Earticle

서정이란 ‘세계와 자아의 동일’한 의식과 감성으로 서정을 문학과 시의 기반이라고 한 김준오의 ‘동일화의 원리’와 듀이의 ‘미적 체험’은 서로 맞물 린다. 이것은 바슐라르의 ‘몽상하는 사람이 누구인가, 그인가 세계인가’ 하 는 것처럼 주체와 객체의 구분 없는 ‘자아와 세계의 동일성’으로 삶과 밀착 된 정서인 ‘전통적 서정’을 말한다. 시란 곧 ‘서정시’이며 서정의 핵심과 본 질은 ‘세계와 자아의 동일성’으로 자아와 세계는 하나가되어 거리를 두지 않는다는 것이다. 필자는 서정시의 연구를 통해 접한 시의 대부분은 시인의 체험 속 서정 을 토대로 형성되었다는 것을 알게 되었고 서정의 심층에는 한국적 정서인 ‘한’이 감성과 감정의 기저에 동화되어 흐르고 있음을 발견하였다. ‘한’이란 메꿀 수 없는 그리움과 못 이룬 꿈과 소망으로 포기할 수 없는 인간의 심리 적 외상이 치유되지 않은 채 자리한 응어리로 이러한 감정과 감성이 이성 을 통해 서정으로 승화하여 수준 높은 심상을 이루는 것이다. 본고는 서정 문학의 이론과 경험을 토대로 시적 화자에게 내재 된 서정이 시 작품 속에 서 어떻게 형상화되는가를 필자의 시작품 몇 편을 텍스트로 하여 작품 속 에 흐르는 서정의 심층을 살펴보았다. 1장은 서정과 서정시의 개념을 비롯 해 연구동기와 목적, 2장은 서정의 전통과 한국적 정서인 ‘한’이 서정의 심 층에 동화되어 흐름을 고찰하였고 3장에선 서정을 고백과 독백적 서정, 회 상과 후회 욕망의 서정, 이상과 미래 지향적 서정의 세 갈래로 나누어 형상 화된 서정의 심층을 살펴보았다. 그리하여 모든 시에는 삶과 유착된 개인적 ‘한’이 깃든 서정시로 창작자의 체험적 감정과 감성이 이성적 사색을 통해 심상으로 승화되고 형상화되어 시가 되어 짐을 예시된 작품텍스트 분석을 통하여 확인하였고 이러한 심상의 흐름이 깊고 심오한 세계관과 서정적 시세계로서 시인의 예술적 개성과 창조적 혼이 담긴 문학의 지향점임을 밝히었다. 또한 우리 사회의 오랜 미풍양식과 질서를 조롱하고 어지럽히며 퇴폐적 일탈을 더 참신한 작품이고 작가라 칭송하고 부추기는 현대 시류, 특히 2000년대 이후의 선정적이고 난해한 시적 표현과 세계관에는 강한 거부감 과 반의를 갖는다. 그러므로 시인은 철학이나 윤리만을 고집하는 것이 아닌 시대를 반영하고 이끌어가는 작가로서 서로 다른 예술적이고 미적인 가치 관을 인정은 하되 이성적 사고를 지닌 기본적 ‘시대의식’과 성찰을 갖추어 야 한다는 것이 본고의 논지이다.

The lyricism is “the same as the world and the ego,” with the consciousness and sensibility of which lyricism is the basis of literature and poetry, and the “principle of identification” by Kim Joon-oh and Dewey’s “aesthetic experience” are intertwined. This refers to ‘traditional lyricism’, an emotion that is closely attached to life through 'the identity of the self and the world' without distinction between the subject and the object, as in Bachelard’s ‘Who is the dreamer or is he or the world’. Poetry is “lyric poetry,” and the core and essence of lyricism is “the identity of the world and the ego”. Through the study of lyric poetry, I learned that most of the poems I encountered were formed based on lyricism in the poet’s experience, and found that the Korean sentiment, ‘Han’ assimilated into the base of emotions and emotions. ‘Han’ is the core of human psychological trauma that cannot be given up with unfilled longings, dreams and hopes that cannot be fulfilled, and these emotions and sensibilities sublimate into lyricism through reason to achieve a high-level image. This paper examines the depth of the lyric flowing in the work, using some of my prototypes as texts on how the lyrics inherent in the poetic narrator are expressed in poetry based on the theory and experience of lyric literature. Thus, it was confirmed through the text analysis of the illustrated work that all poems are lyric poems with personal ‘Han’ in contact with life, and that the creator's experiential feelings and emotions are sublimated into images through rational reflection and form into poetry. As this deep and profound worldview and lyrical poetry world, it is revealed that it is the literary orientation that contains the poet’s artistic personality and creative soul. In addition, it is a novel work that mocks and disturbs the long-standing breeze and order of our society, and has a strong rejection and opposition to the contemporary trend that praises and encourages the artist as an artist, especially the sensational and esoteric poetic expressions and world views since the 2000s. Therefore, the thesis of this paper is that poets should not only insist on philosophy or ethics, but also reflect and lead the times, acknowledging different artistic and aesthetic values, but having a basic ‘consciousness of the era’ with rational thinking and reflection.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the chest compression quality between compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and conventional CPR. Methods: This study involved 123 participants randomly assigned to either the chest compression- only CPR training and conventional CPR training. After training for 120 min, the participants performed CPR for 4 min and the CPR quality was evaluated. The primary outcome was evaluated as the mean compression depth, and the secondary outcome was calculated as the proportion of chest compressions with an appropriate depth among the total chest compressions. Results: The mean compression depth was more deeper in conventional CPR than in compression-only CPR (57mm vs. 53mm, p ＜.001). The proportion of appropriate chest compression depth was also more higher in conventional CPR (98.8% vs. 68.6%, p ＜.001). As compared with every minute over time for a total of 4 min, the mean compression depth and the proportion of appropriate chest compression depth were deeper and higher after 1 min in conventional CPR than in compression-only CPR. Conclusion: The results suggested that conventional CPR is a better method than compression- only CPR in terms of chest compression quality.

일반적으로 투자자 간 정보비대칭성이 높으면 거래의 용이성을 나 타내는 금융시장의 유동성이 낮아지는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본고에서 는 통화정책 발표일에 주식시장 유동성이 감소하는 현상이 나타나는 지를 분석함으로써 투자자 간 정책예측 및 정책효과 분석의 차이에 따른 정보비대칭성이 존재하는지 여부에 대해 살펴보았다. 아울러 이 러한 유동성 감소현상이 중앙은행의 커뮤니케이션이 제고된 시기 이 후 어떻게 나타나는지를 분석함으로써 중앙은행의 투명성 및 커뮤니 케이션에 대한 시사점을 모색하였다. 분석결과, 먼저 통화정책 발표일에 주식시장 유동성이 유의하게 감 소하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 이러한 현상은 금융위기 이후 사라졌는 데, 이는 정책의 투명성 향상으로 시장참가자 간 정책에 대한 예측 및 정책분석 능력의 차이가 줄어들면서 나타난 결과일 수 있다. 셋째, 실 제 정책금리의 변경 여부보다 전문가들의 정책금리에 대한 예상의 불 일치가 유동성 감소에 유의한 영향을 미쳤으며, 금융통화위원회의 임 시회의 개최 시 유동성은 급감하였다. 마지막으로, 해외요인이 통화정 책 발표와 주식시장 유동성 간 관계에 미치는 영향은 제한적이었다. 본고의 분석결과는 시장과의 원활한 커뮤니케이션 등을 통한 중앙 은행 정책의 투명성 제고가 정책 예측 및 효과 분석과 관련한 경제주 체 간 정보비대칭성을 축소시킴으로써 통화정책 발표 시 주식시장 유 동성이 감소하는 현상을 완화할 수 있음을 시사한다.

This paper investigates the impacts of monetary policy announcements on stock market liquidity using the real-time transaction data in Korea. The results provide evidence that the liquidity impairment associated with the informed trades occurs around the time of announcements. Moreover, it becomes less pronounced in the post-crisis than the pre-crisis, which may have resulted from the increased transparency of policy actions with credible central bank communication. This finding further suggests how such announcements affect liquidity depending on policy environments: first, the liquidity impairment gets more severe with the low level of experts’ predictability and accuracy, rather than the actual policy change itself. Second, liquidity declines rapidly with unscheduled announcements. Lastly, global factors such as the FOMC announcements or foreign ownership have not contributed substantially to improving liquidity at the time of announcements. Overall, the central bank communication plays a significant role in reducing liquidity impairment by improving the predictability of the policy actions and thus mitigating the information asymmetries between market participants.

인간은 유사 이래로 자신을 둘러싼 모든 것들을 본능적으로 미메시스(Mimesis)하고 환영(Illusion)을 생산하 며 예술과 문화를 계승 발전시켜왔다. 그 대상으로는 단지 지시할 수 있는 객체만이 아닌 객체를 둘러싼 공간 역시 포함되었다. 르네상스 시대에 등장한 원근법은 서구 역사에 있어 공간을 바라보는 지배적인 방식으로서 자리를 잡았 고, 근대 시각 체계를 형성하였다. 오랫동안 원근법에 기반 했던 공간의 연출방식은 디지털 미디어 시대에 접어들면 서 다층적 구조를 내포한 수평적 데이터 구성이라는 개념으로 재정의 되었다. 이러한 구성적 특성은 보다 효율적이 고 합리적인 방식으로 공간의 사실적 재현을 가능하게 만들었다. 공간의 연출방식은 시각 예술 문화에 있어서 하나 의 방법론이라는 외피적 범주를 넘어 세상을 바라보는 인간의 가치관을 반영한다는 의미를 지니므로 디지털미디어 기반의 공간 연출방식에 대한 심도 있는 연구의 필요성이 있다.

Since the beginning of history, men have done mimesis and produced illusion and succeeded art and culture instinctually. The subject which mention above included the object which can order and space around that. Perspective which began the Renaissance age was dominant way about understanding space in western history and it made modern visual system. Direction way of space which based perspective is changed as horizontal data included multi-layer structure in digital media age. This character make us possible to represent the space more efficiently. So we must have pay attention the direction way of space based on digital media, because it has meaning to show human value beyond a methodology of visual art culture.

단일 영상에서의 깊이 추정은 컴퓨터 비전 분야에서 지속적으로 연구되어 오고 있는 분야이다. 그러나 상용화된 깊 이 지각 카메라로부터 획득한 실내 영상의 깊이 맵은 여전히 부족한 정밀도와 상당한 노이즈를 포함하고 있다. 특 히, 지도 학습 기반 깊이 추정 기법들의 성능은 정답 (ground-truth) 깊이 맵의 정밀도에 크게 영향을 받기 때문에 깊이 이미지의 품질 개선이 크게 요구된다. 본 논문에서는 개선된 실내 환경 RGB-Depth 데이터 셋을 통해 지도 학습 기반의 깊이 추정 기법들의 성능을 향상하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험을 통해 향상된 품질의 데이터 셋을 사용하 여 단순한 네트워크 구조만으로도 최신의 방법들에 준하는 성능을 보였다. 또한, 기존의 데이터 셋과 제안하는 데이 터 셋으로 각각 학습 시켰을 때 성능 향상을 보임으로써, 정답 데이터의 품질이 깊이 추정 성능에 주요한 역할을 수 행한다는 것을 입증하였다.

Depth estimation from a single image is one of the fundamental task in computer vision. However, the depth images from the consumer-level depth camera still suffer from heavy noise and inaccurate qualities. Owing to the performances of supervised methods are fundamentally affected by the quality of the depth ground-truth (GT), constructing enhanced depth dataset is urged to improve the performances. In this study, we propose a framework to improve the performances of the supervised depth estimation methods based on a depth enhancement scheme. We trained the dataset on a baseline-level network, and performed comparable results with the state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the methods were retrained using the original and the enhanced dataset separately, and verified that the quality of GT dataset has primary role for the performance.

There are several methods to record three dimensional (3D) information of objects such as lens array based integral imaging, synthetic aperture integral imaging (SAII), computer synthesized integral imaging (CSII), axially distributed image sensing (ADS), and axially distributed stereo image sensing (ADSS). ADSS method is capable of recording partially occluded 3D objects and reconstructing high-resolution slice plane images. In this paper, we present a computational method for depth extraction of partially occluded 3D objects using ADSS. In the proposed method, the high resolution elemental stereo image pairs are recorded by simply moving the stereo camera along the optical axis and the recorded elemental image pairs are used to reconstruct 3D slice images using the computational reconstruction algorithm. To extract depth information of partially occluded 3D object, we utilize the edge enhancement and simple block matching algorithm between two reconstructed slice image pair. To demonstrate the proposed method, we carry out the preliminary experiments and the results are presented.

Objective To investigate an appropriate depth of needle insertion during trigger point injection into the rhomboid major muscle.Methods Sixty-two patients who visited our department with shoulder or upper back pain participated in this study. The distance between the skin and the rhomboid major muscle (SM) and the distance between the skin and rib (SB) were measured using ultrasonography. The subjects were divided into 3 groups according to BMI: BMI less than 23 kg/m2 (underweight or normal group); 23 kg/m2 or more to less than 25 kg/m2 (overweight group); and 25 kg/m2 or more (obese group). The mean±standard deviation (SD) of SM and SB of each group were calculated. A range between mean+1 SD of SM and the mean-1 SD of SB was defined as a safe margin.Results The underweight or normal group’s SM, SB, and the safe margin were 1.2±0.2, 2.1±0.4, and 1.4 to 1.7 cm, respectively. The overweight group’s SM and SB were 1.4±0.2 and 2.4±0.9 cm, respectively. The safe margin could not be calculated for this group. The obese group’s SM, SB, and the safe margin were 1.8±0.3, 2.7±0.5, and 2.1 to 2.2 cm, respectively. Conclusion This study will help us to set the standard depth of safe needle insertion into the rhomboid major muscle in an effective manner without causing any complications.

PURPOSES: There is a need to develop a method to incorporate tire-pavement noise in the pavement management system. Tire-pavement noise highly depends on the characteristics of pavement texture. Therefore, estimation of texture characteristics may give useful information to predict tire-pavement noise. This study aimed to find the relationship between tire-pavement noise and MPD(Mean Profile Depth) for concrete pavement. METHODS: MPD and tire-pavement noise were collected on the number of expressway sections including Central Inland Test Road in Korea. Statistical analysis was performed to find the correlationship between MPD and tire-pavement noise. In addition, multiple regression analysis to find the tire-pavement noise based on MPD and type of concrete pavement texture. RESULTS: Linear relationship between MPD and tire-pavement noise is observed for concrete pavement. Furthermore, a forensic equation to estimate tire-pavement noise based on MPD and texture types of concrete pavement is suggested. CONCLUSIONS: Tire-pavement noise on concrete pavement can be predicted based on the consideration of texture type and MPD estimation.

포장파손과 IRI 등의 요소들은 포장상태를 평가하는 중요한 요소이다. 최근 들어 주행쾌적성에 영향을 주는 타이어-노면소음을 포장관리 시스템에 포함시키는 필요성이 대두되고 있다. PLP(Portable Laser Profiler)를 이용하여 주행 중 노면조직특성인 평균프로파일깊이(MPD)를 측정할 수 있는 기법이 개발되었다. 일반적으로 타이어-노면소음은 노면조직특성에 따라 다르게 발생하며, 타이어-노면소음을 예측하는 유용한 정보로 사용할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 아스팔트 구간의 노면조직특성에 따른 타이어-노면소음을 평가하기 위해 다수의 아스팔트 구간에서 MPD와 타이어-노면소음을 동시에 측정하여 데이터를 획득하였으며, 통계학적 분석을 통해 타이어-노면소음 추정식을 제안하였다.

Distress data, IRI, etc. are important factors in the evaluation of pavement condition. Recently, the need to consider tire-pavement noise in PMS (pavement management system) is raised. Generally, tire-pavement noise highly depends on the characteristics of pavement texture. Therefore, estimation of texture characteristics may give useful information to predict tire-pavement noise. Measurement of MPD (Mean Profile Depth) by using PLP (Portable Laser Profiler) provide very fast. The texture characteristics by means of MPD can be in a short time. hence, It can be a good alternative to give noise information, if MPD and tire-pavement noise have robust relationship. In this study, MPD and tire-pavement noise were simultaneously collected on the number of asphalt section to evaluate the tire-pavement noise due to the pavement texture characteristics. A set of statistical analysis was performed to propose relationship between tire-pavement noise and MPD for asphalt concrete pavement.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the early sedation depth in the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation and its relationship to clinical outcomes to promote the transition to light sedation. Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study was conducted in two medical intensive care units (MICUs) at a general tertiary hospital, using a standardized sedation protocol. To investigate the early sedation depth, the Sedation Index was used, which can indicate changes over the first 48 hours. Patients were divided into three groups based on tertiles of Sedation Index. The primary outcome was mortality at 30, 90, and 180 days. The secondary outcomes included length of stay in the ICU and ventilator-free days. Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable Cox regression were conducted to compare factors influencing mortality. Results: This study included 394 patients. The deepest sedation group showed more severe illness, delirium, and deeper sedation at admission (p < .001). The survival curve decreased as sedation increased, even within the light sedation levels. In the deepest sedation group, 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33e3.34), 90-day mortality (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.31e3.06), and 180-day mortality (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.17e2.67) increased. The length of stay in the ICU and ventilator-free days did not show statistical differences. Conclusions: These results indicate that early deep sedation is a modifiable factor that can potentially affect mortality. The protocol for inducing the transition into light sedation must comply with recomꠓmendations to improve clinical outcomes.

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Background: Falls among older adults are a significant public health concern with a global prevalence of approximately 26.5%, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. Depth cameras offer promising non-invasive methods for evaluating balance and gait in geriatric rehabilitation settings; however, the evidence remains heterogeneous and requires systematic mapping. Objective: This scoping review examined the extent, nature, and characteristics of evidence on the use of depth cameras for physical therapy and rehabilitation evaluations among older adults, with afocus on fall prevention applications. Methods: Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we searched six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, IEEE Xplore, and Embase) without date restrictions. Eligibility criteria included primary research involving older adults (≥ 65 years), depth camera evaluations in rehabilitation contexts, and a focus on fall prevention. Data extraction encompassed study characteristics, technologies, evaluation methods, and outcomes. Results: Seven studies (2018-2023) met the inclusion criteria, predominantly utilizing Microsoft Kinect platforms. They demonstrated moderate to excellent reliability (ICC: 0.633-1.00) and high validity (r≥ 0.7) for automated assessments, including the Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up and Go, and gait parameters. Virtual reality-based interventions significantly improved balance scores and reduced fear of falling. Systems achieved >95% accuracy for gait speed and >97% for time-based tests, with excellent usability scores (SUS: 84.4±18.5). Conclusions: Depth-sensing technologies demonstrate promising effectiveness for objective fall risk assessments and intervention delivery in older adults. Despite favorable outcomes, limitations include small sample sizes, moderate validity for depth-change tasks, and environmental sensitivity. Future research requires larger randomized controlled trials, algorithm optimization, and expanded inclusion of high-risk populations to establish clinical superiority and inform evidence-based fall prevention guidelines.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the validity of a depth camera-based system for monitoring physical function, assessing its feasibility for accurately monitoring activities of daily living. Design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty-three participants were enlisted to perform fifteen activities of daily living within a living laboratory designed to simulate a home environment. Activities were monitored using a depth camera system capable of classifying actions into standing, sitting, and lying down, with a conventional video camera employed for activity recording. The duration of each activity, as measured by the system, was compared to direct observations made by a physical therapist which were analyzed using a motion analysis software. The association between these two measurement approaches was assessed through correlation analysis, coefficient of determination, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots. Results: Our findings indicated that standing activities exhibited the highest correlation (r=0.847) between the system measurements and physical therapist observations, followed by sitting (r=0.817) and lying down (r=0.734), which demonstrated lower correlations. However, the ICC and Bland-Altman plots revealed notable variances between the two measurement methods, particularly for activities involving lying down. Conclusions: In this study, the depth camera-based physical monitoring system showed promise feasibility in distinguishing standing, sitting, and lying down activities at home environments. However, the current study also underlined some necessities of enhancements in capturing lying down activities.

The recovery of reasonable depth information from different scenes is a popular topic in the field of computer vision. For generating depth maps with better details, we present an efficacious monocular depth prediction framework with coordinate attention and feature fusion. Specifically, the proposed framework contains attention, multi-scale and feature fusion modules. The attention module improves features based on coordinate attention to enhance the predicted effect, whereas the multi-scale module integrates useful low- and high-level contextual features with higher resolution. Moreover, we developed a feature fusion module to combine the heterogeneous features to generate high-quality depth outputs. We also designed a hybrid loss function that measures prediction errors from the perspective of depth and scale-invariant gradients, which contribute to preserving rich details. We conducted the experiments on public RGBD datasets, and the evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can considerably enhance the accuracy of depth prediction, achieving 0.051 for log10 and 0.992 for δ<1.25³ on the NYUv2 dataset.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in building energy predictions caused by simulation settings related to building envelop thickness. The study assessed the ceiling depth impact on skylight energy performance through OpenStudio integrated Radiance and EnergyPlus simulation programs. A ceiling as deep as 1.5 to 3m was analyzed for skylight to roof ratios from 1% to 25%. The results indicated that the building ceiling depth negatively affected the capability of skylights to significantly reduce building energy consumption. Through a parametric analysis, the study concluded that 8%, 9%, 10% and 11% skylight to roof ratio were optimal in terms of total building energy consumption for a ceiling depth of 1.5m, 2m, 2.5m and 3m, respectively. In addition, the results showed that the usually recommended 5% skylight to roof ratio was only efficient when no ceiling depth was included in the simulation model. Furthermore, the study indicated that the building energy saved by the optimal skylight of each ceiling depth decreased as the ceiling depth deepened. The highest total building energy reduction was 9%, 7%, 5% and 3% for a ceiling depth of 1.5m, 2m, 2.5m and 3m, respectively. This study induced that the solar heat gains and daylight visible transmittance by ceiling depth were crucial in the predictions of skylight energy performance and should not be neglected through building simulation simplifications as it is commonly done in most simulation programs' settings.

As the popularization and development of 3D display makes common users easy to experience a solid 3D virtual reality, the demand for virtual reality contents are increasing. In this paper, we propose 3D panorama system using vanishing point locationbased depth map generation method. 3D panorama using depthmap stitching gives an effect that makes users feel staying at real place and looking around nearby circumstances. Also, 3D panorama gives free sight point for both nearby object and remote one and provides solid 3D video.

Purpose: This study investigated the perceived importance and training of competencies during nursingclinical placements by examining the perspectives of nursing students and clinical nurses. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using an online survey of 351 nursing students and 247clinical nurses. We utilized the Borich needs assessment model to identify the perceived importance andtraining of competencies during clinical placement. Students and nurses rated their perceived importanceand training levels on 32 competency items regarding direct nursing care, indirect nursing care,decision-making and problem-solving, attitude, and nursing professionalism. Results: Students and clinical nurses identified nursing handovers, nursing records, crisis coping abilities,clinical problem identification, clinical decision-making, and priority setting in nursing as competenciesof greater importance and with more significant discrepancies from training during clinical placements(Quadrant I in the locus for focus model). Clinical nurses reported examination, skin integrity management,and communication with medical staff as having higher importance and greater discrepanciesfrom training (Quadrant I). In contrast, students recognized them as having lower importance and higherdiscrepancies (Quadrant II). For students, the perceived importance of all competence domains wassignificantly associated with the corresponding training (Spearman’s rho ¼ .30-.56, p < .01). For clinicalnurses, only the perceived importance of nursing professionalism was associated with all training domains(Spearman’s rho z .14.20, p < .05). Conclusion: The disparities between students’ and nurses’ perceptions of the importance and training ofcompetencies during clinical placements highlight the need to modify the clinical nursing educationsystem.

Background: Artificial insemination (AI) can serve as a powerful tool to the sheep owners for making rapid geneticprogress of their flock. The AI in sheep is mostly performed using fresh semen with two reasons i) lambing ratefollowing trans-cervical AI with frozen semen is limited by the inability of frozen-thawed sperm to transit the cervixand ii) the need of circumventing the cervical barrier through laparoscope aided intrauterine AI. Therefore, AI withfrozen-thawed semen is not as widespread in sheep as it is in other domestic species. However, to get maximumbenefits through the use of AI, frozen-thawed semen is a prerequisite because instead of high fertility, the shortshelf life of fresh semen coupled with a limitation on the number of insemination doses achievable per unittime restricts the widespread use of individual sires. Therefore, in order to enhance lambing rate, a total of 240trans-cervical artificial inseminations with frozen-thawed semen were performed in Bharat Merino ewes duringautumn season either once in the evening (G-I, 10 h after onset of estrus, n = 100) or twice (G-II, 14 h and 22 hafter onset of estrus, n = 140) i.e. once in the morning and again in the evening. Results: The pregnancy rate (proportion of pregnant ewes confirmed by ultrasonography at day 40) and lambingrate (proportion of ewes lambed) were higher in G-II as compared to G-I (26.4 vs 20% and 19.3 vs 10%, respectively). The difference in lambing rates was statistically (P < 0.05) significant. The depth of insemination within cervico-uterinetract had no significant effect on pregnancy and lambing rates. Conclusions: The results indicate that lambing rate in sheep following TCAI with frozen-thawed semen wassignificantly influenced by time of inseminations. Two inseminations after 14 and 22 h of onset of estrusenhanced the lambing rates of Bharat Merino sheep as compare to single insemination after 10 h of onset ofestrus. The TCAI technique with frozen-thawed ram semen is promising and may serve as a valuable tool forgenetic improvement of sheep breeds. Research efforts are going on worldwide to overcome the poor fertilityfollowing TCAI with frozen-thawed semen.