Earticle

기업 내에서 프로젝트가 갖는 전략적, 사업적 중요성이 증대하고 있으며, 프로젝트 전반을 이끄는 프로젝트 관리자는 과업 성패의 핵심적인 역할을 담당한다. 그런데, 프로젝트 관리자의 리더십 스타일과 역량은 일선의 리더와 매우 다르다. 이는 프로젝트 관리자와 일선 리더는 그들의 임무, 역랑 및 책임 측면에서 근본적으로 매우 다르기 때문이다. 본 연구는 두 가지 목적으로 진행됐다. 하나는 프로젝트 리더십 역량을 측정할 수 있는 타당한 진단 도구를 개발하는 것이며, 다른 하나는 만들어진 진단 도구를 이용하여 프로젝트 관리자의 리더십 역량이 성과에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 먼저, 프로젝트 리더십 역량 진단 도구 개발을 위해 국내 대형 IT 서비스 업체에 종사하는 프로젝트 관리자들을 대상으로 설문을 실시했다. 이를 통해 8개 요소의 34개 진단 문항으로 구성된 도구가 개발됐다. 이 도구에 대해서 신뢰도, 변별 타당도를 검증한 결과 기존의 일반 리더십 진단 도구와 차별성이 있는 도구임이 검증됐다. 다음으로, 개발된 진단 도구를 이용하여 프로젝트 리더십 역량 수준이 성과에 미치는 영향을 고찰했다. 회귀분석 결과, 프로젝트 리더십 역량 보유 수준은 프로젝트 성과에 유의미하게 영향을 미쳤다. 이러한 일련의 분석 결과는 본 연구에서 개발된 진단 도구가 프로젝트 관리자의 리더십 역량을 측정하는 타당하고 유용성 있는 도구임을 지지하는 것이라고 판단됐다.

A project is being importantly applied to many companies in order to achieve their business objectives effectively such as developing new product, improving production process, and creating new organizational culture in line with the rapidly changing management environment, as well as an enterprises whose business is substantially operated with project-based teams. Significance and weight that a project possesses in enterprise got bigger. And the project management became key activities. However, what a project maintains high performance is a challenging task owing to the internal characteristics of project itself and to the challengeable external environments. Therefore many projects did not meet the goals and objectives. A reason that projects fail to obtain the expected achievement is especially attributed to human factors. In other words, many projects were unsuccessful when team members ignored principle of management. A project manager, who is placed in the environment of performing a complex and technology-intensive task is asked to have social capabilities as well as merely having technical ones. A project manager needs to be thoroughly equipped with capabilities for well dealing with diverse and sometimes conflicting demands. The effective leadership displayed by these people is very important in being successful in project. This is because a project manager’s leadership has influence upon giving motive to team members and upon making devotional effort and action. Is a project manager’s leadership same as leadership of guiding the first-line functional organization, if so? The leadership of being exerted by a project manager can be considered to essentially belong to big category of general leadership. The leadership competence for project managers is quite different from that for line mangers. This is due to the fact that project managers and line managers are originally very different from each other in their missions, roles, and responsibilities. A functional unit team is characterized by being in charge of the programmed task, by performing with establishing a unit goal, and by being operated continuously in the long term. On the other hand, a project team performs task of centering on achieving a relatively new and non-programmed goal or solving problem compared to the functional unit team. This study has two main purposes. The one is to develop the diagnostic tool of leadership competence for project managers. The other one aims to examine the effects of leadership competence of project managers on performance outcomes of the projects they have carried out. To develop the diagnostic tool of the competence level of project leadership, project managers who have worked for the information technology industry in Korea were interviewed and surveyed. As a result, a diagnostic tool composed of 8 competencies and 34 behavioral indexes was developed. The convergent and discriminant validity of the diagnostic tool was evaluated as compared with the other diagnostic tool used to measure the general leadership competence. In addition, the predictive validity of the diagnostic tool was evaluated by relating the measures of project leadership competence to the performance measures of project leaders. The results supported that our diagnostic tool of leadership competence is a valid tool especially for evaluating the competence level of project leaders. The results of this study have the following significances and implications. First, The competence, which were suggested in this study, are the key leadership elements that a project leader needs to express with action by having the focus in light of performing project. Second, it suggested a valid diagnostic tool for diagnosing project leadership competence. The results of this study are the first attempt of proposing competence elements and diagnostic indexes on leadership that a project manager expresses with action. Third, the diagnostic tool can be used to develop leadership competence for project leaders in a long-term bases by training members of HRD division in a company. They can evaluate current competence of project leaders and then devise a proper plan for promoting persons effectively.

Particle diagnostics involving three dimensional distributions are important topics in many engineering fields. The holographic system is a promising optical tool for measuring three dimensional features of particles. In this study, we developed a holographic particle diagnostic system with diffused illumination to measure the sizes and 3-D velocities of moving particles using automatic image processing. First, basic optical systems for pulse laser recording, continuous laser reconstruction, and image acquisition were constructed. One of inherent limitations of particle holography is its long depth of focus in particle images, which causes considerable difficulty in determination of particle positions in the optical axis. To solve this problem, three new auto-focusing parameters (AFPs) corresponding to particle sizes were introduced. The developed system was applied to spray droplets to validate its capabilities. Three dimensional positions of particles viewed from two sides were decided using AFPs and then three dimensional particle velocities were extracted using a particle tracking algorithm. Comparison of measured sizes and three dimensional velocities of particles with those obtained using a laser instrument, PDPA (Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer), showed that the developed holographic system produced consistent results.

Purpose: This study was to develop evaluation criteria for sports science measurement of baseball players. Methods: A two-round Delphi study was conducted with a panel of experts to select appropriate evaluation items. In the first round, experts were asked to prioritize important items and key indicators related to the physical, biomechanical, and lifestyle habits of baseball players. The second round confirmed the appropriateness of the results of the first survey. Results: The findings of this study confirmed the validity of 12 key items and core indicators related to physical and biomechanical factors. Conclusion: These results are expected to be useful indicators for player training and injury prevention.

Background: A hand-held detector for an emergency response was developed for nuclide identification and to estimate the information of the ambient dose rate in the scene of an accident as well as the radioactivity of the contaminants. Materials and Methods: To achieve this, the most suitable sensor was first selected as a cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) semiconductor and the signal processing unit from a sensor and the signal discrimination and storage unit were successfully manufactured on a printed circuit board. Results and Discussion: The performance of the developed signal processing unit was then evaluated to have an energy resolution of about 14 keV at 662 keV. The system control unit was also designed to operate the CZT detector, monitor the detector, battery, and interface status, and check and transmit the measured results of the ambient dose rate and radioactivity. In addition, a collimator, which can control the inner radius, and the airborne dust sampler, which consists of an air filter and charcoal filter, were developed and mounted to the developed CZT detector for the quick and efficient response of a nuclear accident. Conclusion: The hand-held CZT detector was developed to make the in-situ gamma-ray spectrometry and its performance was checked to have a good energy resolution. In addition, the collimator and the airborne dust sampler were developed and mounted to the developed CZT detector for a quick and efficient response to a nuclear accident.

A metrological atomic force microscope (M-AFM) was developed fur the length measurements of nanometer range, through the modification of a commercial AFM. To eliminate nonlinearity and crosstalk of the PZT tube scanner of the commercial AFM, a two-axis flexure hinge scanner employing built-in capacitive sensors is used for X-Y motion instead of PZT tube scanner. Then two-dimensional displacement of the scanner is measured using two-axis heterodyne laser interferometer to ensure the meter-traceability. Through the measurements of several specimens, we could verify the elimination of nonlinearity and crosstalk. The uncertainty of length measurements was estimated according to the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Among several sources of uncertainty, the primary one is the drift of laser interferometer output, which occurs mainly from the variation of refractive index of air and the thermal stability. The Abbe error, which is proportional to the measured length, is another primary uncertainty source coming from the parasitic motion of the scanner. The expanded uncertainty (k =2) of length measurements using the M-AFM is √(4.26)$^2$+(2.84${\times}$10$^{-4}$ ${\times}$L)$^2$(nm), where f is the measured length in nm. We also measured the pitch of one-dimensional grating and compared the results with those obtained by optical diffractometry. The relative difference between these results is less than 0.01 %.

자넷 윙은 21세기를 살아가기 위한 역량으로 컴퓨팅 사고력의 중요성을 역설하였다. 본 연구에서는 컴퓨팅 사고력의 추상화를 관련 연구를 통해 객체 추상화, 데이터 추상화, 절차 추상화로 분류하였다. 또한 추상화 역량 평가를 위해 추상화 성취기준과 평가기준을 개발하였다. 학교 현장에 적용한 결과 학생들은 문제 해결을 위해 글과 그림으로 표현하는 객체 추상화, 데이터 추상화 역량은 우수하지만, 컴퓨터 프로그램으로 작성하는데 어려움을 겪고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 개발된 추상화 역량 평가는 소프트웨어 교육을 위한 학생 지도에 많은 도움을 줄 것이다.

Wing, J. M. emphasized the importance of computational thinking competency to live in the 21st century. In this study, the abstraction of computational thinking is classified into object abstraction, data abstraction, and procedural abstraction through related studies. In addition, abstraction achievement and assessment standard were developed for the abstractable competency assessment. As a result of applying to the school site, the students showed that the object abstraction and the data abstraction competency which are expressed in writing and drawing, they are excellent in solving the problem. However, they had difficulty in writing with a computer program. The abstractable competency assessment developed in this study will help teach students to teach software education.

An insole type local shear force measurement system was developed and local shear stresses in the foot were measured during level walking. The shear force transducer based on the magneto-resistive principle, was a rigid 3-layer circular disc. Sensor calibrations with a specially designed calibration device showed that it provided relatively linear sensor outputs. Shear transducers were mounted on the locations of four metatarsal heads and heel in the insole. Sensor outputs were amplified, decorded in the bluetooth transmission part and then transferred to PC. In order to evaluate the developed system, both shear and plantar pressure measurements, synchronized with the three-dimensional motion analysis system, were performed on twelve young healthy male subjects, walking at their comfortable speeds. The maximum peak pressure during gait was 5.00kPa/B.W at the heel. The time when large local shear stresses were acted correlated well with the time of fast COP movements. The anteroposterior shear was dominant near the COP trajectory, but the mediolateral shear was noted away from the COP trajectory. The vector sum of shear stresses revealed a strong correlation with COP movement velocity. The present study will be helpful to select the material and to design of foot orthoses and orthopedic shoes for diabetic neuropathy or Hansen disease.

본 연구는 헤도닉 가격모형을 활용하여 혁신도시 개발이 인근 주택(아파트)가격에 미친 영향을 규명하였다. 기존 선행연구는 주로 주택자체 특성과 미시적 공간범위의 단지외부 특성의 영향에 초점을 둔 반면, 본 연구는 거시적 공간범위의 도시공간특성(도심/부도심 접근성)의 역할에 주목하였다. 또한 접근성 변수 측정에 있어 개별 주거동을 기점으로 실제 도로 기반 네트워크 거리 방식을 활용하여 변수 구축에 정확성을 개선하였다. 대구 혁신도시를 대상으로 한 다변량 회귀분석 결과, 노후도(-0.826), 도심까지의 거리(-0.327), 부도심까지의 거리(-0.277), 분양면적(-0.227), 지하철역까지의 거리(-0.217) 변수가 통계적으로 유의미한 수준(p<0.05)에서 주택가격에 비중있는 영향을 미친 요인으로 확인되었다. 특히, 거시적 측면에서 도심/부도심 접근성 변수를 통제한 다핵구조 분석모형 결과, 단핵구조 모형 결과와 다르게 혁신도시 중심 접근성 요인의 통계적 유의미성은 발견되지 않았다. 이외에 이론에 부합한 연구가설을 입증하는데 있어 직선거리 기반의 접근성 측정방식 보다는 실제 네트워크거리 측정 방식이 보다 효과적인 변수측정 방식임을 확인하였다. 따라서 혁신도시 개발이 주변지역 주택가격에 미친 경제적 파급효과는 기존 도심과 인접하여 개발된 경우 보다 거시적인 도시공간구조 특성과 실제 도로 네트워크 접근성에 근거하여 이해될 필요가 있다.

This study investigates the effect of development of Daegu Innovation City on nearby housing (apartment) prices, employing hedonic price model largely specified by housing unit characteristics, site environments, and urban spatial structure. Previous studies often highlighted the influence of housing unit performance or micro-scale site characteristics (e.g., the access to residential facilities). However, this study is more focused on the role of macro-scale urban spatial structure (e.g., the access to urban/sub-center). Moreover, in measuring the distance between housing unit and residential facilities/urban center, a network-based approach was adapted for a more fine-grained resolution. The results from hedonic model revealed that deterioration (-0.826), the distance to urban center (-0.327), the distance to sub-center (-0.277), housing area (-0.227), and the distance to subway (-0.217) are associated with housing price at the statistically significant level (p<0.05). Interestingly, the influence of a newly developed center in a project area was no longer significant when macro-scale urban/sub-centers were controlled. Also, a network-based measurement is more efficient than a straight-line measurement in explaining housing prices within a study area. Therefore, a ripple effect of a new development project on housing market might be properly quantified by a better understanding of macro-scale urban spatial structure and a network-based distance measurement.

표피 근전도의 전력스펙트럼은 근섬유의 전도속도의 활성에 의존하기 때문에 표피 근전도 신호 주파수 파 라미터들의 신뢰성 평가는 임상에서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구의 목적은 노인들의 근피로지수 개발을 위한 표피 근전도 주파수파라미터들의 지속적인 측정들의 신뢰성을 조사하는 것이다. 본 실험에 자원한 10명의 건강한 피검자들은 위팔두갈래근의 최대수축운동 20% 강도의 부하로 수행하였다. 그리고 1회분의 시험세트를 마친 후 2시간의 휴식기간을 취하고 다음 2회분의 시험세트를 수행하였으며 마찬가지로 동일한 휴식시간을 취한 후 3회분의 시험세트를 수행하였다. 평균전력주파수의 표준오차 0.08～1.98은 중앙주파수 0.13～2.27보다 작게 나 타났다. 그리고 1회분과 2회분 평균전력주파수의 피어슨상관계수는 0.54～0.89이고 다른 회보다 높게 나타났 다. 그러므로 본 연구결과에서 평균전력주파수는 근피로를 위한 유의한 주파수파라미터임을 확인하였다.

Assessment of the repeatability for frequency parameters from surface EMG signal (sEMG) is of considerable relevance for the clinical usage, because the power spectrum of sEMG explicitly depends on the conduction velocity of muscle fiber. The purpose of the present study was to examine the reliability of repeated measurements in sEMG frequency parameters during isotonic contractions for Muscle Fatigue Index development of old person. Ten healthy subjects performed voluntary isotonic contractions of biceps Brachii muscle until exhaustion at 20% of maximal voluntary contraction level, three test sets a day with two hours of rest. The standard error of measurements for mean power frequency (0.08-1.98) were less than those for median frequency (0.13-2.27). The Pearson correlation coefficients of mean power frequency between the first and the second set were significantly higher (0.54-0.89) than the others. Therefore, the experimental results show that mean power frequency could provide a reliable frequency parameter to assess muscle fatigability.

열이나 빛의 자극에 의한 물질의 발광현상, 즉 열자극발광(thermoluminescence, TL)과 광자극발광(optically stimulated luminescence, OSL)의 메커니즘을 규명하고, 이 현상을 방사선량의 측정에 활용할 수 있는 새로운 발광물질을 개발하는데 활용할 수 있는 측정장치를 개발하였다. 이는 열자극과 광자극을 동시에 가할 수 있는 장치로서, 열자극에 필요한 온도제어를 위하여 35kHz의 정현파 전원으로 변환하여 스트립 형태의 발열부에 걸어주게 되며, 최대 20 K․s-1의 온도상승률로 약 1K의 정밀도로 온도를 제어할 수 있었다. 광자극을 위한 광원으로 중심파장이 470 nm인 Luxeon V형 고휘도 LED 등 여러 파장영역의 LED나 레이저를 사용할 수 있도록 하였다. 대표적으로 470 nm의 LED로 Al2O3:C의 OSL을 측정하는 경우, 시료의 발광에서 자극광을 분리시키기 위하여 LED의 자극광은 단파장차단필터인 GG420을 통과시켜서 시료에 걸리게 하고, 시료의 발광은 대역통과필터인 UG11를 통과하여 광증배관에 걸리게 하였다. 아울러 시료에 따라 LED나 필터들을 다르게 조합할 수 있도록 하여 시료의 발광특성에 맞는 최적의 측정을 수행할 수 있다. PC로 측정장치의 전체적인 제어가 이루어지며 LabView로 개발한 제어프로그램은 그래픽사용자환경(GUI)으로 되어 있다. 이 연구를 통해서 개발한 장치로 LiF:Mg,Cu,Si와 Al2O3:C를 표준시료로 하여 TL과 OSL을 측정하였고, 이들의 발광특성이 기존에 알려진 특성을 재현하여 이 장치가 신뢰할 수 있는 성능을 내는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

The thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) are commonly used to measure and record the expose of individuals to ionization radiation. Design and performance test results of a newly developed TL and OSL measurement system are presented in this paper. For this purpose, the temperature of the TL material can be controlled precisely in the range of 1~1.5℃ by using high-frequency (35kHz) heating system. This high-frequency power supply was made of transformer with ferrite core. For optical stimulation, we have completed an optimal combination of the filters with the arrangement of GG420 filter for filtering the stimulating light source and a UG11 filter at the detecting window (PMT). By using a high luminance blue LED (Luxeon V), sufficient luminous intensity could be obtained for optical stimulation. By using various control boards, the TL/OSL reader device was successfully interfaced with a personal computer. A software based on LabView program (National Instruments, Inc.) was also developed to control the TL/OSL reader system. In this study, a multi-functional TL/OSL dosimeter was developed and the performance testing of the system was carried out to confirm its reliability and reproducibility.

국민들의 건강정보에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으나 정확하고 신뢰할 수 있는 건강정보원을 탐색할 수 있는 이용자의 비율은 매우 낮은 것으로 분석되고 있다. 일반 이용자들과 최접점에 있는 공공도서관은 그들의 건강정보활용능력을 향상시키기 위한 교육프로그램을 제공함으로써, 공공도서관 이용자들이 건강정보탐색능력과 분석능력, 정보원의 정확성과 신뢰성을 판단할 수 있는 능력, 올바른 건강관련 의사결정을 내릴 수 있는 능력을 갖출 수 있도록 해야 한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 공공도서관 이용자에게 적합한 건강정보활용 교육프로그램을 개발하고 이를 현장에 적용함으로써 그 효과를 측정하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 공공도서관 이용자의 CHI관련 용어에 대한 친숙도 증가, 건강관련 정보를 인터넷에서 찾을 수 있는 능력 향상, 건강관련 사이트 및 정보원에 대한 지식 향상 등의 측면에서 유의한 수준의 교육효과가 나타났다. 또한 공공도서관에서 다양한 건강정보원에 대한 세미나를 제공해 주기를 요구한다고 응답하였으며, CHI관련 교육을 공공도서관의 정규교육과정으로 포함할 것을 요구하였다. 그러나 본 연구는 공공도서관 이용자들을 대상으로 하여 수행된 국내 최초의 CHI관련 교육프로그램으로서 강사진 구성, 주제의 다양성, 방법론 등에서 한계가 있었다. 향후 보다 다양한 CHI관련 이용자교육프로그램이 개발되어 현장에 적용될 수 있기를 바란다.

Despite the growth in public concern about health information, the ratio of users who can search for accurate and reliable health information sources has been found to be quite low. Public libraries, as the best contact point to general users, must provide training programs for improving health literacy so that users will have the ability to search and analyze health information, judge the accuracy and reliability of resources, and make informed health-related decisions. This study developed a health information literacy education program suitable for Korean public library users. The effectiveness of the training was measured after administering the program, and necessary improvements were identified. As a result, this study found the education program had the following effects: improved public library users' familiarity with CHI-related terms, improved users' ability to find CHI-related information resources on the Internet, and significantly improved knowledge about health-related websites and information sources. In addition, users expressed interest in seminars on a variety of health information sources in the public library and asked that CHI-related education be included in the library's regular programming. However, this research represented the first time CHI-related education for public library users was performed in Korea, and therefore many limitations were present in the education instructor, the diversity of subjects, and the methodology. Development of more advanced CHI-related education programs for users is still required.

Machine parts and structures of a change in the displacement and strain can be evaluated safety is one of the important factors. Typically the strain gauge has been employed to measure the displacement and strain. However, this contact-type measurement method has disadvantages that are not measured under condition of specific object shape, surface roughness and temperature. In particularly, 3 point bending and 4 point bending test not use strain gauge. So its test used cross head displacement and deflect meter. Digital Image Correlation measurement methods have many advantages. It is non contact-type measurement method to measure the object displacements and strain. In addition, it is possible to measure the Map of full field displacements and strain. In this paper, measured the 3 point bending deflection using the Digital Image Correlation methods. In order to secure the reliability, Digital Image Correlation method and universal test machine were compared.

본 연구의 목적은 혈액 투석 환자의 변비 정도를 파악하고, 미숫가루가 변비 완화 및 생리적 지표에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 함이다. S시 소재 종합 병원에서 혈액 투석을 받는 환자 42명을 대상으로 실험군에게 미숫가루 30g을 복용하게 하고 변비 사정 척도 점수와 혈청 Potassium, Phosphorus을 측정하였다. 변비 사정 척도 점수는 실험군이 4.5점, 대조군 이 6.5점으로 두 집단 모두 점수가 낮아졌다(z=-2.66, p=.002). Potassium은 실험군이 4.9mmol/l, 대조군이 4.7mmol/l 이었고(z=0.91, p=.960). 혈청 Phosphorus점수는 실험군이 5.3mg/dl, 대조군이 4.7mg/dl 이었으나 (z=0.45, p=.540) 통 계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 미숫가루 음용은 혈액 투석환자의 변비 완화를 위한 적절한 간호 중재로 적용될 수 있으며 미숫가 루 음용 섭취를 통해 혈액 투석 환자의 변비 완화 간호 중재의 적극인 활용이 임상 실무에서 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study aimed to develop the misutkaru water drink intake program that was possible to compare the effects of misutkaru drink on relieving constipation and physiological measurementson relieving constipation of the patients with hemodialysis. This study was non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design with 42 patients in a general hospital in S city, Korea. During the experiment, the participants had to drink misutkaru water in the morning and past the 7 days after intake as constipation assessment scale, potassium and phosphorus were measured. The data were examine using t-test, Fisher’s exact test, paired t-test. After misutkaru drinking intervention, constipation (z=-2.66, p=.002) decreased significantly improvement. This suggests that misutkaru water drinking intervention improved constipation in patients with hemodialysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Metaverse-based core nursing skill contents (CNSC) developed for undergraduate nursing students. Methods: A nonequivalent control group was sampled with a non-synchronized design. Seventy-two participants (experimental group 34, control group 38) were recruited from May to June 2022 in Gwangju metropolitan city. The CNSC consisted of scenarios of vital sign measurements, and subcutaneous injections (including blood sugar tests). The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 for Windows. Results: At the completion of the CNSC, statistically differences were found between groups in knowledge of core nursing skills (t=6.20, p<.001), confidence in core nursing skills performance (t=5.71, p<.001), and clinical competency (t=3.32, p=.001). Conclusion: These results indicate that the CNSC developed for undergraduate nursing students is effective in improving knowledge of core nursing skills, confidence in core nursing skills performance, and clinical competency for nursing students.

본 연구는 3-전극계와 전기화학적 활성미생물 (EAB)을 이용한 BOD 측정용 바이오센서의 개발에 대한 것이다. 바이오센서의 측정능력 조사를 위하여, 인공폐수 및 실제폐수가 사용되었다. 폐수 시료의 유입조건은 유입속도 2mL/min, 유입시간 10분, 유입간격은 50분으로 설정하였고, EAB의 전자수용체로 정전압이 적용된 작업전극을 사용하였으며 이때, 정전압기 (potentiostat)를 이용하여 +0.7 V를 인가하여 주었다. 인공폐수와 실제폐수를 이용한 BOD 측정의 정확성 분석결과, BOD 변화에 대해 발생전류 역시 비례적으로 변화하는 것을 확인하였으며 각각 0.99 및 0.98의 높은 상관계수 (BOD vs. Coulombic yield, BOD5 vs. Coulombic yield)를 가지는 것을 확인하였다. BOD (혹은 BOD5) 변화에 대한 반응시간은 30분 이내로 확인되어 실시간 측정에 적합함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들을 토대로 EAB 및 3-전극계를 이용한 폐수의 BOD 측정용 센서의 구성이 가능함을 확인하였다.

A biosensor using electrochemically-active bacteria (EAB) enriched in three-electrode electrochemical cell, was developed for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in wastewater. In the electrochemical cell, the positively poised working electrode with applying a potential of 0.7 V was used as an electron acceptor for the EAB. The experimental results using artificial and raw wastewater showed that the current pattern generated by the biosensor and its Coulombic yield were proportional to the concentration of organic matter in wastewater. The correlation coefficients of BOD vs Coulombic yield and BOD5 vs Coulombic yield were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. These results indicate that the biosensor enriched with the EAB capable of transferring electrons directly toward the electrode can be utilized as a water-quality monitoring system due to a quick and accurate response.

Real-time rainfall monitoring is of great practical importance over the highly populated Indochina area, which is prone to natural disasters, in particular in association with rainfall. With the goal of d etermining near real-time half-hourlyrain estimates from satellite, the three-layer, artificial neural networks (ANN) approach was used to train the brightness temperatures at 6.7, 11, and $12-{\mu}m$ channels of the Japanese geostationary satellite MTSAT against passive microwavebased rain rates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) and TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) data for the June-September 2005 period. The developed model was applied to the MTSAT data for the June-September 2006 period. The results demonstrate that the developed algorithm is comparable to the PERSIANN (Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) results and can be used for flood monitoring across the Indochina area on a half-hourly time scale.

A model system has been established for the evaluation of the uncertainty of the value from measurements of multiple subsamples by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). In this report, we apply this model system for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty in determination of folic acid in infant formula. Five subsamples were analyzed by IDMS. The mean of the measurement results of the five subsamples was assigned as the final measurement value. The standard deviation (s) of the results from five subsamples was attributable to repeatability of the measurement. The uncertainty components in the IDMS measurement methods were categorized into two groups. Group I includes uncertainty components which give common systematic effects to all subsamples and do not contribute to the variation among multiple measurements (repeatability). Group II includes uncertainty components that give random effects on the measurement results, and are related with the measurement repeatability. These random effects are attributed to s. Therefore, the uncertainty of the final value was calculated by combining the standard deviation of the mean of multiple measurements, $s/{\surd}n$ (where n = 5), and the measurement uncertainty associated with the uncertainty components that give systematic effects.

To clarify the structure development of cyclic olefin copolymers in stretching and relaxation processes, on-line measurements of optical retardation and tensile force were performed. Birefringence increased continuously whereas stress showed yielding at stretching temperatures of $160^{\circ}C$. At $170^{\circ}C$, stress yielding was not observed and stress and birefringence increased monotonously with an increase in the strain. In the relaxation process, stress and birefringence decreased monotonously at all the temperatures examined. The slope for the stress vs. birefringence relation at initial stage of stretching increased with an increase in temperature, whereas that for the relaxation stage was significantly larger that for the stretching process, and therefore showed a significant hysteresis.

Cloudsat satellite data is sensitive to snowfall and collected during each month beginning with Dec 2007 and ending Feb 2008. In this study, we attempt to develop a snowfall retrieval algorithm using a combination of radiometer and cloud radar data. We trained data from the relation between brightness temperature measurements from NOAA's Advanced Microwave Sounder Unit-B(AMSU-B) and the radar reflectivity of the 2B-GEOPROF product from W-band(94 GHz) cloud radar onboard Cloudsat and applied it to the Korea peninsula. We use a principal components analysis to quantify the variations that are the result of the radiometric signatures of snowfall from those of the surface. Finally, we quantify the correlation between the higher principal component (orthogonal to surface variability) of the microwave radiances and the precipitation-sensitive CloudSat radar reflectivities. This work summarizes the results of applying this approach to observations over the East Sea during Feb. 2008. The retrieved data show reasonable estimation for snowfall rate compared with Cloudsat vertical image.