Earticle

[목적] 본 연구는 대한민국 골프산업 발전요인을 과학적인 접근으로 탐색하여 산업의 양적 성장을 뒷받침할 질적 자 료를 제공함과 동시에 향후 지속적 발전을 위한 초석이 되는데 그 목적이 있다. [방법] 골프관련 연구자 및 대학교수, 골프장 관리자, 골프연습장과 스크린골프장 운영자, 골프용품사 관리자, 언론인을 전문가 집단으로 선정하여 3단계 에 걸친 델파이 연구절차를 진행하였고, 조사 결과는 SPSS 21.0을 활용하였다. [결과] 1단계 델파이 결과, 정부 정책, 인재육성, 골프 대중화, 거시환경(사회적 요인) 범주에서 총 39개의 범주화 항목과 410개의 세부항목이 도출되었고, 2단계 델파이 결과로 4개의 범주와 17개의 세부항목으로 추려졌다. 3단계 델파이 결과, 4개의 범주와 13개의 세부항 목이 최종 도출되었다. [결론] 이번 연구는 대한민국 골프산업 발전요인을 과학적으로 탐구함과 동시에 체계적으로 분류하여 골프산업의 발전요인을 명확하게 정리하였다. 이는 미래의 골프산업이 지속적으로 발전하기 위한 큰 초석 이 될 것으로 보인다. 또한, 연구를 통해 도출된 요인들은 각각의 개별 후속연구를 위한 바탕이 될 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to explore the factors for the development of the golf industry in Korea and to become a cornerstone for the continuous development of the industry. [Method] Golf-related researchers, university professors, golf course managers, golf driving range and screen golf course operators, golf equipment store managers, and journalists were selected as expert groups to conduct a three-step Delphi research procedure, and SPSS 21.0 was used for the survey results. [Result] A total of 39 categorization items and 410 detailed items were derived from the 1st stage Delphi results, government policy, talent development, golf popularization, and macro-environmental (social factor) categories. And as a 2nd stage Delphi result, 4 categories and 17 detailed items have been culled. As a result of the 3rd stage Delphi, 4 categories and 13 detailed items were finally drawn. [Conclusion] This study seems to have laid the foundation for the continuous development of the future golf industry by exploring the development factors of the Korean golf industry. It seems that the factors derived from the study can serve as the basis for each individual follow-up study.

[목적] 본 연구는 한국을 기준 배경으로 CLPGA 발전을 위한 요인 및 중요도를 규명하고, 이를 통해 중국 골프 발 전 가능성을 파악하고 발전방안을 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. [방법] 문헌 연구를 통해 KLPGA 발전요인을 분석하 고, 한국과 중국의 골프 발전 특성의 공통점과 차이점을 비교하였다. 그리고 한·중 골프 관련자들을 대상으로 전 문가 반구조화 질문지 인터뷰를 진행하여 CLPGA 발전을 위한 질적 요인을 도출하고자 하였다. [결과] 첫째, KLPGA 발전요인을 크게 인적 요인, 선수 활동을 지원하는 조직 활동 요인 그리고 골프 대중과 미디어와 같은 환 경적 요인으로 도출하였다. 둘째, KLPGA와 CLPGA의 성장 과정, 조직 및 협회 관리 능력, 경기 규모와 수, 기업 후 원, 정책적 지원 등의 영역에서 주목할 만한 공통점과 차이점이 있다는 점을 발견하였다. [결론] CLPGA 발전 우선 순위에서는 1위는 한국 여자프로선수의 노력이고, 2위는 여자 선수들의 해외에서의 활약이며, 3위는 부모의 열정이 다. 또한, 경기력 강화 및 저변 확대와 골프 대중화 그리고 골프 산업 활성화는 한·중 공동 4위로 나타났다.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to identify the factors and importance for development of CLPGA based on Korea as a background, to identify the possibility of development of golf in China and to suggest a development plan. [Method] Analyzed the development factors of KLPGA through the literature review and compared the similarities and differences in the characteristics of golf development between Korea and China. After that, interviews conducted with expert semi-structured questionnaires for golf industry expert in Korea and China sought to derive qualitative factors for the development of CLPGA. [Result] First, KLPGA development factors are largely derived from human factors, organizational activity factors supporting the athletic activities, and environmental factors such as golf public and media. Second, we found that KLPGA and CLPGA have remarkable commonalities and differences in the areas of growth process, organization and association management ability, size and number of businesses, corporate sponsorship, and policy support. [Conclusion] In the CLPGA development priority, the first is the efforts of a Korean female professional player, the second is the performance of female athletes abroad, and the third is the passion of the parents. In addition, strengthening competitiveness, expanding base, popularizing golf and revitalizing the golf industry were ranked 4th among Korea and China.

This study was performed to identify the factors affecting the develop-ment of metabolic syndrome by comparing the numbers of risk factors of the syndrome and by identifying the factors influencing the develop-ment of metabolic syndrome. Two hundred forty-eight health screening of examinee were used for the study (101 males, 147 females). Diagnos-tic basis ratio of metabolic syndrome risk factors showed that 35.1% of the subjects had abdominal obesity, 32.7% for high blood pressure, 66.1% for high insulin blood sugar, 43.1% for high triglyceride lipidemia, and 7.3% for low high-density lipoprotein lipidemia. No significant differ-ence of the incidence of metabolic syndrome was found between gen-der. The diagnostic number for male was the highest with 1 risk factor (31.7%) while the highest with 2 factors (30.6%) in female. Significant differences were found in age and body mass index (BMI) between normal group with no risk factor and metabolic syndrome group. There was significant difference in BMI between the syndrome group with 1 risk factor and 3 risk factors. BMI was significantly higher (5.282 times) compared to their counterpart (P<0.001). Significant difference was found in BMI between 2 risk factors and the syndrome group with more than 3 risk factors and the incidence was higher (4.094 times) in the overweight group than their counterpart (P<0.001).

The article is dedicated to basic aspects of health system reforms as the essential component of level and quality of life of the population of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore, the basic legal acts which have formed a basis for sustainable development of this sphere have been given. Measures stimulated the forming organizational, economic and legal conditions for improvement of quality of medical services, education of healthy generation are defined. The basic directions of public health services reforming are analyzed: motherhood and childhood protection; level of disease of the population; the most widespread types of diseases are revealed; the technical-material and staff potential of medical institutions. Effective and rational use of budgetary funds is the important indicator of quality of public health services. In the article the analysis of financial base of public health services, sources of funding are conducted. It is concluded that growth of financial expenses on public health services reflects the effective strategy of the State directed on maintenance of dynamical development of public health. Hence, according to all revealed aspects of public health system achievements during transformation period a number of measures on its further reforming and improvement are offered.

In this study, we examined the effects of porcine granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor (pGM-CSF) on in vitro development of porcine embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) at first time. The objective of present study was to verify effects of pGM-CSF on SCNT-derived blastocyst formation and evaluate gene expressions and qualities of the blastocyst formed after pGM-CSF treatment. Data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 using Duncan’s multiple range test. A total 522 cloned embryos in 6 replicates were treated with 10 ng/ml concentration of pGM-CSF during in vitro culture (IVC). It was demonstrated that treatment of 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF could increase blastocyst formation and total cell number in blastocyst significantly (p<0.05) compared to the control (12.3% and 41.4 vs. 9.0% and 34.7, respectively). However, there was no any effect on cleavage rate. It was found that the number of cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) were significantly increased compared to the control (4.4 and 31.9, respectively) when cloned embryos were cultured with 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF (6.0 and 43.0, respectively). It was also found that treatment of 10 ng/ml pGM-CSF significantly (p<0.05) increased POU5F1 and Cdx2 mRNA expressions in blastocysts. In addition, Bcl-2 mRNA expression was found to be significantly (p< 0.05) up-regulated in blastocysts in the pGM-CSF supplemented group compared to the control. In conclusion, these results suggest that pGM-CSF may improve the quality and developmental viability of porcine cloned embryos by enhancing nuclear reprogramming via regulating transcription factors expression.

This study investigated whether the addition of porcine sperm cytosolic factor (SCF) at fusion/activation affects in vitro development of porcine parthenogenetic(PA) and nuclear transfer (NT) embryos. To determine the optimum concentration of SCF, control group of oocytes was activated with 0.3M mannitol (1.0 mM CaCl2 ․ 2H2O), other three groups of oocytes were parthenogentically activated with the fusion medium (0.1mM CaCl2 ․ 2H2O) supplemented with 100, 200 or 300 μg/ml SCF, respectively. Matured oocytes were activated with two electric pulses (DC) of 1.2 kv/cm for 30 μsec. The activated embryos were cultured in PZM-3 under 5% CO2 in air at 38.5℃ for 6 days. Oocytes activated in the presence of SCF showed a significantly higher blastocyst rate than control (p<0.05). Apoptosis rate was significantly lower in 100 μg/ml SCF group than other groups (p<0.05). Cdc2 kinase activity in control and SCF treatment group of oocytes was determined using MESACUP cdc2 kinase assay kit at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after activation. Cdc2 kinase activity was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in SCF group than MII oocytes or control within 5 min. For NT embryo production, reconstructed oocytes were fused in the fusion medium supplemented with 0.1 mM CaCl2 ․ 2H2O (T1), 1.0 mM CaCl2 ․ 2H2O (T2) and 0.1 mM CaCl2 ․ 2H2O with 100 μg/ml SCF (T3). Fused embryos were cultured in PZM-3 under 5% CO2 in air at 38.5℃ for 6 days. Developmental rate to blastocyst stage was significantly higher in T3 than other groups (23.0% vs. 13.5 to 15.2%) (p<0.05). Apoptosis rate was significantly lower in T3 than T1 or T2 (p<0.05). The relative abundance of Bax-α/Bcl-xl was significantly lower in in vivo or SCF group than that of control (p<0.05). Moreover, the expression of p53 and caspase3 mRNA was significantly lower in in vivo or SCF group than that of control (p<0.05). These results indicate that the addition of SCF at fusion/activation might improve in vitro development of porcine NT embryos through regulating cdc2 kinase level and expression of apoptosis related genes.

본 논문은 ‘정책으로 증강된 인적자본’(policy-augmented human capital)이 한 국의 산업혁명과 경제발전에 미친 영향을 정책 및 제도적 측면에서 고찰하는 데 있다. 경제발전을 촉진하는 가장 중요한 요인은 기회를 인식하고 포착하는 능력과 기회를 이용하려는 유인에 있다. 개방경제에서 기회 포착은 발전 정신과 ‘정책으로 증강된 인적자본’의 역량에 따라 주어지는 것이기 때문에 내생적이다. ‘정책으로 증강된 인적 자본’이란 경제발전 계획과 구체적 방안을 가진 유능한 지도자와 관료들의 능력을 말한다. 이러한 정책 증강적 인적자본과 효과적인 정책의 승수적 결합(multiplied combination)은 잠자던 발전 능력을 일깨워 국가의 경제적 잠재력을 분출할 환경을 조성함으로써 급속한 경제발전을 이룩할 수 있었다. 특히 한국의 급속한 경제발전 과정에서 ‘정책으로 증강된 인적자본’은 생산물의 전문화, 무역의 본질과 방향, 경제성 장의 속도를 결정하는 데 핵심적인 역할을 수행하였다. 또한, 정책으로 증강된 인적자 본은 미래의 비교우위와 규모의 경제를 달성할 수 있는 산업들을 발견하고 육성하는 ‘산업 포트폴리오’(industrial portfolio)의 크기와 구성에도 큰 영향을 미쳤다.

This paper aims to examine the policy and institutional implications of “policy-augmented human capital” on Korea’s industrial revolution and rapid economic development. The important factor that drives economic development is a function of the spirit of development and the capacity of “policy-augmented human capital.” Policy-augmented human capital refers to the ability of competent leaders and bureaucrats to craft economic development plans and concrete measures. The multiplied combination of this human capital with effective policies leads to rapid economic development by both awakening dormant development capabilities and creating an environment that enables the unleashing of a country’s economic potential. In the process of Korea’s rapid economic development, the policy-augmented human capital played a key role in determining the specialization of output, the nature and direction of trade, and the pace of economic growth. In addition, this unique human capital contributed to the size and composition of the ‘industrial portfolio’ which helps to identify and promote industries that can achieve future comparative advantages and economies of scale.

본 연구에서는 수도권 4개 권역의 PM2.5 예보를 위해 심층신경망 모델을 개발하고, 계층별 관련성 전파를 사용하여 예 측결과에 대한 입력인자들의 기여도를 분석했다. 제안한 심층신경망 예보모델은 평균적으로 지수적중률 71%, 고농도 감 지 확률 65%, 오경보율 40% 정도의 성능을 보였다. 이러한 심층신경망 예보결과에 대한 입력인자들의 중요도를 분석하 기 위해 데이터를 지역 및 PM2.5 농도로 분류하여 계층별 관련성 전파를 수행했다. 그 결과 농도 및 지역에 상관없이 중 요도가 높은 인자는 압력, 온도, 이슬점온도, 상대습도, U, V, 이산화질소, 일산화탄소로 확인된 반면에 누적강수량, 아황 산가스, PM10, 오존은 중요도가 낮은 것으로 관찰되었다. 고농도 사례에서는 일사와 오존의 중요도가 낮아지고, 예측시 간에 근접한 시간대의 PM2.5의 중요도가 높아졌으며, CMAQ(The Community Multiscale Air Quality) 예측인자들의 중 요도도 다소 올라갔다. 지역별 입력인자들의 중요도는 대체로 유사했는데 인천과 경기북부의 경우 일사의 중요도가 낮아 지는 등 고농도 패턴의 인자중요도와 일부 비슷한 결과를 보였다. 이것은 인천과 경기북부가 다른 지역보다 고농도 데이 터가 더 자주 발생하기 때문으로 분석된다. 이러한 인자중요도 결과는 향후 고농도 적중률 향상 및 지역별 특성에 적합 한 예보모델을 개발하는데 활용하면 효과적일 것으로 기대한다.

In this study, we propose a deep neural network model for PM2.5 prediction in the four metropolitan areas, and analyze the contribution of input factors to the prediction results using layer-wise relevance propagation. The proposed deep neural network forecasting model exhibited an average exponential accuracy of 71%, a high-concentration detection probability of 65%, and a false alarm ratio of 40%. In order to analyze the importance of input factors for these deep neural network forecasting results, we classify the data into regional and PM2.5 concentration level and performed layer-wise relevance propagation. As a result, factors such as pressure, temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, U, V, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide were found to be important, regardless of any region and concentration level. On the other hand, accumulated precipitation, sulfur dioxide, PM10, and ozone are shown to have lower importance. In highconcentration cases, the importance of solar radiation and ozone decreased, PM2.5 during time periods close to the prediction time increased, and the importance of CMAQ(The Community Multiscale Air Quality) predictive factors also showed some degree of elevation. The importance of input factors by region are generally similar; however, in the case of Incheon and Northern Gyeonggi Province, the importance of the radiation decreases, showing some similarities to the importance of factors in high concentration patterns. This is analyzed as being due to a higher occurrence of highconcentration data in Incheon and Northern Gyeonggi Province compared to other regions. These analyzing results are expected to be effective in developing forecasting models that improve the prediction accuracy of high concentration and match regional characteristics in the future.

The technique of SCNT is now well established but still remains inefficient. The in vitro development of SCNT embryos is dependent upon numerous factors including the recipient cytoplast and karyoplast. Above all, the metaphase of the second meiotic division (MII)　oocytes have typically become the recipient of choice. Generally high level of MPF present in MII oocytes induces the transferred nucleus to enter mitotic division precociously and causes NEBD and PCC, which may be the critical role for nuclear reprogramming. In the present study we investigated the in vitro development and pregnancy of White-Hanwoo SCNT embryos treated with caffeine (a protein kinase phosphatase inhibitor). As results, the treatment of 10 mM caffeine for 6 h significantly increased MPF activity in bovine oocytes but does not affect the developmental competence to the blastocyst stage in bovine SCNT embryos. However, a significant increase in the mean cell number of blastocysts and the frequency of pregnant on 150 days of White-Hanwoo SCNT embryos produced using caffeine treated cytoplasts was observed. These results indicated that the recipient cytoplast treated with caffeine for a short period prior to reconstruction of SCNT embryos is able to increase the frequency of pregnancy in cow.