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PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare how the shoulder height and respiratory function are affected by applying shoulder stabilization exercises and core stabilization exercises that are effective for strengthening the trunk muscles and postural stability for adults with a round shoulder posture (RSP). METHODS: The participants were 28 young adults with RSP. They were assigned randomly to two groups: shoulder stabilization exercise and core stabilization exercise. They performed the exercises for 30 minutes twice a week for four weeks. They measured the shoulder height and respiratory function before and after exercise. RESULTS: No significant difference in shoulder height was found between the groups. A significant decrease in shoulder height was found in the shoulder stabilization exercise group after exercise. The core stabilization exercise group showed a significant decrease after exercise. In respiratory function, no significant difference was found between the groups. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) were increased significantly in the shoulder stabilization exercise group before and after exercise. The FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, and peak expiratory flow were significantly higher in the shoulder stabilization exercise group after exercise than in the core stabilization exercise group. CONCLUSION: Shoulder stabilization exercise and core stabilization exercise improved the postural alignment and pulmonary function, and the exercises could be helpful in shoulder rehabilitation as well as the clinical part of the treatment of rounded shoulder posture.

Objective: To investigate the impact of two distinct exercise programs on postpartum women's recovery, focusing on musculoskeletal parameters, spatio-temporal parameters, and body composition. Design: A preliminary experiment involving three groups: Group 1 underwent a 16-week 5R system exercise program designed for postpartum recovery, Group 2 engaged in regular core stabilization exercises, and Group 3 served as the control, maintaining their daily activities without specific exercise. Methods: 8 women within 5 weeks postpartum were randomly allocated into the three groups. Measurements included Inter-Recti Distance (IRD), muscle thickness using ultrasound, muscle strength, trunk flexibility, spatio-temporal parameters during walking, and body composition analysis. Exercise programs were tailored for postpartum recovery and conducted twice a week for 50 minutes per session over 16 weeks. Results: Group 1 showed reductions in IRD at all measurement points, while muscle thickness varied across groups, indicating distinct muscle activation. Increases in muscle strength were observed across groups, but statistical significance was not reached. Group 1 exhibited improvements in lumbar lordosiswithout statistical significance, and spatio-temporal parameters showed slight changes post-exercise without statistical significance. Weight reduction were observed in exercise groups, while Group 3 displayed a minor weight increase, though statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The exercise programs, particularly the 5R system, are expected to have a positive impact on postpartum musculoskeletal recovery. Improvements in IRD, muscle thickness, and trunk flexibility were observed, emphasizing the potential benefits of tailored exercise interventions. However, larger sample sizes and more targeted assessments are needed to validate these findings and determine the effectiveness of specific exercise programs in postpartum rehabilitation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of virtual reality (VR)-based core stabilization exercise on upper extremity function, postural control, and depression among persons with stroke with hemiplegia. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study was conducted with the inclusion of 24 participants and were randomly assigned to either the VR-based trunk stability exercise group (n=12) or control group (n=12). The VR-based trunk stability exercise group performed core stabilization exercises in a VR environment for 30 minutes. Meanwhile, the control group conducted general core stabilization exercises for 30 minutes. The participants trained 3 times a week for 4 weeks. The manual functional test (MFT), Box and Block Test (BBT), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) were used to assess all participants before and after the intervention. Results: The VR-based core stabilization exercise group had a significant improvement in upper extremity function (MFT, BBT) and postural control (BBS) compared with the control group (p<0.05). The VR-based core stabilization exercise showed a significant difference after intervention in the TIS and GDS scores (p<0.05), but they did not significantly differ between the two groups. Conclusions: The result showed that VR-based core stabilization exercise can be effective in improving upper extremity function and postural control among patients with stroke more than the sole application of general physical therapy.

Purpose: This study examined thickness changes in abdominal muscles according to difficulty level of core stabilization exercise in healthy subjects. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (age range: 21-30 years) volunteered under three conditions. In the first condition, the subjects performed an abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADIM). In the second condition, they performed the ADIM during quadruped exercise using a suspension device without extending their lower limbs. In the third condition, the subjects performed the ADIM during quadruped exercise using a suspension device while extending both lower limbs. The changes in thickness of transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) muscles were measured by ultrasonography (US) imaging during the three experimental conditions, and US was used to measure the improvement ratio of muscle thickness at rest. The interventions were conducted over three trials in each condition, and measurements were performed on each subject by one examiner. Results: Our results showed a significantly greater increase in the muscle thickness of TrA and IO muscles after performance of quadruped exercise using a suspension device without knee extension (p<0.05) compared to the other conditions. The results also showed a significantly greater increase in the thickness changes of EO muscle in those who performed the ADIM during quadruped exercise using a suspension device with knee extension (p<0.05) compared with the ADIM only. Conclusion: These findings demonstrated positive evidence that a low-level core stabilization exercise could improve thickness of abdominal muscles.

Background: We developed a novel integrative lumbar stabilization technique that combines lumbar extension (LE) exercise with abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) to ameliorate low back pain (LBP) associated with neuromuscular imbalance and instability, based on the collective evidence of contemporary spinal rehabilitation. Objects: The specific aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of LE exercise with and without ADIM on core muscle strength, lumbar spinal instability, and pain, as well as functional characteristics in individuals with LBP using advanced radiographic imaging techniques. Methods: patients with mechanical LBP (N = 40, 6 males; $35.1{\pm}7.6years$) were recruited and randomly assigned either to the combined LE and ADIM (experimental group) or the LE alone (control group). Outcome measures included the visual analog scale, the modified Oswestry Disability Index, muscle strength imbalance (MSI), and radiographic imaging. The lumbar intervertebral displacement (LID), intervertebral (IV) and total lumbar extension (TLE) angles were calculated to evaluate the lumbar segmental instability. Results: The experimental group showed significant differences in the L3-L4, L5-S1 LIDs, L4-L5 and L5-S1 IV angles, and TLE angle as compared to the controls (p<.05). Immediate pain reduction and muscle strength imbalance ratio were significantly different between the groups (p<.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the addition of ADIM significantly increased lumbar spinal stabilization in individuals with LBP, thereby reducing pain associated with functional lumbar flexion during daily activities.

To identify the effects of core stabilization exercise on the Cobb angle and lumbar muscle strength of adolescent patients with idiopathic sco-liosis. Subjects in the present study consisted of primary school stu-dents who were confirmed to have scoliosis on radiologic examination performed during their visit to the National Fitness Center in Seoul, Ko-rea. Depending on whether they participated in a 12-week core stabili-zation exercise program, subjects were divided into the exercise (n=14, age 12.71±0.72 years) or control (n=15, age 12.80±0.86 years) group. The exercise group participated in three sessions of core stabilization exercise per week for 12 weeks. The Cobb angle, flexibility, and lumbar muscle strength tests were performed before and after core stabiliza-tion exercise. Repeated-measure two-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the treatment effects between the exercise and control groups. There was no significant difference in thoracic Cobb angle between the groups. The exercise group had a significant de-crease in the lumbar Cobb angle after exercise compared to before ex-ercise (P<0.001). The exercise group also had a significant increase in lumbar flexor and extensor muscles strength after exercise compared to before exercise (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Core stabiliza-tion exercise can be an effective therapeutic exercise to decrease the Cobb angle and improve lumbar muscle strength in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the application of spinal support device with core stabilization exercise on the pain and low back dysfunction of office workers with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). Methods: This study was conducted with 50 office workers with NSLBP. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. Both groups performed core stabilization exercise and bed rest for three times a week for 4 weeks, and the intervention group used a spinal support device for bed rest. The primary outcome was pain, and the secondary outcome was low back dysfunction and satisfaction. Measurements were performed pre and post intervention. Results: As a result of the study, the intervention group showed a significant improvement in resting pain, working pain, pain pressure threshold (PPT), and low back dysfunction (p<.05), however, the control group only showed significant improvement in resting pain, working pain, low back dysfunction (p<.05). In comparing the changes between groups, the intervention group showed a significant improvement in working pain, PPT of quadratus lumborum than the control group (p<.05). After intervention, treatment satisfaction was significantly higher in the intervention group than the control group (p<.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the application of the spinal support device with the core stabilization exercise is considered as an intervention that can provide a positive effect on working pain and PPT in office workers with NSLBP.

본 연구는 코어안정화운동과 넙다리뒤근 신장기법 융합이 비특이성허리통증 환자의 통증, 골반경사, 장애 수준 및 균형능력에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 비특이성허리통증 환자 20명을 대상으로 일반적 물리치료를 실시한 대조군(n=10)과 코어안정화운동과 넙다리뒤근 신장기법을 적용한 실험군(n=10)으로 무작위 배 정하였다. 중재 전과 4주 후에 시각적상사척도, 골반경사, 오스웨스트리 허리통증 장애수준 및 버그균형척도를 평 가되었다. 연구결과, 두 집단 모두 통증, 골반경사, 장애수준 및 균형에 향상된 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 집단 간 비 교에서는 실험군이 대조군보다 통증, 골반경사, 장애수준 및 균형에 더욱 향상된 결과를 보였다. 비특이성허리통증 환자의 통증과 골반경사의 감소 및 장애수준과 균형의 향상을 위해 코어안정화운동과 넙다리뒤근 신장기법을 유 용하게 적용할 수 있을 것으로 여겨진다.

This study attempts to identify the effects of core stabilization exercise (CSE) and hamstring muscles stretching (HMS) convergence on pain, pelvic tilt, disability level, and balance of patients with non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). In total, 20 patients with NSLBP were randomly divided into a control group (CG, n=10), in which the traditional physical therapy was performed, or an experimental group (EG, n=10), in which CSE and HMS was performed. Assessments were made using the visual analogue scale, pelvic tilt, Oswestry disability index, and Berg balance scale before and after the 4-week intervention period. Both groups showed significant improvements in pain, pelvic tilt, disability level, and balance after the intervention (p<.05). Notably, a significant difference was noted in the pain, pelvic tilt, disability level, and balance of the patients in the EG (p<.05). This study proved that application of CSE and HMS effectively reduces pain and improves pelvic tilt, disability level, and balance of patients with NSLBP.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effect of core stabilization exercise on the dynamic balance and horizontal rotation of the trunk in young adult men. Through this study, it is expected that various core stabilization exercises will prevent and treat musculoskeletal disease. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods: The study subjects were recruited from young adult men in their 20s and 30s living in Seoul, and after the randomized controlled trial, it was divided into an experimental group training core stabilization exercise(n=15) and a control group(n=15). The evaluation methods of this study were modified Star Excursion Balance Test(mSEBT), Functional Reach Test(FRT), and Trunk Rotation Test(TRT). The experimental group performed three sets of crunches and deadbug exercises twice a week for eight weeks, and the control group did not perform any exercises similar to core stabilization exercise during the experimental period. Results: The result of the experiment, the experimental group showed significant improvement in mSEBT(p<.05), FRT(p<.05) and TRT(p<.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, core stabilization exercises improved dynamic balance and horizontal rotation of the trunk. As a result of this study, core stabilization exercise can prevent and treat musculoskeletal diseases even in healthy people.

본 연구의 목적은 특이적 코어 밸러스 트레이닝이 골프선수의 동적 균형 능력과 스윙관련 등속성 근기능에 미치는 효과를 검증하고자 실시하였다. 연구대상은 특이적 코어 밸러스 트레이닝 참여그룹 8명과, 비침여 그룹 8명을 선정하였 다. 트레이닝 참여그룹은 12주간 특이적 코어 밸런스 트레이닝을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 특이적 코어 안정화운동 프로그램을 실시한 운동그룹의 경우 트레이닝 전후에 따라서 하측(D)과 하우측(DR) 균형능력을 제외 한 자세 모두에서 양적인 증가를 나타냈다. 둘째, 동적 균형능력의 차이는 상측(U), 하측(D), 하우측(DR) 외 모든 자세에 서 차이를 나타내었으며, 전체 스코어는 운동그룹이 비교그룹에 비해 통계적으로 유의하게 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 셋 째, 특이적 코어 안정화운동 프로그램을 실시한 운동그룹은 훈련 전후에 따라서 요부신근을 제외한 근력이 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 스윙관련 등속성 근력에 대한 집단 간의 차이 결과는 우측 무릎 및 요부 신근을 제외하고 모든 근력에서 향상된 결과를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 청소년 골프선수들의 특이적 코어 안정화 운동은 동적균형능력향상 에 영향을 미치는 것으로 생각되며, 골프 경기력에 영향을 미치는 근력변인들의 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of specific core balance training on dynamic balance ability and swing-related isokinetic muscle function of golf players. For the study, 8 participants in the specific core balance training group and 8 non-invasive groups were selected. The training participation group conducted specific core balance training for 12 weeks, and the results are as follows. First, in the case of the exercise group that performed the specific core stabilization exercise program, both postures except for the lower (D) and lower right (DR) balance abilities showed a quantitative increase before and after training. Second, the difference in dynamic balance ability showed differences in all postures except for the upper (U), lower (D), and lower right (DR), and the overall score was statistically significantly increased in the exercise group compared to the comparison group.Third, it was found that the exercise group that performed a specific core stabilization exercise program improved muscle strength except lumbar extensors before and after training. Fourth, the difference between groups for swing-related isokinetic muscle strength showed improved results in all muscle strength except for the right knee and lumbar extensor.

본 연구목적은 파워강화와 코어 안정화 복합훈련이 남자대학생 카누선수의 신체구성, 체력, 무산소파워 그리고 등속성 체간 근력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시도되었다. G대학교에 재학 중인 카누선수(N = 7)를 대상으로 일일 100분간 주 3회 10주간 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 22.0을 이용하여 대응표본 T-검정으로 사전, 사후 변화를 검증하였다. 연구결과 신체구성은 근육량이 효과적으로 증가했고, 체중과 체지방률은 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 기초체력 은 근력, 근지구력, 민첩성이 유의하게 향상되었다. 무산소성 파워는 훈련 전, 후 차이를 나타내지 못하였고, 등속성 체간 근력 (30ﾟ/sec) 에서는 최대근력 굴근력에서 유의하게 향상되었다. 결론적으로, 10주간 파워강화와 코어안정화 훈련은 카누선수들의 근육량 , 근력, 근지구력, 민첩성, 체간 근력 향상에 긍정적인 효과를 나타냈다. 하지만 무산소 파워는 효과 를 나타내지 못하였다. 따라서 향후 복합훈련 적용연구에서는 다양한 훈련프로그램을 계획한 후 운동강도, 빈도 적용에 따른 효과검토가 필요하다.

The purpose of this study was to identify effects of power strength and core stabilization exercise on body composition, fitness, anaerobic power, and trunk strength in male canoe athletes(N = 7). The training program was performed for 100 minutes a day, 3 times a week for 10 weeks. Collected data were analyzed by paired t-test using SPSS 22.0. The result of this study was as follows; In the body composition, muscle mass of canoe athletes was significantly increased. In the fitness, back strength, muscle endurance, and agility were effectively increased. Anaerobic power did not has significant difference. Isokinetic strength(30∘/sec) on trunk, flexor peak torque(Nm) and flexor peak torque per unit weight(%BW) were significantly increased. In conclusion, the results suggest that power and core training for 10 weeks affected to improve fitness and isokinetic strength of trunk in canoe athletes.

본 연구는 체간 강화 운동이 아마추어 골퍼의 통증 지수, 균형 능력, 골프 기술에 미치는 효과를 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. D광역시 A대학 재학생 성인 50명을 대상으로 실험군과 대조군을 설정하여 12주간 체간강화운동 프로그램을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 실험군은 대조군에 비해 통증 지수가 유의하게 감소하였으며, 균형 능력에서는 눈을 뜬 상태(balance_EO)와 눈을 감은 상태(balance_EC)의 sway 지표에서 긍정적인 향상을 보였다. 골프 기술 측면에서는 볼 스피드, 발사각, 사이드 스핀에서 유의한 개선이 나타났으나 방향각과 백스핀에서는 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 체간 강화 운동은 아마추어 골퍼의 신체적 통증 완화와 균형 능력 및 일부 골프 수행 능력 향상에 효과적인 중재 방안으로 제시될 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interbody strengthening exercise on pain index, balance ability, and golf skill of amateur golfers. An interbody strengthening exercise program was conducted for 12 weeks by setting an experimental group and a control group for 50 adults enrolled in A University in D Metropolitan City. As a result of the study, the experimental group significantly decreased the pain index compared to the control group, and in balance ability, it showed a positive improvement in the way index of the eye-opened state (balance_EO) and the eye-closed state (balance_EC). In terms of golf technology, there was a significant improvement in ball speed, launch angle, and side spin, but no significant difference was observed in direction angle and backspin. Therefore, interbody strengthening exercise can be suggested as an effective intervention method for relieving physical pain, improving balance ability, and some golf performance ability of amateur golfers.

Background: More women than men experience genu recurvatum, which can lead to knee pain and arthritis if left unattended. Pilates combined with taping is a suitable rehabilitation method for women with genu recurvatum. Objectives: To aimed the effect of taping and Pilates stabilization exercise on physical alignment and improvement of genu recurvatum in women with genu recurvatum. Design: A Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one women were divided into three groups: taping group (back of knee taping and quadriceps femoris taping, n=7), Pilates exercise group (hip, knee and abdominal muscles exercise, n=7), and combined group (taping with pilates exercise, n=7). The measured variables were sagittal plane alignment and back and abdominal muscle, knee flexor and extensor strength. Results: After the intervention, all sagittal plane alignments were significantly improved in both the Pilates and combined groups. Sagittal plane alignment was significantly improved in the combined group compared with the taping group. Back and abdominal muscle strength were significantly improved in the Pilates and combined groups compared with the taping group. Knee flexor and extensor were significantly improved in the combined group compared with the Pilates group and in the Pilates group compared with the taping group. Conclusion: Pilates exercise with taping or Pilates exercise alone was effective intervention methods to improve physical alignment and strength in women with genu recurvatum.

Core spinal muscles are related to trunk stability and assume the main role of stabilizing the spine during daily activities; strengthening of core muscles around the spine can therefore reduce the chance of back pain. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of core muscle strengthening in the spine during spine stabilization exercise using a whole body tilt device. To achieve this, a validated musculoskeletal (MS) model of the whole body was used to replicate the input motion from the whole body tilting exercise. An inverse dynamics analysis was executed to estimate spine loads and muscle forces depending on the tilting angles of the exercise device. The activation of long and superficial back muscles such as the erector spinae (iliocostalis and longissimus) were mainly affected by the forward direction (-40°) of the tilt, while the front muscles (psoas major, quadratus lumborum, and external and internal obliques) were mainly affected by the backward tilting direction (40°). Deep muscles such as the multifidi and short muscles were activated in most directions of the rotation and tilt. The backward directions of the tilt using this device could be carefully applied for the elderly and for rehabilitation patients who are expected to have less muscle strength. In this study, it was shown that the spine stabilization exercise device can provide considerable muscle exercise effect.

본 연구는 중심안정화 운동과 탄력밴드 저항 운동이 노인의 균형과 하지근력에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 중심 안정화 운동 그룹(n=10), 탄력밴드 저항 운동 그룹(n=10명) 총 20명의 노인을 대상으로 4주 동안 주 3회 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 안정화 운동 그룹과 탄력밴드 저항 그룹의 전․후 비교에서 OLST, TUG, 하지 근력(STS)은 두 군 간에 통계학적으로 유의하게 교호작용이 성립되는 것으로 나타났다(p<.05). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 중심 안정화 운동이 탄력밴드 저항운동 보다 노인의 균형능력을 향상 시키는데 더 긍정적인 영향을 미친다고 사료된다.

This study investigated the effects of core stabilization exercise and elastic band resistance exercise on balance ability in the elderly. The 30 elderly were randomly allocated to core stabilization exercise(n=10) and elastic band resistance exercise(n=10). Intervention was that three times per week for six weeks. The following results were obtained. As a result of repeated ANOVA on OLST, TUG and STS, a significant difference was found in interaction between the two groups. Therefore, we should expect that core stabilization exercise increases balance activity of elderly than elastic band resistance exercise.

Core spine muscle are related are associated with trunk stability and play a main role for the prevention of low back pain. In this study, it was investigated the effect of spine stabilization exercise device on core spinal muscles using a musculoskeletal model The forward direction of the tilt mainly induced the activation of long and superficial back muscles and the backward affected the front muscles. It was shown that spine stabilization exercise device can induce significant core muscle exercise effect.