Earticle

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the types of perception toward non-face-to-face clinical practice and to characterize the types of students who experienced online clinical practice during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: Q-methodology was used in this study, and 270 Q populations were formed based on in-depth interviews with 10 nursing students who had experienced non-face-to-face clinical practice, as well as related literature. Interviews were performed from August 1 to 31, 2022. A total of 42 Q samples were extracted, and Q sorting was performed on 33 nursing students who had experienced non-face-to-face clinical practice. A Q factor analysis was performed using the PC-QUANL program. Results: The nursing students' perceptions of non-face-to-face clinical practice were classified into the following five types: "future professional competency-focused type," "realistic convenience priority type," "task burden awareness type," "negative critic type," and "limited experience dissatisfaction type." Conclusion: This study revealed non-face-to-face clinical practice's positive and negative aspects in nursing education. Moreover, it identified the aspects of clinical practice that cannot be replaced by non-face-to-face clinical practice and the elements of non-face-to-face practice that can complement clinical practice. These findings can be used as fundamental data to establish a stable and efficient system for improving the quality of clinical practice in the post-COVID-19 era and to implement effective non-face-to-face clinical practice according to student types.

이 연구의 목적은 팬데믹 기간 내 비대면 교육 환경에서 학교도서관은 어떻게 디지털 교육 도구를 교육 활동에 활용하였는가를 회고적으로 살펴보고, 뉴노멀 교육 환경에서 활용할 수 있는 에듀테크를 유형화하고 활용 방안을 제시하는 것이다. 먼저 팬데믹 기간 학교 현장에서 사용한 에듀테크 전반을 그 특성에 따라 범주화한 후 에듀테크 예시를 포함한 목록을 제시하였다. 이 목록을 학교도서관에 적용할 수 있도록 사서교사가 교육적 활용 수준에 따라 유형과 에듀테크 예시의 개수를 재조정하였다. 팬데믹 기간 내 「학교도서관저널」 기획 특집 기사를 대상으로 학교도서관의 에듀테크 활용 사례를 분석하여 앞선 에듀테크 목록과 통합하였다. 이 과정을 통하여 학교도서관에서 활용할 수 있는 에듀테크 유형은 크게 관리형, 소통형, 생산성, 소비형, 평가형으로 나눌 수 있었으며 유형별 에듀테크의 구체적인 예시는 기획 특집 기사 사례를 참고해 제시하였다.

This study aims to retrospectively review how school libraries utilized digital educational tools in a non-face-to-face environment during the pandemic, and to suggest types of digital educational tools suitable for use in the New Normal. Initially, a list of edutech used in schools during the pandemic was compiled by reviewing previous studies. By grasping the frequency of use of edutech expert teachers and librarian teachers, the list of edutech was readjusted to the type of edutech that can be used in school libraries. The use of edutech by school libraries during the pandemic, as reported in the ‘School Library Journal,’ was analyzed and integrated the previous list of edutech. As a result, edutech suitable for school libraries was categorized into five main areas: management, communication, productivity, consumption, and evaluation. Additionally, specific edutch examples for each category were presented, based on insights from the ‘School Library Journal.’

일반적으로 통증위협을 느낄 경우, 통증 관련 자극에 주의편향을 보이거나 활동을 회피함으로써 부적응적인 결과를 초래하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 손상된 주의이탈 모형에 따르면, 반추유형은 수심과 숙고로 구분된다. 수심의 경우, 주의와 목표활동을 방해하여 부적응적 결과를, 숙고의 경우, 적응적 결과를 초래할 수 있다고 제안했다. 이에 이 연구에서는 반추유형을 조작하여 통증위협 상황에서 주의편향과 회피행동의 변화를 실험적으로 검증하고자 했다. 대전광역시 소재 대학교에 재학 중인 건강한 대학생 남녀 84명을 모집하여 통증위협 수준(고, 저) × 반추유형(수심적 사고, 숙고적 사고)에 따라 4개의 집단 중 하나에 무작위 배정한 후 실험을 실시했다. 실험 결과, 첫째, 첫 고정지속시간의 경우 통증위협, 반추유형, 통증단어유형 간 상호작용이 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 전반적인 응시시간의 경우 통증위협 수준에 상관없이 수심적 사고 집단은 숙고적 사고 집단보다 통증관련 단어에 비해 중립단어에 응시하는 시간이 더 길었다. 셋째, 회피행동의 경우 통증위협이 높을 때 수심적 사고 집단은 숙고적 사고 집단보다 전기가 흐를 것으로 예상되는 금속 패드에 손을 대는 데 까지 걸린 시간이 더 길었던 반면에, 통증위협이 낮을 때는 집단 간 유의한 차이가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 수심 및 숙고적 사고가 주의편향과 회피행동의 변화에 중요한 요인일 수 있음을 시사한다.

Generally, it has been known that threat of pain can lead to adverse consequences through bias toward pain-related stimuli or avoidance behavior. According to the impaired-disengagement model, rumination comprises brooding and reflection. The model suggest that brooding would interfere with attention and goal activity, resulting in maladaptive consequences, but reflection would result in adaptive consequences. In this study, we examined the changes in attentional bias and avoidance behavior in the face of pain-related threat by manipulating the types of rumination. A total of 84 college students in Daejeon were recruited and randomly assigned to one of four groups according to the threat of pain (high, low) * types of rumination (brooding, reflection). Results showed that for first fixation duration, there was no significant interaction among pain threats, types of rumination, and types of pain words. For dwell time, regardless of pain threats, the brooding group gazed at neutral words longer than pain-related words, compared to the reflection group. Also, the brooding group took longer to touch the metal pad, which was expected to emit electricity, than the reflection group, when the threat of pain was high, while there was no significant difference between the groups when the threat of pain was low. These results suggest that brooding and reflection may be crucial factors for changes in attentional bias and avoidance behavior.

After a longitudinal analysis of the data on the college entrance examination of students enrolled in the Department of Chemistry Education at Gyeongnam from 2014 to 2021, the effect on the academic achievement of general chemistry according to the type of college entrance examination was studied. And the impact on the academic achievement of general chemistry according to the type of admission screening in face-to-face and non-face-to-face teaching-learning was also studied. As a result of analyzing the academic achievement of general chemistry by admission process, students admitted through occasional screening showed relatively high grades of A and B at 88.7%, and the ratio of grades of 1~3 of chemistry I in high school was high. On the other hand, in the case of students admitted through regular admission, the ratio of grades of A and B in general chemistry was very high at 94.3%, and the ratio of grades of 3~4 in chemistry I of the College Scholastic Ability Test was high. As a result of analyzing the academic achievement of general chemistry by class type and admission process, it was found that the grades of chemistry I by face-to-face classes had an effect on the academic achievement of general chemistry in non-face-to-face classes. In both admissions, the academic achievement of general chemistry by face-to-face classes was relatively higher than that of non-face-to-face-to-face classes.

우리의 일상생활에 큰 변화를 가져온 코비드-19는 대학 교육에도 역시 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 전통적인 대면 수 업방식에서 비대면 방식으로 변경되어 수업이 이루어지면서 교수자와 학생 모두 적응에 애를 먹는 모습을 보였고, 비 대면 수업으로 인한 학력 격차의 발생 등의 문제 역시 제기되었다. 이에 본 연구는 코비드-19로 인한 대학의 비대면 수업에 대해 학생들이 어떠한 태도를 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이에 본 연구는 Q 방법론을 적용하여 대학생들이 비대면 수업에 대해 가지고 있는 주관적 인식의 유형을 파악하고 이를 통해 향후 비대면 수업방식의 개발과 개선에 있어 참고할 점을 제안하고자 하였다. 30명의 P 표본과 34개의 Q 표본을 이용하여 분석한 결과 5개의 유형이 발견 되었다. 첫째, 학습의 효율성 중시형, 둘째, 수업의 참여와 소통 중시형, 셋째, 비대면 수업의 적극적 수용과 활용형, 넷째, 원격 시스템과 장비 작동 오류로 인한 불만형, 다섯째, 상황에 따른 수동적 대응형이다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕 으로 살펴보았을 때 각 유형의 특성을 고려한 효과적인 비대면 수업을 위한 교육 방법의 개발이 필요할 것으로 보이 며, 비대면 수업, 특히 녹화 강의가 갖는 학습의 효율성 측면에서의 장점은 분명한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 대면 수업 이 대학에서 전면적으로 이루어지더라도 수업에서 동영상 녹화 강의를 보완적으로 제공하는 것이 학생들의 학습에 큰 도움이 될 것으로 여겨진다.

Covid-19, which has made a huge difference in our daily lives, has also brought major changes to our college education. As the class was changed from the traditional face-to-face class to a non face-to-face class, both teachers and students had difficulties in adapting, and problems such as the occurrence of academic achievement gaps due to non face-to-face classes were also raised. Therefore, this study aims to find out what attitudes students have toward non-face-to-face classes at universities caused by Covid-19. Accordingly, this study tried to identify the types of subjective perceptions college students have toward non-face-to-face classes by applying the Q methodology, and to suggest points for reference in the development and improvement of non-face-to-face classes in the future. Five types were found as a result of analysis using 30 P samples and 34 Q samples. First, learning efficiency-oriented type, second, class participation and communication-oriented type, third, non-face-to-face class active acceptance and utilization type, fourth, dissatisfaction type due to remote system and equipment operation errors, fifth, passive response type according to the situation to be. From the results of this study, it seems that it is necessary to develop an educational method for effective non-face-to-face class considering the characteristics of each type, and the merits of non-face-to-face classes, especially recorded lectures, in terms of learning efficiency, are evident. Therefore, even if face-to-face classes are conducted entirely at universities, it is believed that providing video-recorded lectures in class will be of great help to students' learning.

The purposes of this study were to find out any significants among somatotypes and face types and importance of image making to successful students' life. The respondents were composed of 181 males and 160 females. It consists of total 29 items including the facial features, personality expression methods, characteristics of body shapes, image making, colors and neckline and their responses were measured with Likert 5-point scale. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation analysis including $Χ^2$-test and frequency analysis were used. As the results, 47％ of male students and 28% of female students responded they were satisfied with their own facial types. 32% of male students and all female students were not satisfied with their own body shapes and fashion depends on accessories like hat, sunglasses, boots and necklace rather than dress itself. All male and female students were not satisfied with their body shapes and recognized the importance of image. They answered that they change image if someone advices their image and it suggests that information and intellectual needs of image making are required and approach to efficient methods of image making is needed.

The main purpose of the thesis is to understand the Chinese's view of face. This study is to find out the correlation between the Chinese's 'demographic factors' and each two face factors(‘face in open space/with people’, social/moral face). It also analyzes and verifies the impact of 'demographic factors' among ‘face in open space/with people’ and ‘moral/social face’. The results of this study shows that most people are hostile to lose face in front of unfamiliar people irrespective of sex. Plus, the men is more concerned with the ‘face with people’ than the ‘face in open space’, whereas the women is more concerned with the ‘closed social face’. The thesis also covers that the older group is relatively hostile to lose face in front of people. In other words, they more pay attention to protect their face as a self-defense. This study found that Chinese people attach great importance to 'the moral face' regardless of age or sex. Chinese people are very sensitive to the human duty that most people tend to follow.

감성공학적 제품개발을 위해서는 제품에 대한 인간의 선호도, 및 감성을 파악하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 인간의 감성은 개인의 내적 심리상태에 의하여 영향을 받으며, 개인에 따라 큰 차이를 나타낸다. 인간의 얼굴유형에 따라서 성격을 파악하는 심리학적 개념을 이용하여 얼굴유형별${\cdot}$특징별로 소비자들의 승용차 구매패턴에 어떤 차이가 있는지를 분석했다. 분석결과 얼굴유형별${\cdot}$특징별로 구매패턴에 약간의 차이가 있었다. 이와 같은 방법에 대해서 보다 구체적이고 체계적인 연구가 이루어진다면 실제로 마케팅과 감성공학 등에 응용할 수 있을 것으로 판단한다.

For the product development using Human Sensibility Ergonomics, it is very important to understand human preference and sensibility of products. Human sensibility is affected by each person's psychological factor and is different for individuals. This paper analyzed consumer's automobile purchase patterns, according to the types and the features of face, using the psychological concept that human the types and the features of face have been used to understand human personalities. In this paper, it is showed that there are some differences among customer's automobile purchase patterns, according to the types and the features of face If further study has been done in this field, this study could be applicated in Human Sensibility Ergonomics, Marketing, etc.

Based on the past research works on the relationship between face type and personality, personality and purchasing behavior, personality and preference for color, face type and preference for color, we assumed that there could be certain differences in preferred color tone in purchasing automobile according to face type. Objective of this paper is to analyze what differences there are preferred color tones of purchasing automobile by face type. The questionnaires on preferred color tone of automobile were investigated, and the tone of color were classified into light, dark, brilliant, plain tones, and the differences of preferred color tone of purchasing automobile were analyzed by the face types. The result showed the facts that compared with the other types, the rectangular face type preferred the light tone of color, whereas the other face types little showed a distinctive inclination for a particular color tone. Results of this research could be utilized for automobile sales policy for materials of research into color tones, provided some problems are fixed and the concrete researches into relationship between face type and personality, purchasing behavior, preference for color are carried out.

COVID-19 이후 교육 산업 분야는 많은 활동이 비대면 채널로 전환하였으며, 엔데믹인 현재에도 많은 프로그램이 비대면 채널로 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비대면으로 운영된 실시간/비실시간 채널 이용자 만족도에 미치는 품질 요인을 분석하고 두 채널의 차이를 비교하고자 한다. 이를 위해 서울 H 대학에서 운영된 동일 내용의 실시간/비실시간 채널의 대학원생 대상 비교과프로그램 수강자 리뷰를 분석하였다. 토픽 모델링을 통해 도출된 비대면 학습 품질 요인은 교육시스템 품질, 콘텐츠 품질, 강사 품질, 기대 일치이며, 해당 품질 요인과 관련된 설문 응답을 통해 이용자 만족도에 미치는 영향을 실증 분석하였다. 그 결과 해당 품질 요인 모두 만족도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치고, 두 채널 간 만족도 요인에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 실시간 채널은 콘텐츠 자체 개선에, 비실시간 채널은 프로그램 운영 시스템 편의성 개선이 이용자 만족도 향상에 효과적이라는 시사점을 제시하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다.

Since COVID-19, the education industry has shifted many of its activities to non-face-to-face channels, and many programs are still being conducted in non-face-to-face channels during the endemic. This study aims to analyze the quality factors affecting user satisfaction of synchronous and asynchronous channels operated non-face-to-face and compare the differences between the two channels. For this purpose, we analyzed the reviews of graduate students of the same content in the synchronous and asynchronous channels at H University in Seoul, Korea. The non-face-to-face learning quality factors derived through topic modeling are educational system quality, content quality, instructor quality, and expectation confirmation, and their effects on user satisfaction were empirically analyzed through survey responses related to these quality factors. The results showed that all of the quality factors had a significant positive effect on satisfaction, and there were significant differences in satisfaction factors between the two channels. This study is significant in that it suggests that improving the content itself for synchronous channels and improving the convenience of the program operation system for asynchronous channels is effective in improving user satisfaction.

This study examined the impoliteness inherent in honorifics (in the Japanese language) with a focus on types of face-threatening acts. The results showed that the impoliteness of honorifics was found in face-threatening speech acts such as assertion of evaluation, restriction of action, stimulation of emotion, confrontation, and self-display. Moreover, it was confirmed that such impoliteness arises from the speaker’s intention in utterance implied in the marked use of honorifics. Meanwhile, there was a significantly higher percentage of assertion of evaluation than other types, suggesting that impoliteness is formed based on the negative evaluation of the other party. Furthermore, it was also discovered that impoliteness is related to the action of power. The speaker shows impoliteness when such an environment is created by the conflict of interest between the speaker and the listener, and it could be equally observed in all types that the speaker tries to achieve the purpose of utterance by exercising the power that intervenes. Finally, the study suggests that this action of power is related to dignity among the functions and effects of honorifics.

코로나 팬데믹으로 인해 최근 대학들은 원격으로 수업을 진행하고 있다. 원격수업 제도의 발전을 위해서 학생들의 원격수업에 대한 평가를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 대학생들의 원격수업에 대한 주관적 인식을 Q 방법론으로 규명하는 것이다. 60개의 Q 표본과 25명의 P 표본을 구성하여 2020년 11월 6일부터 19일까지 조사를 수행하였다. 강제분류를 실시했으며 주성분 분석 배리맥스 방법을 통해 총 4가지 유형을 발견하였다. 첫 번째 유형은 반복학습선호형이다. 이들은 원격수업 동영상을 반복재생하며 학습할 수 있다는 점에 만족하고 있었다. 두 번째 유형은 원격수업거부형이다. 이들은 비대면 원격수업이 대면수업보다 학습효과가 낮다고 인식하고 있었다. 세 번째 유형은 원격수업조건부수용형이다. 이들은 비대면 원격수업 자체는 긍정적으로 평가하면서도 학사운영 미비점에 대해서는 불만을 가지고 있었다. 네 번째 유형은 개인주의선호형이다. 이들은 대면수업이 불필요하거나 과도한 ‘관계’를 자신들에게 강요하고 있으며, 비대면 원격수업을 통해 이러한 문제점이 사라졌다고 생각하고 있었다.

Because of COVID 19 pandemic, undergraduate students have participated in non-face-to-face remote classes. For development of remote education, it is necessary to examine students’ appraisal of online lectures. The purpose of this study was invetigating students’ subjective perceptions of non-face-to-face remote classes. We used 60 Q sample and 25 P sample to survey from 6 November to 19 November in 2020. We applied forced Q soring and found four types by varimax-rotated principal components analysis. First type was prefering repeated learning. They satified that they can learning repeatedly by remote classes video. Second type was rejecting online distance learning. They believed that remote classes learning effect was weaker than face to face study learning effect. Third type was accepting remote class conditionally. They evaluated remote classes positively but complained about inexperienced educational management. Forth type was prefering individualism. They addressed that face to face classes forced unnecessary or too much ‘relationship’ to them and that problem disappears by remote classes.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between face images by vocational types and personalities by characteristics of face shapes. First, Holland 's professional personality type test was conducted to collect facial images by occupation type and to extract representative image adjectives according to characteristics of occupational personality type. Second, we analyzed the image of the representative facial morphemes such as face type, eye, eyebrow, nose, and mouth according to their characteristics. Third, we analyzed the correlation between face images by vocational types and personalities by characteristics of face shapes. As a result, it was confirmed that there is a correlation between the characteristics of face image and facial morpheme.

In this paper I research the learners' satisfaction & preference about the non-face-to-face education according to the types, compare which type is suitable to the learners and consider the education's directions. Because the learners have week points to learn actively by self-directed learning method, these difficulties become more and more in the environment of online education. In this non-face-to-face environment, Among several types, I'd like to show which is more effective type and which the learners like better. Also when I showed the non-face-to-face class type simultaneously, we could get some different results. About these problems I'd like to research with the learning time's convenience, the repetitive learning's convenience, the teaching contents's quality, the school attendance.

This study is designed to investigate students’ changes of perceptions toward diverse learning modes, including face-to-face, asynchronous, synchronous, and hybrid learning during post-COVID-19. For the study, survey data were collected for three years, from Spring 2021 to Spring 2023 via 576 university students. There were gradually decreasing trends in the effect of online class types using media such as PPT videos, real-time videos, and hybrid classes which were comprised of: a one-hour PPT video and a one-hour-real-time video. However, there were gradually uprising trends in students’ perceptions of the effectiveness of face-to-face instruction according to the indigenization of COVID-19. Students had difficulties in returning from psychologically convenient online classes to face-to-face classes during this period, but it is believed that they are overcoming this.

본 연구는 국내 선행 연구에서 '팬데믹(pandemic)시기에 교사들을 대상으로 진행한 설문 조사 결과 원격수업 형식 중 '실시간 쌍방향 형' 수업이 차지하는 비중이 현저하게 적다는 점'을 지적한 것에 주목하여, 고등학교 수학 교과 기하 과목의 '평면의 결정 요건'을 중심으로 '실시간 쌍방향 형' 비대면 수업 자료를 개발하여 수업에 적용한 사례를 보고한 연구이다. 개발에 참여한 교사는 고등학교 교직 경력 28년차의 서울 소재 고등학교에 근무하는 수학 교사(수석교사) 1인이며, 2020년에 수학 교과의 기하 과목을 담당한 교사이다. 개발 교사는 실시간 쌍방향 형 비대면 수업을 개발하기로 한 이후, 수업 내용의 선정과 온라인 수업 도구를 선정하는 과정을 거친 다음 '만남 및 수업 안내', '동기 부여', '과제 제시', '개별 탐구 활동 및 교사 피드백', '성찰 및 평가'의 네 단계로 수업 지도안을 구성하여 자료를 개발하였다. 특히 '동기 부여' 과정에서는 개발 교사가 화이트보드 애니메이션 제작 프로그램인 Videoscribe를 이용해서 5분 정도의 영상 자료를 제작하여 제시하였으며, '과제제시'에서 과제 8번의 경우에는 학생들의 수업 종료 이후 자유로운 소감을 기록하는 것으로 구성하였는데, 이는 학생 스스로의 평가 장치임과 동시에 학생의 교사에 대한 피드백 제공 역할을 하였다. 본 연구는 현장 교사가 수업 자료를 개발하는 일련의 과정을 소개한 사례 연구로서, 수업에 바로 적용 가능한 수업 자료 제시와 더불어서 이후 수업 자료 개발에 대한 샘플 제시 역할에 목표를 두고 진행한 연구 결과물이다. 개발한 자료는 수업에 참여한 학생들의 의견 수렴 및 수학교사 3인에게 의뢰한 평가 결과를 바탕으로 수업 자료로서의 적합성 검증을 거쳤다.

This study noted that a survey of teachers in a leading study conducted in Korea during the Pandemics period pointed out that the "real-time interactive" classes account for a significantly small portion of the remote class format. Contentually, the study reported cases of developing and applying "real-time interactive" class materials based on "planar decision requirements" of high school mathematics subject geometry. The teacher who participated in the development was a math teacher who worked at a Seoul-based high school with 28 years of high school teaching experience, and a teacher who was in charge of geometry in the math department in 2020. The development teacher decided to develop real-time interactive classes. In particular, the materials were developed by organizing the class guidance plan in four stages: 'Meeting and Class Guidance', 'Giving motivation', 'Suggesting tasks', 'Individual Investigative Activities and Teacher Feedback' and 'Reflection and Evaluation' which were selected through the process of selecting the class contents and selecting online class tools. At this time, the development teacher produced and presented about five minutes of video material using the videooscribe, a whiteboard animation program. And in case of task number 8, it consisted of recording the students' free thoughts after class, which served as a role of assessment by students themselves and providing feedback to their teachers. This study is a case study that introduces a series of courses in which field teachers develop class materials, and in addition to presenting class materials that can be applied directly to classes, is a result of a study that focuses on the role of presenting samples for future class data development. The materials developed were verified as class materials based on the opinions of the students who participated in the class and the results of the evaluation commissioned by the three math teachers.

본 연구는 20대 여성을 대상으로 아름다운 외모 인식과, 선호하는 메이크업의 형태와 색채, 메이크업의 불만족 원인을 조사함으로 현대의 이상적인 미인으로 메이크업하기 위한 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 의의가 있다. 연구 대상은 부산, 울산지역 20대 미혼 여성 300명을 대상으로 설문조사하였으며, 연구 자료는 Two-way Anova, Duncan's Multiple Range Test로 분석하였다. 그 결과 연구대상자의 대다수는 화장의 중요성을 인식하였고, 메이크업의 기술부족이 주원인으로 메이크업에 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 미인 얼굴의 특징은 계란형의 잡티 없는 맑고 깨끗한 피부에 쌍꺼풀이 있는 크고 둥근 눈과 높고 가는 코에 도톰한 입술을 미인으로 보며, 약간 밝은 피부화장에 표준형 눈썹, 아이샤도우와 립스틱 색은 핑크를 가장 선호하였다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze women's make-up state, knowledge degree, attitude and preference types by face shape. It is valuable to provide the useful guideline to make up for modern concept of beauty. The subjects of this study were 300 adult women(aged 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Means, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major results were as followed. Their reasons for make-up indicated that 'to be beautiful' was highest. Even though many women have understood the importance of make-up and have made up everyday, it appeared that their knowledge about make-up and make-up technique were insufficient, which mean needs for systematically organized make-up education. And Beautiful face has a egg shape, clean or white skin. they also prefer large, double eyelid round eye, high, narrow nose and big mouth.

본 연구의 목적은 팬데믹 시대 외식업의 비대면 서비스 이용고객의 인식유형을 도출하고 그 특성을 살펴보는데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 34개의 Q 표본과 27명의 P 표본을 구성하여 Q 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구는 외식업의 비대면 서비스에 대한 4개 유형의 인식을 발견하였다. 1유형은 ‘능동적 선구자형’으로 팬데믹 상황 이전부터 비대면 서비스를 자주 이용하였으며 비대면 서비스에 대해 긍정적 이용 태도를 보유한 스타일이다. 이들은 전체 응답자의 30.8%에 해당하였다. 2유형은 ‘코로나 포비아형’으로 코로나바이러스 감염에 대한 불안함으로 인해서 비대면 서비스를 적극 이용하는 스타일이다. 이들은 전체 응답자의 26.9%에 해당하였다. 3유형은 ‘문화적 수용자형’으로 비대면 서비스를 미래의 사회체계로 인식하는 스타일이다. 이들은 전체 응답자의 23%에 해당하였다. 4유형은 ‘감성적 유희형’으로 대면 커뮤니케이션 방식을 추구하며 오감을 이용해 식문화를 즐기는 스타일로 23%가 포함되었다. 4개 유형은 공통적으로 비대면 서비스 산업의 확장의 필요성에 대해 긍정적이었던 반면 배달 서비스의 추가비용 지불에 대해서는 부정적이었다.

The purpose of this study is to derive the perception of customers using non-face-to-face services from food industry in the Pandemic era based on Q methodology and then examine their characteristics. To this end, this study conducted Q analysis with 34 Q samples and 27 P samples. As a result of the analysis, this study found the types of users’ perception of non-face-to-face services in four types of food industry. The first type is “active pioneer type,” which frequently uses non-face-to-face services before Covid-19, and generally shows a positive attitude toward non-face-to-face services. These accounted for 30.8% of the total respondents. The second type is ‘Covid-19 Phobia type’ and uses non-face-to-face services due to anxiety about Covid-19. These accounted for 26.9% of all respondents. The third type is “cultural acceptor type”, which recognizes non-face-to-face services as a future social system. These accounted for 23% of the total respondents. The fourth type is “rapt audience type” which includes 23% of the responses that pursue traditional face-to-face communication methods and enjoy food culture using five senses. The four types were generally positive about the need for expansion of the non-face-to-face service industry, while negative about the additional cost of delivery services.