Earticle

The Valle de Tenza region, located in the Department of Boyaca?Colombia, shows a transition situation from the family farming of various food crops to coffee farming following an agribusiness model. From this perspective, in order to understand the current scenario of food sovereignty in Guateque and Guayata, two cities of the Valle de Tenza, this study evaluated socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural aspects based on questionnaires and semi-structured interviews applied to peasant families that practice family farming and/or coffee farming. Moreover, these same aspects were also evaluated among urban food consumers. These evaluations aimed to assess the perception of the interviewees about the availability of regional food crops and current eating habits in relation to those from a decade or more ago, in addition to investigating their knowledge about the traditional cuisine of the region. The cultivation of regional food crops used to prepare local and regional traditional dishes such as piquete , sancocho , and different amasijos based on corn and sagu ( Maranta arundinacea ) has been significantly reduced. The investigation revealed changes in the eating habits of the Valle de Tenza inhabitants due to the consumption of processed foods and the reduced cultivation of local traditional food crops. As a consequence of this transition to coffee production, the most representative traditional foods are being replaced by more profitable crops, including coffee and some fruits not traditionally grown in the Valle de Tenza and with more local and regional acceptance. This reduction can affect food availability and change the gastronomic and cultural identity of the Valle de Tenza population, among other aspects related to food sovereignty.

The ratio of organic farming in Japan stagnated in terms of area and involved farmers despite the richness in history symbolized in terms such as the Fukuoka methods or the more recent Teikei. This paper first reviews the historical development of Japan’s organic agriculture from the 1930s (first epoch), regarding Japanese ethnicity and its roots and relationships to nature. Based on this analysis, we critically evaluate policy development from the 1990s (second epoch). Here, we provide potential explanation for the low ratio of organic agriculture in Japan. By combing the conceptual analysis of ethnicity and organic movements, the underpinning factors that underlie the development of organic farming are analyzed both from historical and cultural contexts. Natural farming is a separate individual practice in Japan, with its own philosophical backgrounds. This initial 1930s terminology of “natural farming” or shizen nōhō (自然農法) was translated into yūki nōgyō (有機農業) in the 1970s. This review claims that the meaning of organic agriculture got too narrow to promote organic agriculture with the governmental intervention and standardization from the 1990s. The initial phase of yūki nōgyō also had such a problem as the concept became increasingly institutionalized through government standardization and policy from the 1990s. Currently, at the conceptual level, the linkage to nature, i.e., “shizen,” is confined into “non-use of chemical components” through formal institutionalization, and the ethnic elements or philosophical and historical roots are neglected. Similar phenomena of “commodification of organic farming” are widely known in matured markets in the USA and Europe, but the discrepancy of “nature” and “organic” agriculture is particularly also observed in contemporary Japan.

A smart livestock farm is a livestock farm where information and communication technology systems are used. Based on the measured data, these systems can make decisions regarding all processes, including stocking, breeding, shipping, and evaluation. The data generated from smart livestock farms have increased the complexity and diversity of phenotypes. Fused data that integrate environmental and phenotypic information from smart livestock farms with genetic data are valuable for detailed applications in breeding and specifications, as they help understand complex and organic phenotypes and environments. However, their effectiveness is limited by restrictions on data sharing and non-standardized formats. This limitation leads to other restrictions against researchers, such as restrictions on the range of projects, the supply of new technologies or farm species, and policy development or application restrictions. Therefore, promoting a recirculating environment to increase productivity, developing climate-adapted livestock, and implementing policies are necessary. We discuss the smart livestock farm from the perspective of ‘Phenotype = Genetic value + Environment value’. The dissemination of smart livestock big data and essential components, such as data warehouses, is outlined.

Introduction: This study aimed to review the farming activity and the administrative measure to successfully increase the distribution of heirloom vegetable “mizuna” nationwide by examining the paradigm shift in the use of its young less-branched form for salad. We also discussed that breeding programs of the young form ironically resulted in reduction the flavor and the antimutagenicity of this vegetable. Methods: Through hearing survey, we explored reasons for the successful nationwide distribution of heirloom vegetable, mizuna. Through chemical analysis, the fragrant ingredients in mizuna, their antimutagenicity and the changes in their amount for one year were determined. Results and discussion: The primary factor for commencing the distribution of mizuna includes the new idea of using young less-branched form of mizuna as salad ingredient, which has been recognized by most who were involved in promoting the distribution of mizuna among farmers, distributors, and employees of agricultural extension section at Kyoto Prefecture office. The secondary factor is the fact that the primary factor coincides on a time axis with other two factors: the occurrence of the boom of Kyoto’s heirloom vegetables and the Vegetable Management Stabilization Project found as a measure of Kyoto Prefecture. We determined three fragrant compounds in mizuna, 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, 3-phenylpropionitrile, and phenylethyl isothiocyanate, of which their antimutagenic effects were also identified. Those amounts were highest at the best harvest season called ‘Syun’ in the past because of the cold temperature of Japanese winter in traditional open-field cultivation. Conclusion: It implied that the successful nationwide distribution of mizuna resulted from the administrative measures based on the paradigm shift in the new use of mizuna for salad due to increase in demand of the vegetable in contemporary dishes. The traditional cultivation of mizuna might be suitable if wishing the flavor and antimutagenicity at the best harvest season ‘Syun’.

In a duck cage, ducks are placed in various states. In particular, if a duck is overturned and falls or dies, it will adversely affect the growing environment. In order to prevent the foregoing, it was necessary to continuously manage the cage for duck growth. This study proposes a method using an object detection algorithm to improve the foregoing. Object detection refers to the work to perform classification and localization of all objects present in the image when an input image is given. To use an object detection algorithm in a duck cage, data to be used for learning should be made and the data should be augmented to secure enough data to learn from. In addition, the time required for object detection and the accuracy of object detection are important. The study collected, processed, and augmented image data for a total of two years in 2021 and 2022 from the duck cage. Based on the objects that must be detected, the data collected as such were divided at a ratio of 9 : 1, and learning and verification were performed. The final results were visually confirmed using images different from the images used for learning. The proposed method is expected to be used for minimizing human resources in the growing process in duck cages and making the duck cages into smart farms.

A special type of indigenous knowledge on plants utilization and farming system was explored by the Garo tribe community in the North-East region of Bangladesh, which correspond to the severe dependence on homestead forest. Results show that the Garo are totally dependent on the natural resources and that the extent of their dependency is faithfully reflected in their ethno-botanical knowledge. Dependencies that the study addressed focused on various aspects of food,fruit, energy, timber and health care on plants products. Garo tribe community in Bangladesh followed agrosilvipastoral system in their homesteads. They have indigenous hunting procedure to trap the animal in the forest. A total of 9 foods, 15 fruits, 12 energy-producing and 11 timber species was found and recorded that the Garo used in their daily life. Moreover, Garo used 23 medicinal plants species and have vast indigenous knowledge about using herbal medicine in daily health care practices. The Garo women do mostly the household activities, managing homestead forest and helping agricultural field where men perform all hard working activities like ploughing, cutting trees, digging the soil, preparation of horticultural and agricultural land, hunting, etc. The overall quality of life of the Garo could be considerably upgraded if ethno-botanical issues and their own indigenous knowledge will complement with scientific knowledge. The findings of the study conclude that the conservation of the indigenous knowledge of the Garo tribe related to plants utilization can also be turned to good account in forest conservation and is an important tool in this tribal area of Bangladesh.

Cow pea (Vigna unguiculata) was intercropped with Ziziphus spina-christi as summer forage in two consecutive seasons of 2017 and 2018. The aims to find out suitable agroforestry practice for saline soils of Khartoum State. And to investigate effect of tree spacing on forage biomass yield under semi -irrigated systems. Completely randomized block design with 3 replicates was conducted for this trial. Thus Z.spina-christi that fixed at 4×4 m was intercropped with cowpea at 1 m and 1.5 m spacing from trees trunk. Tree growth parameters were measured in terms of tree height, tree collar diameter, tree crown diameter and fruit yield per tree. While crop were parameters were determined in terms of plant height, number of plant, forage biomass yield per ha and land equivalent ratio. Soil profile of 1×1 m and 1.5 m depth was excavated and its features were described beside its chemical and physical properties were analyzed for 0-10 cm, 0-30 cm, and 30-60 cm and 60-100 cm layers. The results revealed that soil pH, CaCO3, SAR, ESP, and EC ds/m were increased by increasing soil depths. Meanwhile tree growth in terms of tree height was significant in the first season 2017 when compared with tree collar diameter and tree crown diameter. Also significant differences were recorded for tree growth when compared with sole trees in the second season in 2018. Tree fruit showed marked variations between the two seasons, but it was higher under intercropping particularly at ZS2. Crop plant height was highly significant under sole cropping than intercropping in first season in 2017. In contrast forage biomass yield was significant under intercropping in ZS1 and ZS2 treatments. Land equivalent ratio was advantageous under this agroforestry system particularly under ZS2. Thus it recorded 5 and 9 for ZS2 in the two consecutive seasons respectively. Therefore, it is feasible to introduce this agroforestry system under such arid lands to provide summer forage yield of highly nutritive value and low cost for animals feed as well as to increase farmers’ income and to halt desertification and to sequester carbon.

Land utilisation for various production practices in rural communities in Nigeria is marked with copious challenges and the management has become unsustainable among the local population. Therefore, the study was conducted to analyse factors influencing land use typologies, LUT among farming households in Akinyele Municipality of Oyo State, Nigeria. The employed a 3-stage sampling procedure for selection of 50 respondents from the study area. Information on demographic characteristics of the respondents, typologies of land use and factors impacting was collected with a structured questionnaire. The analyses of data collected was carried out was with frequencies, percentages and logit regression. The study showed majority (78.0%) were male, aged between 40 and 49 years, married (86.0%) and had secondary education (56.0%). The majority (78.0%) had household size ranging from 4-6 members, engaged in farming (80.0%). Furthermore, the result revealed that 94.0% of respondents conserve existing trees on their farmland, and about 56.0% of them were practicing agroforestry. The major factors affecting land use typologies were outcomes of climate change. The determining factors influencing LUT among farming households were occupation (β=1.829*), irregular rainfall (β=1.436*), depleted fruiting (β=1.438*), poor weather condition/drought (β=1.020*), and farmers’ indigene (β=3.247*) at α0.05. The study recommends strengthening of land management policies and stakeholders’ engagement in decision making as regards policies actualization to make land use typologies noticeable, effective and pronounce among farming households.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) water was initially developed in Japan in 1987 and its antimicrobial property was reported in 1992. HOCl water is used globally to improve public health and recently started to use in agriculture. It is generated through a process called electrolysis. General property of HOCl water is low in pH, a high oxidation-reduction potential, high available chlorine concentration and high dissolved oxygen. The property of HOCl water depends on the parameters such as concentration of the ingredient NaCl and HCl, voltage, and electrolyte flow rate used in the electrolysis process. Recently, mixing type of HOCl generation without electrolysis, hydrogen-mineral HOCl (HM-HOCl), was developed and started to be used in agriculture due to several advantages such as easy production of high-concentration and high-capacity HOCl, long-lasting HOCl concentration, low level of harmful material and easy handling. Several experiments revealed that HM-HOCl is more available than electrolyzed HOCl to apply to various fields such as organic farming without pesticide, aquaculture and fish farming, and livestock breeding. It is very useful for decreasing stink in cattle shed, preventing viral disease of fishes, and decreasing mortality rate and increasing growth rate of broiler chickens by drinking the high concentration HOCl water (free active chlorine 50 ppm). The results of HM-HOCl usage was satisfied by farmers and governmental institutions of Korea. Therefore, we would like to introduce HM-HOCl, a new concept of disinfectant, and expand its usage in sustainable development in agriculture and rural environment.

Background: Reproductive management practices play crucial roles to maximize the reproductive performance of cows, and thus contribute to farm profitability. We aimed to assess the reproductive management of cows currently practiced in the dairy farms in an urban farming system. Methods: A total of 62 dairy farms were randomly selected considering all size of farms such as small (1-5 cattle), medium (6-20 cattle) and large farms (> 20 cattle) from selected areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The reproductive managementrelated parameters viz. estrus detection, breeding method, pregnancy diagnosis, dry cow and parturition management, vaccination and treatment of reproductive problems etc. were obtained in a pre-defined questionnaire during the farm visit. Results: The visual observation method was only used (100.0%; 62/62) for estrus detection irrespective of size of the farms; while farmers observed cows for estrus 4-5 times a day, but only for 20-60 seconds each time. Regardless of farm size, 89.0% (55/62) farms used artificial insemination (AI) for breeding the cows. Intriguingly, all farms (100.0%) routinely checked the cows for pregnancy at 35-40 days post-breeding using rectal palpation technique by registered veterinarian. However, only 6.5% (4/62) farms practiced dry cow management. Notably, all farms (100.0%) provided nutritional supplements (Vit D, Ca and P) during late gestation. However, proper hygiene and cleanliness during parturition was not practiced in 77.4% (48/62) farms; even though 96.7% (60/62) farms treated cows by registered veterinarian for parturition-related problems. Conclusions: While farmers used AI service for breeding and timely check their cows for pregnancy; however, they need to increase observation time (30 minutes/ observation, twice in a day: early morning and early night) for estrus detection, consider dry cow management and ensure hygienic parturition for maximizing production.

최근 유기농법이 확산되며 벼농사와 더불어 맛과 영양소 측면에서 월등하게 높은 가치를 평가받는 미꾸리를 활용한 생태농법이 농업과 어업이 결합된 차세대 산업으로 급부상하고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구는 복합생태농업이 식생다양성 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 수행하였다. 연구방법은 식생조사를 통한 식물학적 분류를 통해 분석하였다. 전체 연구대상지에서 식생조사 결과 38과 100속 107종 20변종 127종류가 출현하였다. 둠벙이 있는 복합생태논에서는 출현하였으나 둠벙이 없는 대조논에서 출현하지 않은 종은 총 15종류(Taxa)의 차이로 확인되어 둠벙의 유무에 따라 식생의 수분요구도 차이로 나타난 결과로 판단된다. 또한 생활형 분석결과 둠벙의 유무에 따라 접지, 일년생, 수생식물의 차이도 확인되었다. 출현한 귀화식물도 전국적으로 널리 분포하는 종으로 분석되었다. 습지출현빈도 분석결과 둠벙이 있는 복합생태논이 대조논에 비해 절대습지식물과 임의습지식물의 비율이 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과 생육환경이 다양할수록 식생다양성은 높아질 것으로 판단된다. 하지만 유형별 통계적 유의성은 확인되지 않아 식생다양성 및 생물다양성 증진을 위해서 향후 둠벙의 유무, 면적, 둠벙의 깊이, 수문, 수질환경, 토양환경 등 다양한 환경적 요인 찾는 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

Organic farming practices including loach based ecosystem-farming have been demonstrated to be effective in conjunction with rice farming to increase yield and quality. This new form of farming combines agriculture and fishery and is quickly developing into a new industry. The current study investigated the effect of rice-fish mixed farming system on the vegetation-diversity function. Vegetation within the four study sites was surveyed and analyzed based on plant taxonomy. The vegetation survey demonstrated that 127 taxa of 38 families, 100 genera, 107 species, and 20 varieties occurred within the study sites. A total of 15 plant species taxa occurred in the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat and did not occur in the conventional paddy field lacking fish habitat. This difference is thought to arise from differences in moisture requirements for vegetation. Life form analysis demonstrated differences in hemicryptophytes, therophytes, and hydrophytes according to fish habitat. The naturalized plants identified were also determined to be species widely distributed throughout Korea. Frequency analysis demonstrated that the rice-fish mixed paddy fields with a fish habitat had a high ratio of both obligate and facultative wetland plants relative to the conventional paddy field. Based on the study results, it is likely that vegetation-diversity will increase with environment diversity. However, no statistical significance was observed according to paddy types. Future research should aim to identify additional environmental factors, including the existence of fish habitat, habitat area, depth of fish habitat, hydrological parameters, water quality, and paddy soil environment, to enhance vegetation-diversity and biocultural diversity. Key words : Organic Rice, freshwater

Mushroom flies are the most serious insect pest problems affecting the cultivation of button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus Lange, and among them sciarid flies are the most common. This study was set out to determine the occurrence of mushroom flies at the mushroom farming areas in Chungnam. The occurrence of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases causing yield loss of up to 27%. Adult flies invade mushroom farms and oviposit in freshly spawned compost. They spoil the appearance of the fruiting bodies, spread various fungal and bacterial disease, and transmit mites etc. Damage is mainly caused by the larvae, which feed on growing mycelium and developing stipes and caps of mushrooms. Out of 32 examined farms most of cultivation years were more than 7 years and environmental friendly cultivating farms were about 28% and conventional cultivating farms were 72%. About 84% of the examined farms selected mushroom flies as a major pests. It was found that sciarid were 71%, phorid were 24% as main mushroom flies. The occurrence density of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases. The occurrence of mushroom flies at the examined farms were serious in general. However insect nets and the hygiene program as basic control were not effective. These results offer good potential for control and could implement for the integrated pest management.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) water was first introduced in Japan in 1987, and its antibacterial properties were first reported in 1992. HOCl water is utilized to promote public health all over the world, and it has only lately begun to be used in agriculture and livestock production. It is usually produced by an electrolysis method. Low pH, high oxidation-reduction potential, high available chlorine concentration, and high dissolved oxygen concentration are all common properties of HOCl. Moreover, the property of HOCl water is affected by electrolysis factors such as concentrations of sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid as an additive, voltage, water flow velocity, and electric current. Recently, a mixing-type of HOCl disinfectant (Hydrogen Mineral Disinfectant, HMD) water has been developed and started to be used in agriculture and livestock farming due to numerous advantages such as high-concentration of chlorine, and large capacity of production, long-lasting storage, low level of harmful material, and easy handling. HMD has gained popularity as a disinfectant in agriculture, dentistry, medical, and the food business in recent years. It's been proved to be a good antibacterial for cutting boards. Numerous studies have shown that mixing-type disinfectant is more readily available than electrolyzed disinfectant for use in a variety of industries including pesticide-free organic farming, aquaculture, fish farming, cattle breeding, and food contact surfaces. Furthermore, drinking high concentration HOCl water (free active chlorine 50 ppm) is highly effective for preventing diarrheal disease, decreasing mortality, improving growth rate of broiler chickens and cows, and decreasing fecal stink and ammonia in the livestock breeding house. Therefore, in our current review we would like to introduce mixing type HMD, a new concept of disinfectant, and expand its usage in sustainable development in agriculture and livestock farming.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) water was first introduced in Japan in 1987, and its antibacterial properties were first reported in 1992. HOCl water is utilized to promote public health all over the world, and it has only lately begun to be used in agriculture and livestock production. It is usually produced by an water electrolysis method. Low pH, high oxidation-reduction potential, high available chlorine concentration (ACC), and high dissolved oxygen concentration are common property of HOCl. Moreover, the property of HOCl water is affected by electrolysis factors such as concentration of sodium chloride or hydrochloric acid, voltage and electrolytic current. Recently, mixing type of HMD water generation without electrolysis has been developed and started to be used in agriculture and livestock farming due to numerous advantages such as easy production without machine, mass production, high concentration of HOCl, long-term storage, comparatively lower harmfulness, and easy handling. HMD has gained popularity as a disinfectant in agriculture, dentistry, medical, and the food business in recent years. It's been proved to have antimicrobial effect against bacteria, fungus and virus. Numerous studies have shown that mixing type HOCl is more readily available than electrolyzed HOCl for use in a variety of industries, such as pesticide-free organic farming, aquaculture and fish farming, antibiotics alternative in cattle and poultry breeding, and anti-baterial agent for food contact surfaces. Furthermore, drinking high ACC of HMD water (e.g., > ACC 50 ppm) is highly effective for decreasing mortality and the improving growth rate of broiler chickens and cows, as well as protecting crops from insecticides in agriculture. Therefore, in our current review we introduce HMD, a new concept of disinfectant, and expand its usage in sustainable development in aggriculture and livestock farming.

우리나라 농업․농촌은 경영 개선을 위해 유기농 쌀 생산과 더불어 담수어를 생산하는 복합영농이 시작되었다. 본 연구는 복합영농이 환경, 생태적 기능에 얼마나 가치가 있는지 알아보았다. 연구방법은 전문가 평가와 습지평가체계(RAM)를 분석하였다. 전문가 조사 결과 양서파충류 서식처(2.39), 수서곤충 서식처(2.36), 어류 서식처(2.34), 식생다양성(2.13), 조류 서식처(2.05) 등 생물다양성 분야와 체험/생태교육(2.29) 기능이 1순위로 구분되었다. Modified RAM를 통해 관행논과 복합논의 습지기능평가를 실시한 결과 복합논이 대부분의 평가기능 항목에서 기능이 향상 되는 것으로 평가되었다. 보전가치 판단기준은 관행논 향상에서 복합논 보전으로 가치가 향상 되었다. 연구결과 복합영농은 관행논에 비해 습지 기능이 탁월하게 개선되는 것을 평가를 통해 알 수 있었다. 논은 국가 생물다양성 유지에 지대한 역할을 수행하며, 기후조절, 탄소저감 등 다양한 생태계서비스를 제공하는 공간으로 평가받는다. 복합영농 실현은 논의 다양한 생태계서비스 기능을 증진시켜 줄 뿐 아니라 물고기 생산이라는 부가가치를 통한 농가의 소득증대와 그로 인한 체험, 전통계승 등의 사회적 기능 증진에도 유용 할 수 있다. 본 연구결과를 바탕으로 습지기능평가가 높게 개선된 항목과 전문가들로부터 높은 개선이 예상된 항목을 실재 운영 시 정량 평가 및 조사하여 생산되는 물고기과 쌀의 친환경 이미지를 제고시키고 브랜드, 음식, 체험, 논농업 직불제 등 다양한 분야로 활용하도록 연구를 추가적으로 추진해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

A mixed farming system that includes organic rice production and freshwater fish farming is being called into attention in Korean agricultural industry and rural areas in order to improve farm management and environmental conservation. This study was conducted to evaluate the environmental and ecological value of such mixed farming practices. Expert assessment and rapid assessment method (RAM) of wetland evaluation were employed for this study. Experts have responded that biodiversity conservation including amphibian and reptile habitat (2.39), aquatic insect habitat (2.36), Fishery habitat (2.34), vegetation diversity (2.13), avian habitat (2.05), and experience and education were the most important function of mixed farming. The wetland function evaluation conducted using modified RAM indicated that rice-fish mixed system showed improvements in most of the evaluated functions, compared to the conventional rice paddies. The overall wetland function of rice paddies in rice-fish mixed system was greatly improved as compared with the conventional rice paddies. Rice paddies are known to play an important role in biodiversity maintenance, and provide ecosystem services such as climate modulation and carbon reduction. Rice-fish mixed system of farming may not only improve various ecosystem services of rice paddies, but may increase farm income through value added fish farming, as well as promotion of social services such as education and maintenance of tradition. Additional research is needed for quantitative analysis of the values gained from the most improved wetland function when mixed farming system is actually put into practice, and to utilize the results in advertising of the organic rice, and in various sectors such as food, education and direct payment policy.

Employing the Heckman model and drawing on the national database, this study scrutinized the determinants influencing the selection of participation in farming cooperatives, as well as the impact of such participation on the agricultural income of farm households. Participation probabilities were observed to rise notably among males in their 50s and 60s with larger business scales, while protracted periods of farming experience and education correlated positively with the likelihood of engagement in farming cooperatives. Farm households actively participating in farming cooperatives demonstrated a notable elevation in their income levels compared to those who abstained from participation. Among the subset of farm households engaged in agricultural cooperatives, the utilization of ICT was linked to a more agricultural income. Given the discernible positive impact of farming cooperatives on the amplification of agricultural income, there arises a compelling need for the government to fortify policies aimed at nurturing the growth and development of these cooperatives.

Hydrogen mineral disinfectant farming (HMDF) applies hydrogen mineral disinfectant water which is containing hypochlorous acid component in the production quality and high yield agricultural produce. Hydrogen mineral disinfectant (HMD) water has been found to have antimicrobial effects and is used in washing eggs, processing meat and the control of disease in livestock. In poultry, it increases body weight of livestock and also reduces smell in the farm. Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide is part of outer membrane architecture of gram-negative bacteria, and a common food contaminant, which poses great health risk to humans, characterized by sepsis, shock or even death. Endotoxin detection and removal is an important part of the industrial food, pharmaceutical and medical equipment production process. Our study aims to compare the endotoxin levels of eggs produced by HMDF and eggs on the market. The limulus amoebocyte lysate test was used to determine the level of endotoxin in whole liquid eggs from HMDF (n = 12) and eggs from the market (n = 12), randomly sampled. Analysis of variance followed by multiple comparison test was used to analyze the data. As a result, The endotoxin level was significantly low in the experimental eggs (0.25 EU/mL) compared to the contol (10 EU/mL) (p >0.005). This result suggests that the application of HMDF in egg production could reduce risk associated with endotoxin-induced health problems.

Mushroom flies are the most serious insect pest problems affecting the cultivation of button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus Lange, and among them sciarid flies are the most common. This study was set out to determine the occurrence of mushroom flies at the mushroom farming areas in Chungnam. The occurrence of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases causing yield loss of up to 25%. Adult flies invade mushroom farms and oviposit in freshly spawned compost. They spoil the appearance of the fruiting bodies, spread various fungal and bacterial disease, and transmit mites etc. Damage is mainly caused by the larvae, which feed on growing mycelium and developing stipes and caps of mushrooms. Out of 32 examined farms most of cultivation years were more than 7 years and environmental friendly cultivating farms were about 28% and conventional cultivating farms were 72%. About 72% of the examined farms selected mushroom flies as a major pests. It was found that sciarid were 68%, phorid were 25% as main mushroom flies. The occurrence density of mushroom flies were highest in September as temperature increases. The occurrence of mushroom flies at the examined farms were serious in general. However insect nets and the hygiene program as basic control were not effective. These results were similar which was conducted 3 years ago and are showing that more effective method are needed for the integrated pest management.

본 연구는 영농직업재활시설에서 일하는 발달장애인의 근로 경험 전과 후에 나타난 심리사회적 변화를 탐색하고 사회적 농업 경험이 발달장애인에게 주는 가치를 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 영농직업재활시설 S농원에서 일하는 발달장애인 근로자 18명을 대상으로 개별 면담을 진행하였다. 수집된 질적 자료를 귀납적으로 분석하여 범주화된 의미로 도출하는 주제분석을 시행한 결과, 연구참여자의 경험은 3가지 대주제와 10가지 범주, 25가지 개념으로 나타났다. 일하기 전 경험은 ‘무위(無爲)’, ‘사회적 활동에서의 연계’로 범주화하였다. 근로 중 경험은 ‘농업 활동을 통한 긍정적 경험’, ‘근로 시 발생하는 육체적 피로감’, ‘농업환경이 주는 장점’, ‘관계 형성에서의 긍정적 경험’, ‘자립 능력의 향상’으로 범주화하였다. 농원의 불가피한 폐쇄를 6개월 앞둔 시점에서 실업 후에 예상되는 삶으로는 ‘돌봄과 일자리의 공백’, ‘무위로의 회귀’, ‘심리적 변화’로 범주화하였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 사회적 농업 분야에서의 영농직업재활시설 근로 경험이 발달장애인에게 주는 의미와 가치를 확인하고, 정책적·실천적 개선방안을 제시하였다.

This study aimed to explore the psychosocial changes of people with developmental disabilities working in agricultural vocational rehabilitation facilities and to identify the value of social farming for people with developmental disabilities. Individual interviews were conducted with 18 workers with developmental disabilities working at Farm S. Through thematic analysis, three major themes, 10 categories, and 25 concepts . The pre-work experience was categorized as ‘nothing to do’ and ‘transferring from other facilities’. Experiences during work were categorized as “positive experiences through agricultural activities,” “physical fatigue,” “benefits of the agricultural environment,” “positive experiences in relationship building,” and “improvement of self-reliance”. The expected life after the inevitable closure of the farm was categorized as “gaps in care and work,” “a return to nothing to do,” and “psychological changes”. Based on these findings, we identified the meaning of the work experience in social farming for people with developmental disabilities, and suggested policy and practical improvement measures.