Earticle

이 연구는 중간언어 변이 체계의 관점에서 우즈베키스탄 한국어 학습자의 부사격 조사 ‘에’·‘에서’ 사용 변이를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 국립국어원 학습자 말뭉치와 연구자 구축 말뭉치를 통합한 1,228개 표본, 151,359어절을 대상으로 ‘에’ 6,749회, ‘에서’ 2,174회의 사용 빈도와 대치 오류 201건을 교차 분석하였다. 분석 결과, ‘에’·‘에서’ 변이는 무작위적 자유 변이가 아니라 서술어 동작성에 의해 조건화되는 체계적 변이로 나타났다. 특히 ‘에서→에’ 변이는 동작 서술어 환경에, ‘에→에서’ 변이는 상태 서술어 환경에 집중되어 상보적 분포를 보였다. 또한 우즈베크어 처소격 ‘-da’가 한국어 ‘에’와 ‘에서’를 단일 형태로 포괄하는 구조는 변이 발생의 주요 언어 간 조건으로 작용하였다. 숙달도별로는 ‘에서→에’ 변이가 초급에서 고급으로 뚜렷하게 감소한 반면, ‘에→에서’ 변이의 감소 폭은 상대적으로 작아 두 방향 변이의 발달 궤적이 비대칭적임을 확인하였다. 이는 우즈베키스탄 학습자의 ‘에’·‘에서’ 중간언어 체계가 목표어 규범과 모국어 의미 지도의 상호작용 속에서 형성됨을 시사한다.

This study examines the variation in the use of the Korean adverbial case particles -e and -eseo among Uzbek learners of Korean from the perspective of the interlanguage variation system. The analysis is based on 1,228 samples comprising 151,359 eojeols, drawn from the National Institute of Korean Language learner corpus and a researcher-compiled corpus. The study cross-analyzes 6,749 tokens of -e, 2,174 tokens of -eseo, and 201 substitution errors between the two particles. The results show that the variation is not random free variation but systematic variation conditioned by predicate actionality. In particular, -eseo → -e variation is concentrated in dynamic predicate contexts denoting action location, whereas -e → -eseo variation is concentrated in stative predicate contexts denoting static location. The Uzbek locative marker -da, which covers both Korean -e and -eseo, functions as a major interlingual factor in the formation of this variation. In terms of proficiency, -eseo → -e variation decreases markedly from the beginner to the advanced level, while -e → -eseo shows a relatively smaller decrease. These findings suggest that Uzbek learners’ use of -e and -eseo is organized through the interaction between target-language norms and the Uzbek-based semantic map.

This study investigated the effect of variation in the number of somaticcell- cloned embryos and their developmental stage at transfer on pregnancy, as well as the influence of the estrus status of recipient pigs on in vivo development of cloned porcine embryos after embryo transfer. For somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), fibroblast cells were obtained from a male porcine fetus. Recipient oocytes were collected from prepubertal gilts at a local abattoir and then cultured. After SCNT, reconstructed embryos of different numbers and developmental stages were transferred into recipient pigs. The developmental stage of the cloned embryos and the number of transferred embryos per surrogate showed no significant differences in terms of the resulting cloning efficiency. However, the pregnancy rate improved gradually as the number of transferred cloned embryos was increased from 100- 150 or 151-200 to 201-300 per recipient. In pre-, peri-, and post-ovulation stages, pregnancy rates of 28.6%, 41.8%, and 67.6% and 16, 52, and 74 offspring were recorded, respectively. The number of cloned embryos and estrus status of the recipient pig at the time of transfer of the cloned embryo affect the efficiency of pig production; therefore, these variables should be particularly considered in order to increase the efficiency of somatic cell pig cloning.

About 200 rice varieties for irrigated and rainfed lowland ecosystems were released in the Philippines, which were bred for improving yield under favorable conditions. Root plasticity plays key roles in maintaining crop productivity under abiotic stressed conditions. We hypothesized that some of these varieties possess root plasticity traits in response to water stressed conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the root system development and dry matter production of 14 randomly selected rice varieties (6 irrigated lowland and 9 rainfed varieties) under progressive drought (PDR) and soil moisture fluctuations (SMF) stress conditions. Two experiments were done in rootbox and line source sprinkler systems (LSS). Each of the varieties was subjected to well-watered (WW), PDR and SMF conditions during vegetative stage in rootbox system while the same genotypes were subjected to different intensities of drought stress under LSS. Under rootbox system, PDR and SMF significantly reduced shoot dry matter production in all varieties relative to their WW controls. Among varieties, NSIC Rc238 (irrigated lowland) showed the least reduction in shoot dry weight (SDW) in both PDR (by 11.8%) and SMF (by 26.9%) conditions. Less reductions in SDW of NSICRc238 were partially attributed to the promotion of L-type lateral roots, thus increasing total lateral root length by 24.2% and 30.7% under PDR and SMF, respectively. In LSS, SDW of NSIC Rc238 under mild drought stress (16-21% soil moisture content (SMC) had 31.8% reduction relative to its WW control (${\geq}22%SMC$) and had lower sensitivity drought index. Compared with the IR64 susceptible check and NSIC Rc9 tolerant check, NSIC Rc238 had higher SDW by 90.8% and 38.6%, respectively. Furthermore, no rainfed lowland varieties included in the experiment performed well under different water stress treatments. The results implied that some other irrigated lowland rice varieties may also possess drought dehydration avoidance root plasticity traits under water-stressed growing environments.

Annual growth segments of Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jolis (Fucales, Fucaceae) are denoted by air bladders that form each spring. By examining annual growth segments, it may be possible to infer information about the physical conditions during the growth period; however, it is uncertain whether the annual segments will expand in size after the initial growth. We examined A. nodosum segments from three populations in Nova Scotia, and statistically evaluated whether the annual growth (length, mass, and maximum diameter) of segments was independent of the age of the frond, whether the segments increased in size after the initial growth, and whether the segment lengths were correlated with mean water temperatures and mean air temperatures when the segments were formed. We found that the growth in length of A. nodosum is dependent on the age of the frond, but frond age explained less than 12 % of the overall variation in length. However, the mass and maximum diameter of segments were independent of the age of the frond. Differences occurred between the lengths of segments formed in different years, but there was no significant correlation with regional mean water or air temperatures. This study indicates that the length of A. nodosum segments may be an indicator of the annual physical characteristics of a site, but future studies are needed to identify which factors have the strongest influence on growth patterns.