality of life, and user satisfaction etc. Conclusion: Through the results of this study, it was confirmed that advanced industries and services can be expected by using big data analysis technology in fitness sports in the future, and technical and clinical verification should be actively conducted academically.

본 연구의 목적은 안전행동과 사고 발생을 예측하고 관리하기 위해 안전성향검사 도구를 개발하고 타당도를 검증하는 것이 었다. 안전 심리 분야에서 근로자의 안전 행동에 영향을 미치는 주요 변인으로 안전 리더십과 안전 문화에 대한 연구들이 많이 진행되어 왔다. Lewin에 따르면 Behavior = Person * Environment으로 환경은 물리적 환경(기계, 장비 등)과 심리-사회적 (psyco-social) 환경(안전 리더십/문화)으로 구분할 수 있다. 하지만 국내의 경우 근로자 개인 특성이 안전 수행에 미치는 영향 에 대한 연구는 부족하였다. 개인 특성 중 일관되게 행동에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 변인이 성격이고, Lee 등(2018)은 개인 성격이 안전/불안전 행동에 영향을 미칠 확률은 35% 이상이며, 불안전 행동으로 한정해 보면 50% 이상이라고 하였다. 그리고 불안전 한 행동으로 인한 사고는 비교적 소수의 직원에 의해 발생한다고 하였다(Clarke & Robertson 2008). 따라서 안전/불안전 행동 을 예측할 수 있는 성격 특성을 검증하여, 직원 선발이나 재직자 코칭에 활용한다면 산업 재해 예방에 도움이 될 수 있다

원전의 안전성분석보고서에는 운영기간중 만일의 사고에 따른 방사선안전성 확보를 위해 부지의 적합성 평가가 요구 된다. 부지 적합성은 극히 보수적인 가정을 적용하여 제한구역경계에서 방사선 피폭영향을 평가하여 판단하게 된다. 이들 평가는 방사선영향평가 모델을 보수적인 기상조건 등에 적용하여 수행된다. 본 연구에서는 보수적인 평가 결과의 타당성 검증을 목적으로 확산에 양호하지 못한 악기상 조건에서 추적자확산실험을 실시하였다. 원전부지 실험에 앞서 대전시 인근 유성구 학하리 평지에서 추적자 확산실험을 실시하였다. 확산실험의 분석결과 기존의 확산조건이 좋은 경우의 실험결과와 비교할 때 크게 두 가지 큰 차이를 발견할 수 있었다. 하나는 풍속이 매우 낮고 풍향의 변화가 심해 주 풍하 방향에서 나타나는 최대 농도를 찾기 어렵다는 것이고, 다른 하나는 대기가 매우 안정하여 지상 10 m 낮은 높이에서의 방출임에도 불구하고 방출점에서 수 백 m 떨어진 지점에서 처음으로 상대적으로 높은 농도 분포가 나타나는 경우가 있다는 것이다.

The suitability of the site criteria is a basic requirement for securing safety of nuclear power plants. The suitability should be confirmed through the estimation of environmental radiation effects at the exclusion area boundary under the severe weather conditions. In this study, field tracer experiments over short range of 1 km radius under severe weather conditions were conducted at flat area in Daejeon. Severe weather conditions are represented with stable atmospheric condition and low wind speed. In general, the condition is appeared at clean night time with weak wind. The analysis of the measured distribution of the released tracer gas shows two big differences between the results of the past experiments conducted under the favorable weather conditions. One is the difficulty of finding the typical distribution of the released tracer gas with peak concentration in the downwind direction. The other one is the appearance of the contour of the concentration of tracer gas at several hundred meters even though the gas released at 10 m height over the ground.

이 연구는 역량기반 전공 교육과정의 성과를 체계적으로 관리하기 위하여, 공학계열 전공역량 진단도구를 개발하고 그 타당도를 점검하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 2022학년도 K대학교 의학공학전공 계열 재학생 289명을 모집 단으로 설정하였고, 전공역량 진단을 실시한 136명을 대상으로 최종 분석하였다. 측정 도구의 타당성 검증을 위하여 기술통계분석, 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계 분석 등을 시행하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 전공분야 및 교육학 전문가 패널의 내용 타당도 분석을 통하여, 총 4개의 전공역량(의료기기설계역량, 프로그래밍역량, 의료 법역량, 융합적사고역량)과 총 19개의 진단문항을 도출하였다. 둘째, 요인분석결과, 전체분산의 82.55%가 연구모형 에 의해 설명되고 있었으며, 전문가 패널에서 도출된 전공역량 분류에 정확하게 일치하였다. 셋째, 전체 19개 문항 의 신뢰도는 0.97로 매우 높게 나타났으며, 전공역량별 신뢰도 값은 0.83 이상으로 나타났다. 향후 도출된 사례를 토대로 미래세대를 위한 역량기반 교육과정을 개발 및 운영하고, 전공역량 성과체계 연구에 기반이 되기를 바란다.

The Purpose of this study is to develop a diagnostic tool for engineering major competencies and check its validity in order to systematically manage the performance of competency-based major curriculum. A population of 289 students majoring in medical engineering at K University in the 2022 school year was set as the population, and a total of 136 students who underwent major competency diagnosis were finally analyzed. First. a total of four major competencies(medical device design, programming, medical law, and covergent thinking competency) and a total of 19 diagnostic items were derived from a content validity by a panel of experts in medical engineering and education fields. Second, as a results of factor analysis, 82.55% of the total variance was explained by the research model, and the factors exactly matched the four major competencies derived from the expert panel. Third, the reliability of all 19 items was very high at 0.97, and the reliability value for each major competency was above 0.83. Implications for competency-based major curriculum development, operation, and performance management are also discussed.

본 연구는 아이스하키 선수들의 경기력을 예측하기 위한 필드체력검사의 타당성을 평가하기 위한 목적으로 진행 되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기 위하여 관련 필드검사의 타당성을 검증하기 위한 목적으로 진행되었다. 이러한 목적에 따라 유의표집법(purpose sampling)을 이용하여 자료를 수집하였으며 총 16부의 자료가 수집되었다. 자료의 적절성을 평가 한 결과 자료가 누락된 4부의 자료를 제외한 12부의 자료를 연구에 활용하였다. 문헌연구 및 델파이조사를 이용하여 여자 아이스하키 선수들의 경기력 관련 체력요인 및 검사방법을 추출하였으며 추출된 체력요인 및 검사방법을 이용하여 여자 아이스하키 선수들의 실내 및 필드체력검사를 실시하였다. 실내체력검사는 근력과 근지구력, 근파워, 민첩성, 심폐지구 력 및 유연성을 측정하였으며 필드체력검사는 T-shaped test와 E to B Dash, 18m* 5stop test 및 4Pylon 등을 측정하 였다. 측정된 자료는 Medcalc 18.4를 이용하여 정규성을 확인하기 위한 Kolmogorov-Smirnov분석과 필드체력검사의 준거타당성을 검증하기 위한 Bland-Altman 분석 및 Pearson 적률상관분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 예언타당성 검증 에서는 T-shaped test와 E to B Dash, 18m* 5stop test 및 4Pylon 모두 예언타당성이 있는 것으로 나타났으나 공인타 당성 검증에서는 T-shaped test와 E to B Dash 및 18m* 5stop test 등이 공인타당성이 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The study was conducted to validate the validity of the field fitness test for women's ice hockey players. The data collection was collected using purposive sampling method and collected 16 datas. Using the Literature Research and Delphi Survey, women's ice hockey players and methods of inspection were extracted for women's ice hockey players. Women's ice hockey players performed indoor and field strength tests using extracted physical strength and inspection methods. The physical strength test measures the strength, stamina, muscle strength, agility, endurance, flexibility and Field physical tests were measured by T - shaped test, E to B, Dash test, and 4 Pylon test. Analyses of Kolmogorov - Smirnov analysis and Bland analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to check normality using Medcalc. 5.1.3. In the analysis of the predictive validity the shaped test and the Dash test and the 5 Test and the 4 Test and 4 Pylon proved to be valid. In analysis of the concurrent validity, the shaped test and the Dash Test and 18 Test were found to be valid.

To improve the integrated pest management (IPM) of hot pepper, field study was conducted in Hwasung from 2010 to 2012 and an IPM system was developed to help growers decide when to apply pesticides to control anthracnose, tobacco budworm, Phytophthora blight, bacterial wilt, and bacterial leaf spot. The three field treatments consisted of IPM sprays following the forecast model advisory, a periodic spray at 7-to-10-day intervals, and no spray (control). The number of annual pesticide applications for the IPM treatment ranged from six to eight, whereas the plots subjected to the periodic treatment received pesticide 11 or 12 times annually for three years. Compared to the former strategy, our improved IPM strategy features more intense pest management, with frequent spraying for anthracnose and mixed spraying for tobacco budworm or Phytophthora blight. The incidences for no pesticide control in 2010, 2011, and 2012 were 91, 97.6, and 41.4%, respectively. Conversely, the incidences for the IPM treatment for those years were 7.6, 62.6, and 2%, and the yields from IPM-treated plots were 48.6 kg, 12.1 kg, and 48.8 kg. The incidence and yield in the IPM-treated plots were almost the same as those of the periodic treatment except in 2011, in which no unnecessary sprays were given, meaning that the IPM control was quite successful. From reviewing eight years of field work, sophisticated forecasts that optimize pesticide spray timing reveal that reliance on pesticides can be reduced without compromising yield. Eco-friendly strategies can be implemented in the pest management of hot pepper.

Lanekeeping assistance has the potential to save thousands of lives every year by preventing accidental road departure. This paper presents experimental validation of a potential field lanekeeping assistance system with quantitative performance guarantees. The lanekeeping system is implemented on a 1997 Corvette modified for steer-by-wire capability. With no mechanical connection between the hand wheel and road wheels the lanekeeping system can add steering inputs independently from the driver. Implementation of the lanekeeping system uses a novel combination of a multi-antenna Global Positioning System (GPS) and precision road maps. Preliminary experimental data shows that this control scheme performs extremely well for driver assistance and closely matches simulation results, verifying previous theoretical guarantees for safety. These results also motivate future work which will focus on interaction with the driver.

The results of the global field trip project have proven that global field trips are of great help in acquiring major-related knowledge, and are evaluated to be helpful in employment both in Korea and overseas. The purpose of this study is to develop a nursing competency diagnostic tool that can measure the job competency of nursing students who participated in global field trips for the establishment of the systemic system of global field trips at junior colleges and verify educational effectiveness. To develop the diagnostic tool, first, analysis of 5 prior research, interviews with 4 nursing students and 3 field experts participating in global field trips, written reviews, and 7 expert opinions were collected. Preliminary and main investigations were conducted using the component factors and diagnostic items for each factor derived from this, and the suitability of the measurement model was secured through statistical analysis such as exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and reliability analysis. The final diagnostic tool developed was composed of five factors: Nursing practice, Communication, Self-directed learning, Nursing professionalism, Acknowledgment and improvement of health care environment, and a total of 25 items were confirmed with 5 items for each factor. The diagnostic tool developed through this study is meaningful in that it is a new tool to evaluate educational performance in securing competitiveness in the global era and strengthening overseas employment capabilities. It is intended to contribute to the development of job competency and employment competencies.

Glucose is a common medical analyte measuring in human serum or blood samples. The development of a primary method is necessary for the establishment of traceability in measurements. We have developed an isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as a primary method for the measurement of glucose in human serum. Glucose and glucose-$^{13}C_6$ in sample were ionized in ESI negative mode and monitored at mass transfers of m/z 179/89 and 185/92 in MRM, respectively. Glucose was separated on $NH_2P$-50 2D column, and the mobile phase was 20 mM $NH_4OAc$ in 30% acetonitrile/70% water. Verification of this method was performed by the comparison with NIST SRMs. Our results agreed well with the SRM values. We have developed two levels of glucose serum certified reference material using this method and distributed them to the clinical laboratories in Korea as samples for proficiency testings. The expended uncertainty was about 1.2% on 95% confidence level. In proficiency testings, the results obtained from the clinical laboratories showed about 3.6% and 3.9% RSD to the certified values. Primary method can provide the traceability to the field laboratories through proficiency testings or certified reference materials.

Accurate yield monitoring is essential in precision agriculture, as it offers detailed insights into crop productivity and facilitates data-driven decision-making. This study evaluated the field performance of an integrated yield-monitoring system installed on a DH6135-A (6-row) combine harvester. The system includes a load-cell-based grain-tank weight sensor, an impact-plate grain-flow sensor, and a GNSS-based 1-meter grid yield-mapping algorithm. Field experiments were conducted across seven rice paddies in Dangjin, Republic of Korea, during the 2024 harvest season. Sensor outputs were calibrated using linear regression models, and real-time measurements were refined through filtering, time-lag correction, and weight-scaling procedures. The sensor-based yield estimates were then compared with actual field-measured yields to assess system accuracy. The results indicated that the error rates between measured and monitored total yields ranged from -4.3% to +1.7%, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of approximately 1.5%. A strong linear relationship was established between monitored and actual yields, evidenced by a correlation coefficient of 0.99 and an R² value of 0.98. These findings demonstrate that the proposed yield-monitoring system performs reliably under Korean rice-growing conditions and is effective for generating spatial yield maps that enhance precision nutrient management, productivity analysis, and site-specific decision-making in rice production systems.

본 연구에서는 경기도 소재 AY 고속도로 토공사 현장에 지능형 다짐기술을 적용해 대표적인 지능형 다짐값인 CMV를 획득했다. 시험시공을 통해 품질관리 목표 CMV를 결정하고, 이를 이용해 본 시공 구간의 다짐품질을 관리하는 과정을 실증했다. 시험시공 결과, 평판재하시험이 수행된 위치로부터 5m 이내에서 측정된 CMV의 평균값과 지지력 계수의 선형회귀식을 통해 목표 CMV를 결정하는 것이 최적임을 확인했다. 시험시공을 통해 결정된 목표 CMV를 기반으로 본 시공 구간의 다짐품질을 확인한 결과, 국내 지능형 다짐공 표준시방서에서 제시된 품질기준은 만족했지만, 오스트리아, 미국에서 제시된 품질기준은 만족하지 못했다. 특히 다짐품질의 변동성과 관련한 지표를 대부분 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타나, 변동계수가 17~55%에 달하는 CMV의 변동성에 비해 관련 기준이 매우 엄격하게 설정되어 있음을 확인했다. 추후 추가적인 현장시험을 통해 지능형 다짐 기반 다짐품질 관리 과정을 실증하여, 각 기준에서 제시하고 있는 규정의 적절성을 검증하고 개선해야 할 것으로 보인다.

This study implemented intelligent compaction technology at the construction site of the AY Highway in Gyeonggi Province, with a focus on obtaining the representative intelligent compaction value, CMV. The target CMV for quality control was established through trial construction, and the validation of the compaction quality control process based on intelligent compaction was conducted. The optimal approach for determining the target CMV was confirmed to be through linear regression of the average CMV measured within a 5-m radius from the plate load testing location. Upon assessing compaction quality against the target CMV, it was observed that the quality criteria outlined in the domestic intelligent compaction standard were met. However, the criteria outlined in Austria and the United States were not satisfied. Notably, indicators related to the variability of compaction quality did not meet the specified criteria, suggesting a stringent standard compared to the observed variability of CMV, ranging from 17% to 55%. Consequently, it is recommended to conduct additional field tests to further validate the compaction quality control process based on intelligent compaction. This will aid in confirming and enhancing the appropriateness of the regulations stipulated in each standard.

The purpose of this study was to conduct the field validation of alternative method(ETM method) by using non-carcinogenic, and less toxic solvents than NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) analytical method 5524 for measuring the airborne metalworking fluids in workplaces. We carried out the field validation test by using the exposure chamber, guaranteeing the air sampling homogeneously in a machining environment. The ETM mixed solvent presented the complete solubility of MWFs used in test field. Based on the field test data, the bias of the ETM method from reference method, NIOSH analytical method 5524, was from -7.0% to 5.1%. The overall uncertainty of the ETM nethod was 21.6%, which satisfied the NIOSH criteria for the sampling and analytical criteria.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new sampling and analytical method for the determination of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) in mist from field plating operation. The Procedures of this new method (Shin & Paik's Method) are as the following: Airborne hexavalent chromium is collected on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 7600, and the filter sample is placed in a screw-capped vial and soaked with 2％ NaOH/3％ Na₂CO₃ solution immediately after sampling. The Cr(VI) sample is analyzed by ion chromatography/visible spectrophotometry (IC/VS) according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 218.6. The airborne Cr(VI) concentrations measured by this method were compared with those determined by three reference methods: One (NIOSH/EPA Method) consisted of sampling airborne Cr(VI) on PVC filters and storing the sample filters in screw-capped vials according to the NIOSH method, and analyzing Cr(VI) in samples using IC/VS according to the EPA method. The second method (Impinger Method/NaHCO₃) consisted of absorbing airborne Cr(VI) into 0.02 MN<SUB>a</SUB>Hco₃ solution in midget impinger, and analyzing the Cr(VI) in samples using IC/VS. The third method was the OSHA Method Id-215. Using these four different methods, four replicates of air samples were collected at an electroplating process and analyzed simultaneously. Two-way ANOVA and Paired t-test were used to test difference among values determined by the methods. There was no significant difference and a strong correlation (r<SUP>2</SUP>=0.99) between Cr(VI) concentrations measured by the shin & Paik's Method and an impinger method (p＞0.05). However, Cr(VI) concentrations determined by Shin & Paik's Method were Significantly different form those by the NIOSH/EPA Method (p＜0.05) or the OSHA method (p＜0.05). The Cr(VI) concentrations of Shin & Paik's Method were Significantly higher than those of the NIOSH/EPA Method or the OSHA method. We concluded that the Shin & Paik's Method could prevent Cr(VI) losses caused by reduction and give more reliable results of airborne Cr(VI) concentrations in work environments.

배수형 철도 터널은 장기 공용 시 소구경 배수관 내부에 고형화된 경질침전물이 축적되어 라이닝 간극수압을 증가시키고 구조물 변상을 가속화한다. 기존의 고압 세척 및 회전식 커팅 공법은 직경 150 mm 이하 횡배수관 내 고화 침전물에 대해 충분한 파쇄 성능을 확보하지 못하는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 회전 유체 에너지를 직선 왕복 타격 에너지로 변환하는 캠 구동 타격식 제거 장치를 개발하고, 오리피스 방정식 및 Darcy-Weisbach 식을 이용한 이론적 검토와 실대형 모형 실험을 병행하여 최적 노즐 조합 조건을 도출하였다. 직경 1.5 mm 노즐을 회전체 8개·추진체 3개로 배치한 조건이 5분간 383 mm²의 최대 제거 면적을 보였으며, 실측 운전 압력 11.5 MPa에서 정적등가력 3,073.5 N (단순 분사 반력 152.9 N의 약 20배)이 발생하고 유연체 동역학 해석상 약 120 MPa의 국부 응력 집중이 예측되었다. 상용 회전식 커팅 노즐과의 비교 실험에서 본 장치는 평균 21.3 cm/min의 제거 속도로 기존 장치(4.5 cm/min) 대비 약 5배 높은 성능을 입증하였다. 도시철도 터널 50 m 구간 현장 실증을 통해 배수 기능을 회복시켜 본 기술의 현장 적용성을 확인하였다.

Drained railway tunnels frequently suffer from the progressive clogging of small-diameter drainage pipes by solidified calcareous deposits, thereby increasing the lining pore-water pressure and accelerating structural deterioration. Conventional high-pressure water jetting and rotary cutting tools have proven insufficient in terms of removing hardened deposits from transverse pipes with diameters below 150 mm. In this study, a cam-driven hammer-impact removal device was developed to convert rotational hydraulic energy into reciprocating linear impact. The optimal nozzle configuration was determined theoretically using the orifice and Darcy-Weisbach equations, and validated through full-scale model experiments. The combination of eight rotor nozzles and three propulsion nozzles with a diameter of 1.5 mm yielded the largest removal area (383 mm² over 5 min at 10.0 MPa). Under the field-operating pressure of 11.5 MPa, the device delivered a theoretical impact force of 3,073.5 N, approximately twenty times the simple jetting reaction force of 152.9 N, while flexible-body dynamic analysis indicated localized stress concentrations of up to 120 MPa. Comparative tests against a commercial rotary cutter showed an average removal rate of 21.3 cm/min compared with 4.5 cm/min the rotary device. Field application in a 50 m section of an urban subway tunnel successfully restored drainage function, confirming the practical applicability of the proposed technology for railway tunnel maintenance.

운량 기반 기온감률 추정모형을 이용하여 0600과 1500의 기온감률을 모의하고, 최저 및 최고기온 추정과정에 활용되었던 기존의 단일 기온감률($-6.5^{\circ}C/km$, $-9^{\circ}C/km$)에 비해 추정 기온감률이 0600, 1500 기온의 추정오차를 개선할 수 있는지 확인하였다. 경남 하동과 전남 구례, 광양 지역의 '하동 2 수위표' 집수역을 기온감률 추정기법의 실용성 평가 지역으로 선정하고, 이 집수역 내 기상관측지점 12곳의 0600, 1500 기온자료를 2015년 한 해에 대해 수집하였다. 또한 2015년의 기상청 하늘상태 초단기예보 5km 격자자료를 이용, 대상 집수역의 0600, 1500 운량(0~10) 공간평균값을 계산하여 기온감률을 추정하였다. 검증지점의 0600 기온 추정오차는 기존 기온감률을 적용한 경우 평균 ME $-0.39^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.45^{\circ}C$ 였으나, 새로운 기온감률로 변경한 결과 ME $-0.19^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.32^{\circ}C$로 개선되었으며, 맑은 날은 ME $-0.8^{\circ}C$에서 $-0.57^{\circ}C$로, RMSE는 $1.72^{\circ}C$에서 $1.42^{\circ}C$로 감소되었고 흐린 날은 ME $-0.17^{\circ}C$에서 $-0.06^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.16^{\circ}C$에서 $1.01^{\circ}C$로 줄어들었다. 또한 1500 기온에서 기존의 단일 기온감률과 추정 기온감률의 적용결과를 비교하면 맑은 날은 기온 추정오차에 거의 차이가 없었지만, 흐린 날은 기존 ME $-0.69^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.54^{\circ}C$에서 ME $-0.51^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.19^{\circ}C$로 개선되었다.

The aim of this study was to confirm the improvement of efficiency for temperature estimation at 0600 and 1500 LST by using a simple method for estimating temperature lapse rate modulated by the amount of clouds in comparison with the case adopting the existing single temperature lapse rate ($-6.5^{\circ}C/km$ or $-9^{\circ}C/km$). A catchment of the 'Hadong Watermark2,' which includes Hadong, Gurye, and Gwangyang was selected as the area for evaluating the practicality of the temperature lapse rate estimation method. The weather data of 0600 and 1500 LST at 12 weather observation sites within the catchment were collected during the entire year of 2015. Also, the 'sky condition' of digital forecast products of KMA in 2015 ($5{\times}5km$ lattice resolution) were overlapped with the catchment of the 'Hadong Watermark2,' to calculate the spatial average value within the catchment, which were used to simulate the 0600 and 1500 LST temperature lapse rate of the catchment. The estimation errors of the temperatures at 0600 LST were ME $-0.39^{\circ}C$ and RMSE $1.45^{\circ}C$ in 2015, when applying the existing temperature lapse rate. Using the estimated temperature lapse rate, they were improved to ME $-0.19^{\circ}C$ and RMSE $1.32^{\circ}C$. At 1500 LST, the effect of the improvements found from the comparison between the existing temperature lapse rate and the estimated temperature lapse rate were minute, because the estimated lapse rate of clear days is not very different from the existing lapse rate. However, the estimation errors of the temperatures at 1500 LST during cloudy days were improved from ME $-0.69^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.54^{\circ}C$ to ME $-0.51^{\circ}C$, RMSE $1.19^{\circ}C$.

고자리꽃파리는 양파 및 마늘 등 Allium 속에 속하는 농작물의 중요한 해충으로 전 세계적으로 온대 지역에서 경제적 해충으로 취급하고 있다. 본 연구는 고자리꽃파리의 발생 기준점을 정하여 연간발생양상을 해석하고, 초기방제 시기를 설정할 수 있도록 월동 번데기 우화모형을 개발하고자 수행하였다. 고자리꽃파리 월동 번데기의 온도발육 모형으로 선형 및 비선형 모형을 추정하고, 발육기간 분포모형과 결합하여 월동번데기의 성충으로 우화시기 예측모형을 수립하였다. 비선형 모델의 경우 3-매개변수 Lactin 수식과 저온에서 온도와 발육률 간의 선형성을 높이기 위해 마지막 매개변수(λ)를 선형모형의 절편으로 대체한 4-매개변수 수식을 사용하였다. 일일 평균기온을 이용하여 50% 성충 우화일을 예측한 결과, 선형모형 기반의 적산온도 모형(DD, degree-day) 및 선형 또는 비선형 모형을 적용하여 발육률을 누적하는 발육률 적산 모형(RS, rate summation) 모두 실측값과 큰 차이를 보였다. 반면 시간별 온도를 입력변수를 사용한 경우, 3-매개변수 모델을 제외한 사인곡선법 기반의 DD 모형, 선형 RS 모형, 4-매개변수 비선형 RS 모형의 평균편차는, 실제 관측치와 3일 이상 차이가 나지 않았다. 최종적으로 시간별 온도자료를 이용하고, 발육모형으로 선형과 4-매개변수 비선형 모형을 적용하는 RS 모형을 활용 가능한 모형으로 선정하였다. 선형 RS 모형은 두 번의 포장적합(1984, 1987)에서 실제 관측값과 편차가 3일 이내로 차이가 없었다. 비선형 RS 모형은 1984년 적합에서 0.8일의 편차로 정확했지만 1987년 적합에서는 6.5일의 평균편차를 보였다.

The onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), is an important pest of crops belonging to the Allium genus, such as onions and garlic, and is treated as an economic pest in temperate regions worldwide. This study was conducted to develop an emergence model for overwintering pupae of D. antiqua so that the occurrence reference point can be established, resulting in the interpretation of the annual occurrence pattern and the setting of the early control timing. We estimated both linear and non-linear models as development models for overwintered pupae and constructed a forecasting model to predict the adult emergence time of overwintered pupae by combining the development models with a distribution model of development time. For the non-linear models, we used the 3-parameter Lactin equation and also the 4-parameter equation in which the last parameter (λ) were substituted with the intercept of the linear model to enhance linearity at low temperatures. When daily average temperature was used to predict 50% adult emergence, both the degree-day (DD) model based on the linear model and the rate summation model (RS) that accumulates the development rate by applying a linear or nonlinear model showed a large difference from the actual observations. However, when hourly temperature was used as the input variable, the average deviation of the DD model based on the sine curve method, the linear RS model, and the 4-parameter non-linear RS model, except for the 3-parameter model, did not differ by more than 3 days compared to actual observations. Finally, we selected the RS models with the linear model and the 4-parameter non-linear model using hourly temperature data as driving variables. The linear SR model had no deviation from actual observations within 3 days in the two field validation cohorts (1984, 1987). The non-linear RS model was accurate with a deviation of 0.8 days from the 1984 validation but showed an average deviation of 6.5 days in the 1987 cohort.