Earticle

Actual type of aggregation performed by an ordered weighted averaging (OWA) operator heavily depends upon the weighting vector. A number of approaches have been suggested for obtaining the associated weights. In this paper, we present analytic forms of OWA operator weighting functions, each of which has such properties as rank-based weights and constant value of orness, irrespective of number of objectives aggregated. Specifically, we propose four analytic forms of OWA weighting functions that can be positioned at 0.25, 0.334, 0.667, and 0.75 on the orness scale. The merits for using these weights over other weighting schemes can be mentioned in a couple of ways. Firstiy, we can efficiently utilize the analytic forms of weighting functions without solving complicated mathematical programs once the degree of orness is specified a priori by decision maker. Secondly, combined with well-known OWA operator weights such as max, min, and average, any weighting vectors, having a desired value of orness and being independent of the number of objectives, can be generated. This can be accomplished by convex combinations of predetermined weighting functions having constant values of orness. Finally, in terms of a measure of dispersion, newly generated weighting vectors show just a few discrepancies with weights generated by maximum entropy OWA.

The purpose of this study was to describe nursing decision tasks, their characteristics, and problems associated with decision making. The subjects were 32 nurses who had at least one-year nursing experience and worked on medical-surgical units or intensive care units(ICU). They were asked to describe their decision making experiences in patient care situations and to identify the characteristics of each decisions. They were also asked to describe perceived problems associated with decision making in nursing. The responses on nursing decision tasks and problems were analyzed with content analysis and the decision characteristics were identified by statistical analysis of variance. It was found that there were 16 nursing decisions which are as follows : decisions related to interpreting and selecting appropriate strategies for pain management(6.6%) ; decisions related to providing emotional support (0.7%) ; decisions related to explaining the patient's condition and rationale for procedures(1.1%) ; decisions related to assisting patients to integrate the implications of illness and recovering into their lifestyles(2.9%) ; decisions related to detecting significant changes In patients and selecting appropriate intervention strategies (17.2%) ; decisions related to anticipating problems and selecting preventive measures(4.2%) ; decisions related to identifying emergency situations(0.4%) ; decisions related to effective management of patient crisis until physician assistance becomes available(2.8%) ; decisions related to starting and maintaining intravenous therapy(2.6%) ; decisions related to administering medications(8.1%) ; decisions related to combating the hazards of immobility(7.3%) : decisions related to treating wound management strategies(5.5%) ; decisions related to relieving patient discomfort(13.9) ; decisions related to selecting appropriate strategy according to the changing situation of the patient(18.2%) ; decisions related to selecting the best strategy for patient management(5.3%) ; and decisions related to coordinating, ordering, and meeting the various needs of the patient (3.1%). The nurses reported the fellowing problems in decision making : difficulties due to lack of knowledge and experience (18.6%) ; uncertainty and complexity of decision tasks(15.2%) ; lack of time to make decisions(2.9%) ; personal values which conflict with other staff(15.7%) ; lack of selection autonomy(30.0%) ; and organizational barriers(7.6%). Continuing education programs and decision support systems for frequent nursing decision tasks can be established on the basis of these results. Then decision ability in nurses will increase through the education programs and decision support systems, and then quality of nursing service will be better.

본 연구의 목적은 도로에서 발생하는 다양한 문제점을 심각도에 따라 구분하고, 이미지 객체검출을 통해 도로관리자의 우선처리 판단을 위한 의사결정방법을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 도로에서 발생하는 문제점들을 도로불편신고 플랫폼인 척척앱의 신고내용을 이용하여 구분하였고, 각 문제점들의 심각도 가중치를 도로위험도 분석에서 사용되는 EPDO를 이용하여 산출하였다. 정립된 방법론의 현장 적용성 검토를 위해 실제 척척앱에서 추출된 이미지를 딥러닝을 이용하여 기계학습을 수행하고, 실제 이미지 테스트를 통해 결과를 검증하였다. 심각도가 높은 로드킬과 차로 장애물, 노면균열 등의 검출률은 90% 이상으로 나타나 실제 현장에 적용이 가능한 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 기존의 단순 민원접수 및 해결에서 벗어나 실제 도로현장에서 접수되는 문제점을 심각도로 구분함으로써 실제 민원 처리의 우선순위 선정에 큰 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to classify the various problems in surface road according to their severity and to propose a priority decision making process for road policy makers. For this purpose, the road problems reported by Cheok-cheok app were classified, and the EPDO was adopted and calculated as an index of their severity. To test applicability of the proposed process, some images of road problems reported by the app were classified and annotated, and the Deep Learning was used for machine learning of the curated images, and then the other images of road problems were used for verification. The detecting success rate of the road problems with high severity such as road kills, obstacles in a lane, road surface cracks was over 90%, which shows the applicability of the proposed process. It is expected that the proposed process will make the app possible to be used in the filed to make a priority decision making by classifying the level of severity of the reported road problems automatically.

본 논문은 목적이 네 개 이상인 고도 다목적 문제(many-objective problem)에서의 의사 결정을 위한 새로운 이중(two-tier) 최적화 접근법을 제안한다. 목적의 개수가 증가할수록, 특히 네 개 이상부터는, 전체해(solution) 중에서 파레도 최적해(Parero-optimal solution)가 차지하는 비율이 기하급수적으로 증가한다. 그래서 일반 다목적 문제와는 달리, 의사 결정을 하는데 단순히 파레토 최적 해만을 찾는 것으로는 충분하지 않고, 찾은 파레토 최적 해들 중에서도 상대적으로 좀 더 선호하는 해들을 가려내는 것이 필요하다. 제안하는 접근법에서는 추가적인 최적화 단계를 추가함으로써 사용자의 선호도를 균형있게 반영하는 방향으로 파레토 최적해들을 찾는다. 이러한 2차 최적화는 관련된 2차 목적들을 수반하게 되는데, 2차 목적으로는 광역평가값과 혼잡 거리를 사용하였다. 광역평가값과 혼잡 거리는 각각 사용자의 선호도와 다양성을 대변하는 척도이다. 제안한 접근법의 우수성을 보이기 위해서는 잘 알려진 검증 함수들을 활용하는데, 같은 함수에 대해 제안한 접근법을 적용한 경우와 적용하지 않은 경우의 결과를 비교한다. 제안한 접근법을 적용함으로써 기존보다 사용자의 선호도를 잘 반영하면서 동시에 우수하고 다양한 의사 선택이 가능하다.

This paper proposes a novel two-tier optimization approach for decision making in many-objective problems. Because the Pareto-optimal solution ratio increases exponentially with an increasing number of objectives, simply finding the Pareto-optimal solutions is not sufficient for decision making in many-objective problems. In other words, it is necessary to discriminate the more preferable solutions from the other solutions. In the proposed approach, user preference-oriented as well as diverse Pareto-optimal solutions can be obtained as candidate solutions by introducing an additional tier of optimization. The second tier of optimization employs the corresponding secondary objectives, global evaluation and crowding distance, which were proposed in previous works, to represent the users preference to a solution and the crowdedness around a solution, respectively. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, decision making for some benchmark functions is conducted, and the outcomes with and without the proposed approach are compared. The experimental results demonstrate that the decisions are successfully made with consideration of the users preference through the proposed approach.

이 연구는 스쿼시심판이 경험하는 판정어려움을 Giorgi의 현상학적 분석방법을 통해 심판이 처해 있는 상황과 판정 결정의 어려움에 대한 근원을 규명하고자 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 경력 10년 이상의 스쿼시 전문가 중 2016년 대한스쿼시연맹에 등록되어 있는 2급 이상의 자격을 보유한 심판 5명을 연구 참여자로 선정하였으며, 참 여관찰 및 비구조적‧반구조적 심층 면담을 병행하여 수집한 자료는 Giorgi의 현상학적 분석방법 4단계에 따라 ‘개인적 상황 에서 오는 어려움’, ‘사회적 상황에서 오는 어려움’, ‘환경적 상황에서 오는 어려움’으로 구성요소로 통합하였다. 스쿼시심판의 판정에 대한 어려움들은 ‘외화내빈(外華內貧)’의 의미로 함축시킬 수 있으며, 이는 심판들에게 공정하고 객관화된 판정을 기대하기 위해 판정주체자인 심판들의 처우개선과 심판들의 지속화, 전문화의 필요성을 강조하고 있다.

The Journal of Digital Policy & Management. This space is for the abstract of your study in EnThis research aims to analyze the difficulties associated with the squash referee’s decision by using the phenomenological analysis of Giorgi. With such approach, this paper investigated the fundamental causes of the difficulties of the decision making process of the referee, and then argues the needs for eliminating such causes. Five referees were recruited as the study participants, among the experienced referees with more than 10-year experience and 2nd grade certification, issued by the Korea Squash Federation. The research was conducted between June 2015 and July 2016. Participatory observation, semi-structured in-depth interview. Following Giorgian four-step phenomenological analysis, all transcribed interview data were categorized into three components—‘problems from the individual situation’, ‘problems from the social situation’, and ‘problems from the circumstantial situation’. Although the referees are one of major factors that determine the success and failure of the game, their working condition is far from the ideal, as observed in the problems above. Therefore, to improve the quality of the judgement, it is most important to reward the referees, who are the subject of the decision, with better economic treatment. Such improvement of the working condition of the referees is also highly related with the reproduction and professionalization of the referees.

Introduce the basic ideas, principle and modeling approach of the analytic hierarchy process and take examples of post selection and decision of graduates, making specific demonstration about the utilization of AHP to prove the scientificity and practicability of AHP for multi-attribute decision-making problems.

In order to solve the group decision making problems with ordinal interval preference information, a new decision method is proposed based on VIKOR method. The VIKOR method of compromise ranking determines a compromise solution, providing a maximum “group utility” for the “majority” and a minimum of an “individual regret” for the “opponent”, which is an effective tool in multi-attribute decision making. By integrating the operational laws of ordinal interval and the concept of VIKOR method, the detail calculation steps are developed for the group decision making with ordinal interval preference information. Because the comprehensive evaluation values are still interval numbers, we induce the possibility degree to compare these interval numbers. Finally, an example is given, the result shows the approach is simple, effective and easy to calculate.

오늘날 경영과 노사관계의 안정 및 발전을 위하여 경영참가제도의 필요성이 매우 커지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 한국의 경영참가제도의 확립을 목적으로 한국기업 근로자 참가의 현상 및 문제점 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 노사협의회를 중심으로 하여 이루어지는 한국의 경영참가, 특히 의사결정참가는 제도적으로 많은 개선을 요하고 있음이 드러났다. 정부는 근로자의 의사결정참가를 촉진하기 위한 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다. 기업단위의 근로자 참가는 근로자와 경영자의 상호 요구가 일치할 때 가능하지만 여러 국가에서 볼 수 있듯이 정부의 법제도적 마련을 통해 근로자 참가가 실시되고 활성화되어 제도 본래의 취지를 살리면서 긍정적이고 노사공동의 이익을 창출해 나가고 있다. 우리나라에서도 정부가 근로자 참가에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다고 본다. 우리나라의 경우 다른 나라보다 정부가 노사관계에 많은 영향을 끼치고 있었던 역사적 경험으로 보아 정부의 역할이 더 크다고 할 수 있다. 이와 관련하여 국가 정책적인 면에서 인식과 제도의 개혁이 필요하다.

Shop floor control systems (SFCS) are used to make real-time planning and scheduling decisions to optimize the efficiency of manufacturing shops. These shops exhibit a non-linear, dynamic evolution caused by 1) the concurrent flows of disparate parts following complex routings, 2) a variety of machines that breakdown at random times, 3) stochastic arrivals of new parts with different priorities, and 4) jobs that have probabilistic processing times and transportation times. Because of their ability to capture that evolution faithfully, simulation models are often used in the aforementioned decisions. In this paper, various types of decision-making problems encountered in a shop floor have been investigated and categorized into process related problems and resource related problems for shop floor simulation.

Fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy sets (FNIFSs), each of which is characterized by a membership function and a non-membership function whose values are trigonometric fuzzy number rather than exact numbers, are a very useful means to describe the decision information in the process of decision making. Wang [10] developed some arithmetic aggregation operators, such as the fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (FIFWA) operator, the fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy ordered weighted averaging (FIFOWA) operator and the fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid aggregation (FIFHA) operator. In this paper, based on the FIFHA operator and the FIFWA operator, we investigate the group decision making problems in which all the information provided by the decision-makers is presented as fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrices where each of the elements is characterized by fuzzy number intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, and the information about attribute weights is partially known. An example is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

In this paper, neutrosophic soft set was studied and an observation made of the potential of its application in real life problems, multicriteria decision making problems in particular. To achieve some of the underlying goals, there is a need to define certain algebraic operations, namely, restricted intersection, extended intersection and restricted union. Some basic properties emerging from the definitions are presented and they include union, AND-product and OR-product operations. Some De Morgan's laws and the concept of inclusions are also established in neutrosophic soft set context. Some examples of the application of neutrosophic soft set in decision making problems using level soft sets of neutrosophic soft sets were presented. Furthermore, the concept of weighted neutrosophic soft set were discussed and applied to multicriteria decision making problems.

Molodtsov initiated the concept of soft set theory as a general mathematical tool for dealing with uncertainties and imprecision about vague concepts. Decision making based on hybrid soft sets has found great importance due to their resourcefulness in real life problems. In this paper, we apply the adjustable approach of fuzzy soft set based decision making. Using concrete and illustrative examples, we present the adjustable approach to hesitant fuzzy soft multisets based decision making by using level soft sets of hesitant fuzzy soft multisets. We also discuss weighted hesitant fuzzy soft multiset and systematically applied it to decision making problems.

Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) are capable of modelling information with more uncertainties in decision-making problems. The essential feature of PFSs is that they are described by three parameters: membership function, non-membership function and hesitant margin, with the total of the squares of each parameter equal to one. The purpose of this article is to suggest some new similarity measures and weighted similarity measures for PFSs. Numerical computations have been carried out to validate our proposed measures. Applications of these measures have been applied to some real-life decision-making problems of pattern detection and medicinal investigations. Moreover, a descriptive illustration is employed to compare the results of the proposed measures with the existing analogous similarity measures to show their effectiveness.

This paper presents a goal-programming (GP) model for management decision-making for sugarcane fertilizer mix problems. Sensitivity analysis on the priority structure of the goals has been performed to obtain all possible solutions. The study uses Euclidean distance function to measure distances of all possible solutions from the ideal solution. The optimum solution is determined from the minimum distance between the ideal solution and other possible solutions of the problem. The optimum solution corresponds to the appropriate priority structure of the problem in the decision-making context. furthermore, the results obtained from sensitivity analysis on the cost of combination of fertilizers confirm the priority structure.

In this paper, we propose a fuzzy group decision making method for multiple decision maker-multiple objective programming problems to obtain the agreeable solution. In the proposed method, considering the vague nature of human subjective judgement it is assumed that each of multiple decision makers has a fuzzy goal for each of his/her own objective functions. After eliciting the membership functions from the decision makers for their fuzzy goals, total M-Pareto optimal solution concept is defined in membership spaces in order to deal with multiple decision maker-multiple objective programming problems. For generating a candidate of the agreeable solution which is total M-Pareto optimal, the extended weighted minimax problem is formulated and solved for some weighting vector which is specified by the decision makers in their subjective manner, Given the total M-Pareto optimal solution, each of the derision makers must either be satisfied with the current values of the membership functions, or update his/her weighting vector, However, in general, it seems to be very difficult to find the agreeable solution with which all of the decision makers are satisfied perfectly because of the conflicts between their membership functions. In the proposed method, each of the decision makers is requested to estimate the degree of satisfaction for the candidate of the agreeable solution. Using the estimated values or satisfaction of each of the decision makers, the core concept is desnfied, which is a set of undominated candidates. The interactive algorithm is developed to obtain the agreeable solution which satisfies core conditions.

This paper introduces several decision-making problems that need to be solved in order to facilitate the efficient operation of container terminals. These decision-making problems include the berth planning problem, the quay crane scheduling problem, the unload/load sequencing problem, the yard allocation problem, and the short-term scheduling of transporters and yard cranes. These problems can be classified into strategic decision problems, tactical decision problems, and real time operational decision problems. This paper proposes definitions of the problems that can be used to develop mathematical models for the problems.

Based on the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid geometric (IIFHG) operator and the interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted geometric (IIFWG) operator, we investigate the group decision making problems in which all the information provided by the decision-makers is presented as interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy decision matrices where each of the elements is characterized by interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, and the information about attribute weights is partially known. A numerical example is used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed approach.

지방자치제 실시이후, 선호시설 유치를 위한 자치단체들 간의 경쟁과 갈등은 더욱 심화되고 있으며 비효율적 정책집행으로 많은 문제점들이 나타나고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 선호시설에 대한 사례연구가 미미하다는 점에서 본 연구는 의의가 있을 것이다. 태권도공원 조성사업은 구체적인 예비타당성조사가 이루지지 않은 상태에서 사업구상과 경제적 파급효과가 발표되었다. 이러한 정부의 안일한 정책대응은 자치단체들 간의 과열경쟁을 부추겼고 정책지연을 초래하여 자치단체들의 과대한 유치비용만 발생시킨 채 원점으로 돌아가고 말았다. 문화관광부는 뒤늦게 예비타당성 조사를 실시하였으나 추진계획도 확정하지 못하였으며 예산확보가 힘들어지면서 2년이 넘도록 사업을 방치하였다. 참여정부가 출범하면서 사업을 재추진하였으나, 평가기준과 결과에 의혹이 제기되면서 유치탈락 자치단체들의 강력한 항의가 빗발쳤고 정책결정 불신으로까지 이어지게 되었다. 이러한 일련의 정책결정 과정에서 지적되는 많은 문제점들 중에서 몇 가지는 주시할 필요가 있을 것이다. 선호시설 유치에서 경쟁과 선택은 불가피하다. 그러나 사업구상과 불확실한 편익을 성급하게 공론화하는 것은 오히려 유치경쟁을 과열시킬 뿐이며 정책지연으로 엄청난 거래비용만 초래할 수 있다는 점이다. 더불어 공정한 부지선정을 위해서는 유치희망 자치단체들이 공감하고 인정할 수 있는 평가기준을 마련해야 하며 일관성 있는 정책추진이 이루어져야 한다는 것이다. 태권도공원 부지선정 사례는 합리적 절차와 공정하고 일관성 있는 정책추진의 중요성을 다시 한번 환기시키는 사례라고 볼 수 있다.

Since putting local autonomy into practice, competition and conflict among local autonomy entities for winning PIMFY facilities have increasingly been fierce, and reveals many problems due to ineffective policy enforcement. In spite of such problems, PIMFY facilities is scarcely studied. Many local autonomy entities also competed fiercely as soon as announcing its plan and economic spreading effect. However, the public works for constructing Taekwondo Park eventually resulted in policy delay due to over-competition and loose policy counter-measure of the authorities involved, announcing its plan without specific preliminary feasibility study. The public works returned to a starting situation, generating immense unnecessary transaction cost of local autonomy entities. Although Ministry of Culture ＆ Tourism belatedly carried out preliminary feasibility study, he still didn't decide its promoting schedule, and the public works was putted off for more than two years due to deficient budget. In the beginning of 2004, even though Ministry of Culture ＆ Tourism drove Taekwondo Park to build again, the local autonomy entities that fail to win the public works volleyed the strong protest, raising many doubts. The sitting decision of Taekwondo Park ultimately caused distrust of local autonomy entities. Such a general process of policy decision making on Taekwondo Park provides us with some important policy implications. Although competition and choice is inevitable in winning PIMFY Facilities, they caused over-competition and can raise immense transaction cost. Besides, to decide a siting for public works fairly, a government should make evaluation measures that can be agreed by local autonomy entities, and the plan and schedule of public works should be carried out consistently. The case for decision making of the siting of Taekwondo Park shows the importance of rational process, and fair and consistent policy enforcement.

학교 문법의 품사 체계와 명칭, 문법 용어의 결정과정에 대하여 살펴보았다. 이 논의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리 문법이 서양의 문법의 영향을 받을 수밖에 없었으므로, 그 분류와 명칭에서도 크게 벗어나지 않았다. 주시경(1910) 이후로 대다수 한국어 문법학자들은 첨가어로서의 한국어의 특질에 맞는 품사의 설정과 고유한 명칭을 붙이려는 노력을 기울였다. 최현배(1937)에 의하여 주시경 등이 붙였던 한 글자로 된 품사 명칭은 고유한 두 글자의 이름으로 바뀌었다. 주시경 등의 이른바 분석적 방법에 의한 품사 분류는 최현배(1937)에 의하여 이른바 준종합적 방법으로 바뀌었고, 정열모(1946)에 의하여 종합적 방법도 나타났다. 둘째, 광복 이후 국가에서는 1949년에 고유어와 한자어로 품사의 이름을 붙이기로 하였다. 그리하여 1956년에 나온 각종 학교 문법에서도 고유어와 한자어로 된 품사 이름과 용어가 대등하게 사용되었다. 학교 문법의 품사 분류도 상기한 세 가지 방법이 자유롭게 적용되었다. 셋째, 1963년에 국가적 차원에서 한국어의 품사 분류와 용어의 통일을 기하고자, 문교부 주체로 국어교육과정 심의회 산하 학교문법통일 전문위원회를 만들어, 많은 시간과 인력을 동원하여 마침내 결정을 보았다. 그러나 학자들은 물론 언론과 학계, 문화계 등에서 찬·반 양론으로 갈라져 논란이 그치지 않았다. 급기야 1966년 국회에서까지 문제가 되어 1963년의 결정을 무효화하려 했으나, 무위로 돌아갔다. 1985년의 이른바 통합 문법을 거쳐 현재까지 1963년의 원칙 아래 문법 교과서가 집필되었다. 필자는 1963년 당시 전문위원회에서 논의한 내용과 표결의 과정, 그리고 결과를 자료에서 알 수 있었다. 그리고 고유어와 한자어의 지지자들은 양심, 혹은 이해관계에 따라 지지했기 때문에 그 잘, 잘못으로 구분한다든지, 누가 누구를 배반했다는 식의 평가는 옳지 않다. 다만 다음과 같은 문제점을 고려하여, 다음 세대에게 올바른 문법을 가르치게 해야 할 것임을 밝힌다. 첫째, 1963년 당시 이른바 전문위원회의 구성이 객관적이고 공정했는지에 대하여 재론의 여지가 있다. 둘째, 당시 정치적, 사회적 분위기가 지극히 위압적이고 비민주적이었다. 셋째, 당시에는 한자를 많이 배운 세대가 모든 사회적, 문화적, 정치적 위치에서 활동하고 있었으나, 이미 반세기기 지나 현재는 한글 세대가 주류를 이루고 있다. 그러나 지금은 한글 세대가 주류를 이루고 있으며, 어린 학생들은 한자식 용어를 잘 몰라 오히려 용어를 해석해 주어야 하는 모순을 낳고 있다. 예컨대 ‘명사’라고 하면, 그 뜻을 알 수 없어, 다시 ‘이름을 나타내는 말’이라고 설명해 주어야 하니 문제다. 넷째, 현재 학교 문법은 당시의 품사 분류는 물론 이론적인 면에 있어서도 상당히 달라진 바가 있으므로, 모순 된 점과 잘못 된 점은 바로 잡아야 할 시점에 와있다. 다섯째, 당시에 결정하였던 소리에 관한 부분은 우리말로, 품사론과 문장론에 관 부분은 한자어로 한다는 것도 많은 부분 혼용되고 있으니, 이제 재고할 필요가 있다. 여섯째, 이제 새로운 학설과 사회적 분위기에 맞추어서라도 제8차 문법 교과서는 검인정으로 바뀌므로 자유롭게 편성되어야 한다.

This dissertation has it as the purpose to review a decision making process with regard to parts of speech system, naming and grammar terms. Given the fact that Korean grammar was to be affected by Western grammar, classification and naming have not been excluded from it. Most of Korean grammarians have tried to establish parts of speech appropriate to Korean language feature and supply proper nominations since ShiKyoung Joo in 1910. Specifically, HyunBae Choi changed one-letter nomenclature, which was done by ShiKyoung Joo, into proper two-letter one. Parts of speech that was classified in analytical method by ShiKyoung Joo has been supplanted by HyunBae Choi's pseudo-synthetic method, and then synthetic method was offered by YollMo Jung. After Korea's independence from Japanese, in 1949 pure Korean language and borrowed language from China were supposed to be used in naming parts of speech. It is detectable that pure Korean language and borrowed language from China were used equally in various school grammar issued in 1956 and that three methods mentioned above were applied in classifying parts of speech without restrictions. In 1963, Education Department set up Special Committee for Unification of School Grammar under Korean Language Curriculum Committee in order to give unity in the classification of parts of speech and terms in a national level, reaching to a decision by the investment of time and human resource. However, controversy kept going on with people divided to pro and against the decision in journalism, academic world and culture-related area as well as scholars. The legislators in 1966 made attempts to repeal the decision of 1963 but failed. Grammar textbooks have been written under the principle of 1963 as well as what so called synthetic grammar in 1985. I could find out arguments, the process of voting and the result, which were dealt in the Special Committee for Unification of School Grammar back then, through research materials. The fact does not count that who were supporters for the use of pure Korean langue and borrowed language from China. However, I suggest that appropriate grammar should be taught to the next generation in consideration of the following points. First, it is necessary to question the objectiveness and fairness in selecting members for the Special Committee for Unification of School Grammar with regard to their qualifications for it in 1963. Second, the political and social atmosphere was authoritative and not democratic. Third, the main stream of social, cultural and political positions at that time was led by the generation who had learned Chinese letters but now after 50years from that time, Hangul generation leads the main stream. Ironically, it has happened that students need to understand the meaning of borrowed letters from China before knowing the term for grammar in borrowed Chinese letters. For instance, as students do not know the meaning of ‘myongsa’, which give rise to a problem, teachers have to interpret it to students as “the word for referring to names”. Fourth, the present school grammar is a lot different from the one of that time in theoretical aspects so now is the time to make corrections of contradictory and wrong items. Fifth, the decision made at that time such as pure Korean language should be used in sound part and in turn, borrowed letters from China in parts of speech andsyntax has not been kept consistently so it needs reconsideration. Sixth, in accordance with new hypothesis and social atmosphere, it is necessary to allow freedom in making the 8th grammar textbook of which the approval system by government will be changed into “first making second examination”.

In recognizing knowledge as a new resource in gaining organizational competitiveness, knowledge management suggests a method in managing and applying knowledge for improving organizational performance. Much knowledge management research has focused on identifying, storing, and disseminating process related knowledge in an organized manner. Applying knowledge to decision making has a significant impact on organizational performance than solely processing transactions for knowledge management. In this research, we suggest a method of knowledge-based decision-making using system dynamics, with an emphasis to strategic problems. The proposed method transforms individual mental models into explicit knowledge by translating partial and implicit knowledge into an integrated knowledge model. The scenario-based test of the organized knowledge model enables decision-makers to understand the structure of the target problem and identify its basic cause, which facilitates effective decision-making. This method facilitates the linkage between knowledge management initiatives and achieving strategic goals and objectives of an organization.